柴北缘西段古近纪物源体系分析

沉积区物源分析对研究造山带构造演化、盆地沉积过程及划分油气区带等方面具有重要的意义。为了查明柴达木盆地北缘构造带古近纪物源方向,通过对古近系碎屑岩的碎屑组成、岩屑成分、重矿物组合特征和ZTR指数的研究,并结合前人的研究成果,初步确定古近纪柴北缘西段发育五大主力物源区:(1)牛东物源主要来自阿尔金山东段,重矿物组合以稳定且含量较高的电气石区别于邻区,碎屑组分中以石英和含量较高的长石为特征,岩屑中含有少量的碳酸盐岩岩屑;(2)冷北物源主要来自小赛什腾山方向,重矿物组合中榍石和赤铁矿的含量明显偏高,碎屑组分中以高岩屑为特征;(3)赛西物源主要来自赛什腾山西段,电气石和角闪石含量较高,碎屑组分较为均一,母岩以变质岩和火成岩为主,含少量碳酸盐岩岩屑;(4)赛东物源主要来自赛什腾山东段,其白钛矿含量明显高于邻区,碎屑组分以较高含量的石英和长石为主,岩屑类型主要为变质岩、火成岩和沉积岩岩屑;(5)九龙山物源主要来自九龙山和绿梁山地区,石榴石含量高且稳定,碎屑组分较为均一,母岩以变质岩和火成岩为主,含少量的非碳酸盐岩类沉积岩岩屑。     

长江水系沉积物碎屑矿物组成及其示踪意义

长江碎屑矿物组成研究表明,轻矿物以石英、长石和岩屑为主,不同支流轻矿物组成特征不同,成熟度指数平均是2.0,一般干流高于支流,成熟度随沉积物搬运距离增加而增大。QFL及QtFL三角图解显示长江沉积物主要来自再旋回造山带物源区,流域风化剥蚀速度较快,不同支流物质汇入干流,使得干流轻矿物组成复杂多变而难以和支流区别。重矿物含量从长江上游至下游呈递减趋势,其主要组合是磁铁矿-普通角闪石-普通辉石-石榴子石-绿帘石-褐铁矿-钛铁矿。红柱石和磷灰石是金沙江沉积物的特征矿物组合;蓝晶石是岷江流域的特征矿物;涪江的特征矿物是榍石;汉江的特征矿物组合是磷灰石、紫苏辉石和硅镁石;锆石是湘江的特征矿物。不同流域的特征矿物指示其源岩性质。上游的雅砻江、大渡河以及岷江等支流沉积物对中、下游干流沉积物的贡献较弱。涪陵以上长江流域风化作用强烈,母岩主要是沉积岩类(碎屑岩、泥岩);其下流域沉积物中近源弱风化物质明显增加,其源岩类型体现为岩浆岩和变质岩类;而金沙江攀枝花地区及湘江、沅江沉积物则更多来自流域内广泛分布的大片变质岩类。     

北祁连北大河沉积物碎屑组成及物源正演分析

开展现代河流沉积物的物源分析正演研究,对厘清河流搬运分选过程对不同碎屑成分的影响、不同源区对汇区沉积物的贡献机制以及物源定量分析具有重要意义。对北祁连北大河与洪水坝河现代河流沉积物的物源开展了正演研究,结合砾石成分统计、重矿物分析和碎屑锆石U-Pb测年方法,分析了流域内不同物源对现代河流不同碎屑成分贡献的差异性。结果表明,两条河流沉积物的特征显示汇区不同碎屑成分对物源区岩性的反映各有侧重。其中砾石岩性能够反映整个流域的主要岩性;砂粒中的重矿物组合也可以反映源区主要岩性,且对重矿物含量较高的岩体或地层（如铁矿）十分敏感;碎屑锆石年龄谱反映了整个流域物源端元锆石的综合贡献,各年龄峰锆石占比与源区各年龄峰锆石贡献呈较好的正相关关系,其中源区沉积岩碎屑锆石的贡献比较显著。通过河流物源正演分析进一步建立现代河流源汇模式是实现物源量化分析的一个可行方向。     

