内蒙古二连盆地深层地球物理特征和上古生界的地质结构

二连盆地上古生界经历海西、印支、燕山等多期构造改造,现今残存泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系等,其分布主要受区域深部大断裂的控制。针对上古生界重新处理地震资料,提高深层信噪比,增强深层反射能量,地震反射特征较为清晰;对重力资料联片处理,整体研究区域地质特征,采用小子域滤波和图像增强处理,准确确定深大断裂的位置。综合地球物理资料、地质调查资料,认为二连盆地发育近东西向、北东向5条深大断裂,发育规模大、活动时间长,对二连盆地不同时期大地构造演化、沉积建造、岩浆活动、变质作用等起明显的控制作用。地震资料显示,上古生界在二连盆地发育较普遍,经长期褶皱隆起剥蚀,总体表现为西部剥蚀较严重,东部残留厚度较大;泥盆系主要分布于贺根山断裂北部,南部缺失;石炭系、二叠系在盆地内分布广泛,东部和北部厚度大,其它地区局部残留,厚度差异较大,最大厚度近万米。     

松辽盆地上古生界深层系展布特征——来自综合地球物理资料的依据

松辽盆地及外围石炭纪—二叠纪地层分布广、厚度大,油气资源前景备受关注,但松辽盆地深部的石炭－二叠系尚待系统而精细的研究,目前得到的相关深层系信息尚不能清晰刻画上古生界地层的残留特征. 基于盆地内相关二维深反射地震剖面、重力资料,通过强约束“剥皮”技术、地震资料精细解释和测井数据多信息融合反演等方法,获得了相关目的层系分布与产出特征,以及经历多期次构造叠加石炭－二叠系的保存状况. 研究表明,上古生界地层可大致划分为北带、中带和南带;现今的石炭－二叠系仍然保留了受古亚洲洋板块影响形成的东西向隆拗褶皱构造;中生代时期盆地的南北部受太平洋板块的影响存在差异;盆地断陷发育区石炭－二叠系埋藏较深,地层较厚,盖层厚度大,保存较好.     

综合地球物理方法在内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系-二叠系解释中的应用

为了了解额济纳旗厦其邻区石炭系-二叠系的分布,为该区油气资源远景调查评价提供依据,通过对前人的资料二次开发和新完成的地球物理综合剖面精细处理与解释,利用"地震、钻井资料约束下的重、磁、电资料联合反演"方法,对该区残留的石发系-二叠系的分布与埋藏状况进行了初步解释.结果表明,谊区石炭系-二叠系总体残留厚度较大,埋深适中.该方法初步解决了对该区石炭系-二叠系分布物探解译的技术难题.为确定盆地内部石炭系-二叠系的展布状况提供了依据.     

综合地球物理方法在内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系—二叠系解释中的应用

为了了解额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系—二叠系的分布,为该区油气资源远景调查评价提供依据,通过对前人的资料二次开发和新完成的地球物理综合剖面精细处理与解释,利用“地震、钻井资料约束下的重、磁、电资料联合反演”方法,对该区残留的石炭系—二叠系的分布与埋藏状况进行了初步解释。结果表明,该区石炭系—二叠系总体残留厚度较大,埋深适中。该方法初步解决了对该区石炭系—二叠系分布物探解译的技术难题,为确定盆地内部石炭系—二叠系的展布状况提供了依据。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系-二叠系沉积后的构造演化、盖层条件与油气信息——石炭系-二叠系油气地质条件研究之三

通过对中-新生代沉积演化特征的分析和对石炭系-二叠系沉积之后构造改造作用、中生代岩浆作用的研究,认为白垩纪为银根-额济纳旗盆地演化的鼎盛时期,沉积了厚度大、横向分布稳定、以湖泊-沼泽相为主的砂泥岩组合,是石炭系-二叠系油气系统的良好的区域盖层.虽然石炭系-二叠系沉积之后经历了多期次的构造改造作用,但构造应力以挤压抬升为主,除局部地区发生构造动力变质作用外,总体对石炭系-二叠系油气系统保持条件的影响不大.中生代经历了4个期次的岩浆活动,早白垩世岩浆活动较强烈,受其影响石炭系-二叠系局部发生热接触变质或烃源岩演化达到过成熟,但影响范围有限.石炭系-二叠系内部发育4个沉积旋回,尤其是阿木山组、埋汗哈达组发育厚度大、横向分布稳定的泥页岩,既是良好的烃源岩,也是良好的盖层.石炭系-二叠系沉积之后虽然经历了华力西末期-印支期的长期抬升剥蚀,但地球物理资料显示石炭系-二叠系在额济纳旗-务桃亥一带分布较为稳定,残留厚度一般1000～2000m,局部厚度大于3000m.油气显示信息表明,石炭系-二叠系具有油气生成、运移与聚集的过程,油气资源前景良好.     

