IDC和NDC互动关系分析

随着《全面禁止核试验条约》的签订,全面禁止核试验条约组织(Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,CTBTO)也在同一年成立。条约设立缔约国大会、执行理事会以及技术秘书处作为条约组织的机构,技术秘书处包括国际数据中心(International Data Center,IDC)。为保障条约得到有效履行,该条约规定了一套严格的核查机制,为了促进成员国与CTBTO间的技术互动,各个条约缔结国的国家数据中心(National Data Center,NDC)也同步建立,本文将对NDC的组织机构、工作思路、运行方式及和IDC的互动关系等做细致调查和分析说明。     

台阵地震学、地震台阵与禁核试条约监测系统

本文介绍了台阵地震学的发展,国内外地震台阵的建设和工作进展以及地震台阵与全面禁止核试验条约(CTBT)国际监测系统(IMS)的关系。另外比较系统地论述了台阵地震学在地震精确定位和地球内部构造反演中的应用。     

核试验监测的地震学研究综述

侦察探测核爆事件,评估核爆信息等核试验监测工作,对评估核爆威力、研究核爆炸现象以及各种破坏因素的变化规律有着重要意义.地震学提供了核试验监测中关键的研究手段.核试验地震学监测研究主要包括核试验识别、定位、埋深、震级和当量的估计等内容.根据近半个世纪以来核试验方式的变化和技术的发展,介绍和总结了核试验监测中相关研究进展状况,主要包括事件定位、判别、震级测定、当量和埋深估计等地震学观测、理论和方法.     

CTBT国际监测系统水声监测网络概况

介绍全面禁止核试验条约（CTBT）国际监测系统（IMS）水声监测网络的组成、类型、分布及其监测能力,从台站的地理位置选择、勘址条件及台站构成、性能指标等方面,详细阐述H-相和T-相水声台站的建设和发展,并分析新一代水听器台站的设计理念及研发测试进展,以期为相关技术研究和我国水声台站建设提供参考。     

朝鲜核试验相关地震学研究进展及其文献计量学分析

朝鲜自2006年10月9日第一次开展地下核试验以来,分别于2009年5月25日、2013年2月12日、2016年1月6日、2016年9月9日和2017年9月3日相继进行了5次规模较大的核试验.由于核爆炸和天然地震的震源机制不同,可以通过核爆炸产生的地震波来进行核试验的监测,核试验相关地震学研究一直是国内外专家关注的焦点.本文分别从事件定位、性质识别、当量和埋藏深度等几个方面总结了近些年来朝鲜核试验相关地震学的研究进展,并基于文献计量学方法对朝鲜核试验相关地震学研究现状进行分析,综合结果表明,近些年基于朝鲜核试验的相关地震学研究的主要研究方向为核试验定位、当量估算以及震源深度等.     

国际监测系统(IMS)台网布局综述与评价

1960年9月10日的联合国大会通过了全面禁止核试验条约(CTBT),为了监视全面禁止核试验条约的执行情况,CTBT议定书附件1列出了IMS中构成基本网络的全球50个地震台站(阵)。IMS台阵多数为同心圆小孔径台阵。本文详细介绍了国际监测系统(IMS)的核监测试验方法、地震台站监测分类和建设步骤及两种不同类型的地震台站台网分布情况,并对IMS的地震监测能力做出了评价。     

禁核试核查地震信息系统设计与相关技术

地震核查技术是《全面禁止核试验条约》规定的主要针对地下核爆炸监测的国际监测技术手段. 为了提高对低震级事件的检测、定位与识别能力,开发了禁核试核查地震信息系统. 该系统以ArcGIS为基础,充分发挥GIS的强大的空间数据分析、拓扑分析和数据可视化处理能力,为地震数据的分析处理建立灵活方便的图形化研究环境. 利用ArcSDE Geodatabase数据模型与大型关系数据库管理系统ORACLE相结合,并通过基于COM的ArcObjects组件开发技术扩展ORACLE的管理功能,真正实现了空间、非空间等多源数据的一体化无缝集成,并保留了ORACLE的海量数据管理、事务处理、记录锁定、并发控制、 数据仓库等功能. 本文主要论述禁核试核查地震信息系统的总体设计与相关技术.      