太原西山煤田骆驼脖子砂岩特征及物源区分析

为了判断太原西山煤田物源区,并探讨物源区构造背景,运用砂岩单碎屑组分法、多碎屑组分法和重矿物组合法,综合分析了七里沟剖面二叠系下石盒子组底部骆驼脖子砂岩的特征。结果表明:骆驼脖子砂岩主要组分为石英和岩屑,石英占80%以上,岩屑占10%左右,长石极少见,体积分数小于1%,且石英和岩屑成因类型以岩浆岩型和变质岩型为主,沉积岩型含量较少;重矿物主要由锆石、磷灰石和金红石组成,揭示出物源区母岩类型为酸性岩浆岩,物源区为北面阴山古陆,砂岩组分的Dickinson三角图解表明,物源区构造背景为再旋回造山带。      

鄂尔多斯盆地南部晚三叠世物源分析

本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地南部的物源区大地构造性质、沉积格局及古水流等的综合分析,并结合砂岩组分,轻、重矿物及微量元素等资料,对盆地南部晚三叠世物源进行了深入分析,旨在阐明古物源与沉积体系的空间配置,确定物源的差异演化过程及发展趋势。研究表明,盆地南部晚三叠世沉积物源主要为太古生界深变质的结晶片岩、片麻岩及震旦亚界和古生界的浅海相碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩。在物源分异的影响下,不同的沉积体系分布区轻、重矿物组分特征明显不同。在镇原—泾川地区砂岩碎屑中石英含量相对较高,岩屑主要为沉积岩屑,向东南部铜川—耀县一带,长石含量逐渐增加,岩屑中火成岩和变质岩岩屑也增加。盆地南部重矿物主要为锆石、电气石及石榴石为主的组合,其分布受到了沉积水系的控制,形成了西南部的环县—庆阳—泾川一带、南部的长武—宁县一带、东南部的黄陵—铜川地区和东北部富县—延安一带的4个重矿物集中分布区,分别对应于不同的古水系及沉积物扩散区。在REE配分模式上,富县—延安地区延长组地球化学特征及配分模式曲线与盆地东北缘太古代及早元古代变质岩一致,二者有较大的亲缘关系;镇泾地区和盆地西南缘变质岩REE分配模式基本一致。     

长江沉积物源示踪研究进展

近期物源分析方法发展较快,包括稀土元素、同位素地球化学与单颗粒碎屑矿物微区分析方法的广泛运用,以及分不同粒级组分或根据需要选择特定粒级组分进行物源分析逐渐代替了全样分析法,物源示踪效果得到明显的提高。长江作为连接青藏高原与西太平洋边缘海的最重要水系,河流沉积物从源到汇的现代与历史过程备受关注。长江沉积物源示踪研究进展包括:①建立和运用河流入海沉积物示踪端元模型,定性或定量地分析长江沉积物在海域的扩散与沉积分布规律,倾向于运用细颗粒组分矿物学、元素与同位素地球化学等方法,研究程度较高,今后需注意各端元值的时空变化,及受沉积过程的分异作用与早期成岩作用的影响;②建立和运用不同支流的物源示踪模型,研究晚新生代以来长江水系的演化历史,倾向于运用粗颗粒组分的物源分析方法,尤其是单颗粒碎屑矿物微区分析。由于长江流域面积巨大、区域地质复杂,建立支流域的精细物源分析指纹特征尚处在探索阶段,需注意运用碎屑锆石U-Pb定年与稀土元素、Hf同位素组成的综合物源分析法。综合运用多种物源分析法于长江中下游和三角洲盆地若干钻孔地层的研究,已较好地限定长江贯通的时间约在上新世晚期—早更新世之间,但仍存在较大争议,今后需在一些关键区域开展更多的深钻研究,提高物源精细示踪的效果、晚新生代地层测年的精度,并加强钻孔间的的对比研究。     

江汉盆地周缘主要河流沉积物碎屑磷灰石的微量元素特征及其物源判别指标分析

江汉盆地堆积的沉积物记录了长江演化的地质信息,一直是长江演化研究的热点,但目前的物源示踪方法存在诸多争议,因此寻找新的物源示踪指标是研究的重点.磷灰石是河流沉积物中常见的副矿物,其微量元素主要受原岩组成的影响而有良好的稳定性,在不同构造单元差异明显,是开展河流物源示踪研究的理想指示矿物.基于此,本文利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)对江汉盆地周缘主要地表河流沉积物进行碎屑磷灰石原位微量元素分析,并结合Kolmogorov-Smirnov统计方法的多维判别(MDS)图解寻找区分长江上游与中游物源的新指标,并检验了特征元素指标在物源判别中的有效性.结果表明碎屑磷灰石的Sr/Y比值及Nd-Sm、Sm-Eu、Eu-Gd、La/Yb-La/Sm的微量元素双变量图解能有效区分长江上游和中游(汉江、湘江、沅江)的物源,可作为区分长江上游与中游物源的重要特征指标.综合研究认为:河流沉积物碎屑磷灰石的微量元素比值和稀土元素分布特征在贯通大河的物源示踪研究中具有重大潜力.     

饶阳凹陷蠡县斜坡古近系沙河街组一段物源特征研究

物源供应不仅影响了冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷蠡县斜坡地区沙河街组一段展布特征,而且控制了沉积类型和相带分布,进而决定了有利油气储层的发育。为了厘清蠡县斜坡地区的物源特征,从而指导进一步的沉积体系研究和勘探开发工作,本文基于饶阳凹陷蠡县斜坡3D地震资料、古近系沙河街组沙一段岩石学特征、重矿物组合及ZTR指数、碎屑锆石晶型及U-Pb年龄谱图,开展了沙一段沉积物源综合分析。研究结果表明:(1)蠡县斜坡北部、西部、南西部均发育有地震前积结构,且碎屑岩成分成熟度、ZTR指数分别向南东、东、北东方向增加,指示蠡县斜坡北部、西部、南西部各有一组水系携带物源注入。(2)依据岩屑组合和重矿物组合在平面上的展布特征,可以将蠡县斜坡地区划分出A、B、C 3个区域。其中A区地层具有来自基底隆起、切割岛弧环境的组分特征,且发育有一定的再旋回组分。岩屑组合为岩浆岩+沉积岩岩屑,重矿物组合为石榴石+锆石+磁铁矿+赤褐铁矿;B区地层具有来自基底隆起的组分特征,岩屑组合为岩浆岩+沉积岩+少量变质岩岩屑,重矿物组合为石榴石+锆石;C区地层具有来自基底隆起的组分特征,岩屑组合为岩浆岩+沉积岩+变质岩岩屑,重矿物组合为石榴石+锆石+钛铁矿。A、B、C区内沉积地层的发育依次由北部、西部、南西部水系控制,3组物源在西柳地区交汇。(3)锆石颗粒形态与年龄特征显示,工区内各物源对应的母岩区均为太行山隆起。其中注入工区北部的河流主要流经五台—忻州—涞源一带,携带的母岩主要为元古宇岩浆岩和古生界岩浆岩;携带西部物源的河流主要流经繁峙—涞源—阜平地区,对应的母岩主要为古生界岩浆岩;携带南西部物源的河流主要流经五台—阜平—定州一带,对应母岩主要为元古宇岩浆岩和古生界岩浆岩。相比沙二段,沙一段沉积时期西部物源供源能力有显著增强,南西部物源输入能力相对下降。(4)各组水系携带物源注入工区后形成浅水三角洲沉积体系,且距物源越近,物源供给强度越大,砂体发育情况越好。     

庆阳-合水地区长8油层组沉积物源分析

物源分析对砂岩储层的展布与分析预测具有重要的意义。通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘庆阳-合水地区上三叠统延长组长8油层组的砂岩重矿物组合、轻矿物组合及砂岩岩屑组分的平面分布特征分析,判断了庆阳-合水地区的沉积物源方向。研究表明,庆阳-合水地区存在两大物源和古流沉积体系,即西南方向的庆阳沉积古流体系和南部方向的合水沉积古流体系;长82亚组沉积期以南部的沉积古流体系为主,而长81亚组沉积期以西南部的沉积古流体系为主;重矿物组合特征分析显示长81亚组沉积期合水区带混源现象明显。     