兰州台阵勘址测点均方根值的计算与分析

引言 中国是全面禁止核试验条约(CTBT)缔约国之一,根据全面禁止核试验条约组织(CTBTO)建设国际监测系统(IMS)的计划,经我国有关部门批准,中国地震局地球物理研究所将建设兰州台阵。1999年8月,地球物理研究所台阵建设技术实施组经过实地考察,从几个候选阵址中选中兰州地震台西南方向18 km处的大尖山作为兰州台阵阵址。台阵阵址位于兰州南部的雾宿山区,有着稳定的基岩,在附近没有发现大的活断层。 台阵建设需要有噪声场稳定的场地,为了确定台阵阵址各勘址测点的噪声源与噪声的普遍变化,在中国地震局分析预报中心的支持下,共投入了一套FB…     

第23章：地震台阵在地震与禁核试地震学中的用途

在远程检测地下核爆炸的唯一途径是依据其产生的地震信号。正因为这个原因，为验证“全面禁止核试验”情况提供数据而建立的国际监测系统（IMS）还得包含地震台站网。然而，即使监测到了地下核爆信号，也不可能准确无误地辨别出来。该监测系统旨在提供可鉴别出明显是天然扰动的数据和可识别出极有可能是地下核试验的数据。如果检测到可疑扰动，禁止核试验条约的缔约国就可要求这个被怀疑进行核试验的国家允许国际调查组织进入震中区进行现场视察，来核实其是否确实进行了核试验。     

第24章：监测执行《全面禁止核试验条约》的地震学方法

1996年9月，经过近40年期间遭遇许多次失败的协商谈判之后，对《全面禁止核试验条约》（CTBT）的文本最终达成了一致并在联合国开放供各国签署，随即由5个声称拥有核武器的国家（美、俄、中、英、法）进行了签署。在签字仪式上，克林顿总统称该条约为“最长久的追求、最艰苦的战斗、核武器控制的收获”。     

Introduction

This is the second topical volume on “Recent Advances in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring” that started with Pure and Applied Geophysics Topical Volume 167 (2010), and again reports on the most recent advances in science and technology that have been achieved to monitor compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). This progress in the development and testing of new sensor technologies and analysis methodologies in all relevant scientific disciplines improves the capabilities in detection, location and characterization of CTBT-relevant events. In particular, the latter poses a challenge for smaller events, where natural or manmade but CTBT-irrelevant sources can generate false-positive events. The efficient discrimination of these events pursued at a minimum risk of missing a nuclear explosion is the overall challenge. The 29 papers of this volume can be structured into 16 waveform studies, eight in the field of radionuclide monitoring and related atmospheric backtracking, and five papers related to on-site inspection or overhead detection of relevant events, with many of these originally presented at a special session on “Research and Development in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring” at the most recent annual General Assemblies of the European Geosciences Union.     

Discrimination of Nuclear Explosions against Civilian Sources Based on Atmospheric Xenon Isotopic Activity Ratios

A global monitoring system for atmospheric xenon radioactivity is being established as part of the International Monitoring System that will verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) once the treaty has entered into force. This paper studies isotopic activity ratios to support the interpretation of observed atmospheric concentrations of ¹³⁵Xe, ^133mXe, ¹³³Xe and ^131mXe. The goal is to distinguish nuclear explosion sources from civilian releases. Simulations of nuclear explosions and reactors, empirical data for both test and reactor releases as well as observations by measurement stations of the International Noble Gas Experiment (INGE) are used to provide a proof of concept for the isotopic ratio based method for source discrimination.     

Satellite Earth Observations Support CTBT Monitoring: A Case Study of the Nuclear Test in North Korea of Oct. 9, 2006 and Comparison with Seismic Results

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty prescribes the use of seismic stations and arrays as the main measure for verification of Treaty compliance. Since the inception of the Treaty, a vast amount of open source earth observation satellite data has become available. This paper investigates the potential for combining seismic and satellite data for more effective monitoring and response. With data acquired before, during and after the alleged North Korean underground nuclear test on October 9, 2006, wide area change detection techniques using medium resolution optical/infrared satellite sensors are combined with localized high-resolution imagery to attempt to pinpoint the test location within the area identified by the seismic measurements. Problems associated with the timeliness, degree of coverage and ambiguity of the remote sensing data are pointed out, however it is generally concluded that their integration into the CTBT regime would valuably complement the existing seismic observation network.     