物源—河流过程—化学风化对松花江水系沉积物重矿物组成的影响

松花江水系作为我国七大水系之一,对其沉积物组成的深入探究对揭示源区控制因素和沉积物的搬运—沉积过程具有重要意义。重矿物蕴含着源岩母岩的重要信息,是解开由源到汇过程和物源示踪的重要工具。为了评估物源、河流过程和化学风化对重矿物组成的影响,我们从松花江水系干流和支流的边滩以及阶地共取32个样品,进行分粒级(<63μm、63~125μm和125~250μm)的重矿物分析。结果表明,松花江水系源区母岩信息在嫩江各支流(诺敏河最为典型)的重矿物组成中得到很好的反映,但在嫩江干流中没有得到反映,这表明物源对重矿物组成的控制受到河流过程的影响。松花江水系的重矿物组成以角闪石、绿帘石、钛铁矿和榍石为主。河流沉积物的重矿物组成主要富集在63~125μm组分,同一河流的不同河段的重矿物组成存在显著差异(巴兰河尤为典型),表明了河流搬运—沉积过程对重矿物组成起到重要控制。哈尔滨松花江T2阶地沉积物(弱风化)的重矿物组成基本保留了现代河流砂特征,讷谟尔河T1阶地沉积物(中等风化)的重矿物受到一定程度的改造,而受到严重化学风化影响的通河松花江T3阶地的重矿物组成已遭受严重破坏,不稳定矿物(角闪石和辉石)以及蕴含的母岩信息已完全消失,表明了重矿物组成明显受到沉积物化学风化程度的影响。由于源—汇过程中重矿物的混合和由此导致的稀释作用,使得沉积物携带的物源信息经过长距离搬运之后逐渐变得模糊。因此,我们认为,在进行河流重矿物源—汇过程研究中,宽粒度分析窗口和足够多的样品数量需要考虑以充分获取源区完整的重矿物组成信息。同时,在利用河流阶地重矿物组成进行源—汇联系和古水系演化研究时,需要首先评估阶地沉积物的化学风化程度。     

Petrography of Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sandstones in the Kutch Basin,western India:Implications on provenance and basin evolution

This paper investigates the provenance of Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sediments in the Kutch Basin, western India, on the basis of mineralogical investigations of sandstones composition(Quartz-Feldspar-Lithic(QFL)fragment), Zircon-Tourmaline-Rutile(ZTR) index, and mineral chemistry of heavy detrital minerals of the framework.The study also examines the compositional variation of the sandstone in relation to the evolution of the Kutch Basin, which originated as a rift basin during the Late Triassic and evolved into a passive margin basin by the end Cretaceous. This study analyzes sandstone samples of Jhumara, Jhuran and Bhuj Formations of Middle Jurassic,Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, respectively, in the Kutch Mainland. Sandstones record a compositional evolution from arkosic to subarkosic as the feldspar content decreases from 68% in the Jhumara Formation to 27%in the Bhuj Formation with intermediate values in the Jhuran Formation. The QFL modal composition indicates basement uplifted and transitional continental settings at source. Heavy mineral content of these sandstones reveals the occurrence of zircon, tourmaline, rutile, garnet, apatite, monazite and opaque minerals. Sub-rounded to well-rounded zircon grains indicate a polycyclic origin. ZTR indices for samples in Jhumara, Jhuran and Bhuj Formations are 25%, 30% and 50% respectively. Chemistry of opaque minerals reveals the occurrence of detrital varieties such as ilmenite, rutile, hematite/magnetite and pyrite, in a decreasing order of abundances. Chemistry of ilmenites in the Jhumara Formation reveals its derivation from dual felsic igneous and metabasic source, while those in Jhuran and Bhuj Formations indicate a metabasic derivation. Chemistry of garnet reveals predominantly Fe-rich(almandine) variety of metabasic origin. X-ray microscopic study provides the percentage of heavy minerals ranging from 3% to 5.26%. QFL detrital modes reflect the evolution of the basin from an active rift to a passive margin basin during the Mesozoic. Integration of results from QFL modal composition of the sandstones, heavy mineral analysis and mineral chemistry, suggests sediment supply from both northern and eastern highlands during the Middle Jurassic. The uplift along the Kutch Mainland Fault in the Early Cretaceous results in curtailment of sediment input from north.     

南海西部表层沉积物碎屑矿物分布特征及其物源

南海西部海域的物源研究程度相对较低,尤其对中段的物源有较大的争议。通常认为中部没有大河注入,其物源主要来自其南北的湄公河和红河。笔者通过对该区表层沉积物的系统取样及碎屑矿物分析鉴定认为,碎屑矿物主要分布于南部陆架区和中部陆坡区域。根据因子分析,南海西部碎屑矿物可以明显分为南部、中部、北部三区。南区陆架碎屑矿物主要由重矿物金红石、锐钛矿、白钛矿、锆石、透闪石、十字石及轻矿物石英、长石等组成,原岩应以岩浆岩类为主,包括部分变质岩;中区陆坡以十字石、透闪石、电气石、褐铁矿及黑云母、白云母为主,原岩可能主要为变质岩类;北区陆坡碎屑矿物少,组合特征不明显。各区不仅组合特征明显不同,且各区分界明显,表明其物质来源明显不同,南区物源主要来自红河和加里曼丹岛;中部海域的碎屑矿物组合与中南半岛大量出露的变质岩基本吻合,表明其物源主要来自中南半岛,而不是来自其南北的湄公河和红河。     

Comparison of detrital mineral compositions between stream sediments of the Yangtze River (Changjiang) and the Yellow River (Huanghe) and their provenance implication

A comparative comparative study on the detrital mineral composition of stream sediments of the Yangtze River (Changjiang) and Yellow River (Huanghe) shows that, light minerals of the Yangtze River basin were mainly quartz, feldspar, and detritus, the compositional characteristics of light minerals differed among tributaries, the main stream had a generally higher maturity index than tributaries; heavy mineral content tended to decrease progressively from the upper stream to lower stream of the Yangtze River, the primary assemblage was magnetite-hornblende-augite-garnet-epidote, and diagnostic minerals of different river basins were capable of indicating the nature and distribution of the source rock. Detrital mineral assemblages in sediments of tributaries and the main stream of the Yellow River were basically similar, Primary heavy mineral assemblage was opaque mineral-garnet-epidote-carbonate mineral and alteration mineral. Variations in the contents of garnet, opaque mineral, and hornblende mainly reflected the degree of sedimentary differentiation in suspended sediment and the hydrodynamic intensity of a drainage system. The heavy mineral differentiation index F revealed sedimentary differentiation of diagnostic detrital mineral composition due to changes in regional hydrodynamic intensity and can serve as an indicator for studying the dynamic sedimentary environment of a single-provenance river and the degree of sedimentary differentiation of its detrital minerals. Changes in detrital mineral content of the Yellow River was not completely controlled by provenance but reflected gravity sorting of the detrital mineral due to variations in the ephemeral river hydrodynamic intensity and sedimentary environment, however the index changing of Yangtze River were mainly influenced by the complex sediment sources. Therefore caution must be exercised in using the detrital mineral composition of marginal sea to determine the contribution of the Yangtze River and Yellow River.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000693

The Yangtze River is one of the most important components of the East Asia river system.In this study,sediments in the Jianghan Basin,middle Yangtze River,were selected for trace element and rare earth element(REE)measurements,in order to decipher information on the change of sediment provenance and evolution of the Yangtze River.According to the elemental variations,the late Cenozoic sediments of the Jianghan Basin could be divided into four parts.During 2.68e2.28 Ma and 1.25e0 Ma,provenance of the sediments was consistent,whereas sediments were derived from variable sources during2.28e1.25 Ma.Comparison of the elemental compositions between the Pliocene and Quaternary sediments revealed a change in sediment source from a more felsic source area to a more basic source area around the PlioceneeQuaternary boundary.Input from the Emeishan LIP should account for this provenance change.Based on the provenance analysis of sediments in the Jianghan Basin,we infer that the Yangtze River developed into a large river with its drainage basin extended to the Emeishan LIP no later than the PlioceneeQuaternary boundary.     