CD数据流至miniSEED数据流近实时转换的方法及实现

禁核试北京国家数据中心（NDC）是我国与CTBTO/IDC进行数据交换的唯一节点,完成汇集、保存和处理我境内各IMS台站的监测数据,同时向国内用户提供境内IMS台站监测数据。NDC目前主要接入、处理、转发CD数据,但国内履约技术支持单位和协作单位多采用miniSEED数据,并使用JOPENS系统的流服务来交换数据,为了与其进行数据交换或向其分发监测数据,NDC需要具备分发miniSEED数据流的能力。文中设计的软件,是NDC自主开发的应用工具软件之一,可作为JOPENS系统流服务器的本地或远程仪器适配器,将CD数据流准实时转换为miniSEED流或将历史CD数据转换为miniSEED数据流,并通过JOPENS流服务器分发境内IMS台站数据,扩展了NDC的实时数据服务能力。     

Definition of Exclusion Zones Using Seismic Data

—?In verifying compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), there is a motivation to be effective, efficient and economical and to prevent abuse of the right to conduct an On-site Inspection (OSI) in the territory of a challenged State Party. In particular, it is in the interest of a State Party to avoid irrelevant search in specific areas. In this study we propose several techniques to determine `exclusion zones', which are defined as areas where an event could not have possibly occurred. All techniques are based on simple ideas of arrival time differences between seismic stations and thus are less prone to modeling errors compared to standard event location methods. The techniques proposed are: angular sector exclusion based on a tripartite micro array, half-space exclusion based on a station pair, and closed area exclusion based on circumferential networks.     

Locating Seismic Events in the CTBT Context

—?The verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) requires the determination of accurate location of seismic events from a fixed network of seismic stations across the globe. The requirements of possible on-site inspections mean that the goal is to place the location estimate in a zone smaller than 1000 km² that includes the true location. Because a defined set of stations will be used, corrections can be refined to represent the influence of departures from the global reference model IASPEI91. The primary stations in the International Monitoring Scheme (IMS) are mostly seismic arrays and therefore the present location scheme is based on minimisation of a misfit function built from arrival time, azimuth and array slowness residuals. The effective network will change markedly with the magnitude of the event and as a result regional information has to be integrated into the location process.     

Ten Years of Development of Equipment for Measurement of Atmospheric Radioactive Xenon for the Verification of the CTBT

Atmospheric measurement of radioactive xenon isotopes (radioxenon) plays a key role in remote monitoring of nuclear explosions, since it has a high capability to capture radioactive debris for a wide range of explosion scenarios. It is therefore a powerful tool in providing evidence for nuclear testing, and is one of the key components of the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The reliability of this method is largely based on a well-developed measurement technology. In the 1990s, with the prospect of the build-up of a monitoring network for the CTBT, new development of radioxenon equipment started. This article summarizes the physical and technical principles upon which the radioxenon technology is based and the advances the technology has undergone during the last 10 years. In contrast to previously used equipment, which was manually operated, the new generation of radioxenon monitoring equipment is designed for automated and continuous operation in remote field locations. Also the analytical capabilities of the equipment were strongly enhanced. Minimum detectable concentrations of the recently developed systems are well below 1 mBq/m³ for the key nuclide ¹³³Xe for sampling periods between 8 and 24 h. All the systems described here are also able to separately measure with low detection limits the radioxenon isotopes ^131mXe, ^133mXe and ¹³⁵Xe, which are also relevant for the detection of nuclear tests. The equipment has been extensively tested during recent years by operation in a laboratory environment and in field locations, by performing comparison measurements with laboratory type equipment and by parallel operation. These tests demonstrate that the equipment has reached a sufficiently high technical standard for deployment in the global CTBT verification regime.     

Slowness Corrections — One Way to Improve IDC Products

—?The first step to identify and locate a seismic event is the association of observed onsets with common seismic sources. This is especially important in the context of monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) at the International Data Center (IDC) being developed in Vienna, Austria. Well-defined slowness measurements are very useful for associating seismic phases to presumed seismic events.¶Shortly after installation of the first seismic arrays, systematic discrepancies between measured and theoretically predicted slowness values were observed, and therefore slowness measurements of seismic stations should be calibrated. The observed slownesses measured with small aperture arrays, some of which will be included in the International Monitoring System (IMS) now being implemented for verifying compliance with the CTBT, show large scatter and deviations from theoretically expected values. However, in this study a method is presented, by which mean slowness corrections can be derived, which show relatively stable patterns specific to each array.¶The correction of measured slowness values of these arrays clearly improved the single array location capabilities. Applying slowness corrections with seismic phases observed by ARCES, FINES, GERES, and NORES, and associated to seismic events in the bulletins of the prototype International Data Center (pIDC) in Arlington, VA, also clearly demonstrates the advantages of these corrections. For arrays with large slowness deviations that are due to the influence of a dipping layer, the corrections were modeled with a sine function depending on the measured azimuth. In addition, the measured values can be weighted with the corresponding uncertainties known from the process of deriving the mean corrections.