松辽盆地钱家店地区姚家组赋矿砂岩的组成、地球化学特征及其构造背景

松辽盆地钱家店地区姚家组砂岩矿物、地球化学成分与源区岩石性质和沉积构造环境密切相关。岩相学观察和矿物化学分析表明,所研究的岩石主要碎屑矿物由石英、岩屑和长石组成,含少量的黄铁矿、炭屑和重矿物等矿物。地球化学特征上,这些岩石普遍具有高SiO2含量(68.4%~79.61%)、相对高的K2O/Na2O比值(1.83~2.03)和较低的Fe2O3T+MgO含量(1.48%~4.22%),稀土元素标准化配分曲线呈现轻稀土富集,重稀土平坦和弱Eu、Ce负异常特征。较低的CIA(57~63)和PIA(60~71)指数、A-CN-K以及AK-C-N分布模式还说明源区经历了相对较弱的风化作用。Zr/Sc和Th/Sc比值共同表明姚家组的碎屑组成不具备沉积再旋回的特征,说明其为近源沉积,具有较差的分选性。砂岩物源区组成判别图研究表明,姚家组砂岩的物源区主要出露长英质岩浆岩。砂岩形成构造环境判别图解及特征指数分析表明,姚家组主要形成于被动大陆边缘沉积环境。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中西部延长组碎屑岩物源分析及储层特征

综合运用砂岩碎屑组分及岩屑分布特征、砂岩阴极发光特征、重矿物组合特征变化、古水流方向等物源分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地中西部长6油组进行物源分析,认为变质岩、酸性岩浆岩、浅海相碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩为研究区主要的母岩类型,东北、西南部是研究区的主要物源方向,西北、西和南部是为次要要的物源方向。物源是影响储层的重要因素,物源的不同造成研究区砂岩类型、填隙物组成及储层物性特征的差异。     

Sediment transport to the Laptev Sea (Siberian Arctic) during the Holocene — evidence from the heavy mineral composition of fluvial and marine sediments

Heavy mineral studies of East Siberian river sediments, Laptev Sea surface sediments, and a sediment core of the western Laptev Sea were carried out in order to reconstruct the pathways of modern and ancient sediment transport from the Siberian hinterland to the Laptev Sea. The modern heavy mineral distribution of Laptev Sea surface sediments reflects mainly the riverine input. While the eastern and central part of the Laptev Sea is dominated by amphibole, which is supplied by the Lena River, the western part is dominated by pyroxene imported from the Siberian Trap basalts by the Khatanga River. The distribution of garnet and opaque minerals is additionally influenced by hydrodynamic processes. As a consequence of their high density, these minerals are predominantly deposited close to the river mouths. Heavy mineral and sedimentological studies of a sediment core of the western Laptev Sea were applied to reconstruct the postglacial history of the shelf area during the last 11 ka. In the lowermost interval of the core (> c. 10 ka), high accumulation rates and a heavy mineral composition similar to that of the modern Khatanga river indicate fluvial conditions. Additionally, the high mica content in this interval may indicate meltwater inflow from the Byrranga mountains. Strong variations in accumulation rates, grain-size distribution, and heavy mineral composition are observed in the time interval between c. 10 and 6 ka, which represents the main transgression of the Laptev Sea shelf. During the uppermost interval (<6 ka), rather stable conditions similar to the modem situation prevailed.     

江汉盆地河流碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄特征及其对物源研究的启示

江汉盆地位于扬子板块北部,是长江演化研究的关键地区.锆石是河流沉积物中常见的副矿物,其U-Pb年龄谱对比被广泛用于物源示踪研究,但在江汉盆地还未系统研究.本文利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)分别对江汉盆地12条流入河流进行了922颗碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分析,结合多维判别图(MDS)和已报道的河流碎屑...