松辽盆地石炭系-二叠系油气勘探前景

通过区域地质背景分析,认为东北地区处于活动大陆边缘构造背景下,形成了石炭纪-二叠纪泛盆地,松辽盆地是在残留的石炭系-二叠系盆地之上形成和演化的,石炭系-二叠系分布面积达7.2×104km2.地球化学分析表明,二叠系以极低变质岩为主,泥岩的有机质成熟度和丰度较高,剩余生烃潜力普遍较低.盆地东部地区的二叠系泥岩厚度超过1000m,而成熟度低于北部和西部地区,处于过成熟阶段,至今仍具备生烃能力.上覆中生代地层沉积后,东部地区的二叠系泥岩有机质成熟度增幅较大,发生了二次生烃,生烃量巨大并得到有效保存,形成原生和次生油气藏,具有较好的勘探前景.     

埕岛油田古生界地层特征及其构造意义

中国东部断陷盆地基底古 生界潜山具有良好的成藏条件,是基岩油藏重要的勘探领域。渤海湾盆地埕岛油田基底古生界沉积厚度大、岩石类型多、地层残留复杂、构造应力不同,决定了储层物性的平面及纵向差异性,进而影响 了油气成藏的差异性,因此开展地层残留规律的研究是区域古生界油气勘探的关键。以往对地层残留的研究多依据钻井揭示与地震解释的表象研究,缺乏成因过程的深入分析。基于井、震资料分析,开 展了地层发育序列、残留规律研究,在此基础上探讨了研究区地层残留特征的构造意义。主要取得了以下认识：(1)研究区古生界主要发育了寒武系、下-中奥陶统、中-上石炭统及二叠系;(2)古生界整 体呈现出现今南高北低、东高西低的特征。受负反转构造控制,潜山带构造低部位地层残留少;(3)从地层展布规律分析了其经历的主要风化剥蚀期次,推测了地质历史时期的构造特征,佐证了区域构造 演化过程;为东部叠合盆地基底古生界地层特征研究及构造演化提供了参考依据。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系—二叠系沉积后的构造演化、盖层条件与油气信息——石炭系—二叠系油气地质条件研究之三

通过对中—新生代沉积演化特征的分析和对石炭系—二叠系沉积之后构造改造作用、中生代岩浆作用的研究,认为白垩纪为银根-额济纳旗盆地演化的鼎盛时期,沉积了厚度大、横向分布稳定、以湖泊—沼泽相为主的砂泥岩组合,是石炭系—二叠系油气系统的良好的区域盖层。虽然石炭系—二叠系沉积之后经历了多期次的构造改造作用,但构造应力以挤压抬升为主,除局部地区发生构造动力变质作用外,总体对石炭系—二叠系油气系统保持条件的影响不大。中生代经历了4个期次的岩浆活动,早白垩世岩浆活动较强烈,受其影响石炭系—二叠系局部发生热接触变质或烃源岩演化达到过成熟,但影响范围有限。石炭系—二叠系内部发育4个沉积旋回,尤其是阿木山组、埋汗哈达组发育厚度大、横向分布稳定的泥页岩,既是良好的烃源岩,也是良好的盖层。石炭系—二叠系沉积之后虽然经历了华力西末期—印支期的长期抬升剥蚀,但地球物理资料显示石炭系—二叠系在额济纳旗-务桃亥一带分布较为稳定,残留厚度一般1000～2000m,局部厚度大于3000m。油气显示信息表明,石炭系—二叠系具有油气生成、运移与聚集的过程,油气资源前景良好。     

柴达木盆地北缘东段石炭系残留分布及控制因素

柴达木盆地北缘东段石炭系是侏罗系之外的另一套有利生烃层系,针对前人“石炭系为广泛分布于柴达木盆地各残留凹陷”的普遍认识与实际钻探不相符的矛盾,笔者充分利用野外地质调查、钻井、地震、电法等成果资料,通过露头引层、钻井标定、地震相与速度谱识别等方法手段,进行了石炭系顶底界面的追踪解释,重新厘定了柴北缘东段石炭系残留地层分布,并通过平衡剖面恢复分析了自古生代以来的构造演化特征及其对石炭系残留分布的控制作用。结果表明,柴达木盆地东部石炭系平面上残留分布于西段的尕丘凹陷和东段的欧南、霍布逊、德令哈等凹陷,发育尕丘、欧南、霍布逊等多个厚度中心;西段尕西-鱼卡凹陷、马海大红沟凸起、大柴旦凹陷、红山-小柴旦凹陷等基本无石炭系残留;印支末期构造运动造成不同构造单元的差异隆升剥蚀是控制石炭系残留分布及其厚度差异的主要因素,燕山晚期和喜山晚期构造运动造成残留分布的分隔性较强。     

松辽盆地石炭系—二叠系油气勘探前景

通过区域地质背景分析,认为东北地区处于活动大陆边缘构造背景下,形成了石炭纪—二叠纪泛盆地,松辽盆地是在残留的石炭系—二叠系盆地之上形成和演化的,石炭系—二叠系分布面积达7.2×104km2。地球化学分析表明,二叠系以极低变质岩为主,泥岩的有机质成熟度和丰度较高,剩余生烃潜力普遍较低。盆地东部地区的二叠系泥岩厚度超过1000m,而成熟度低于北部和西部地区,处于过成熟阶段,至今仍具备生烃能力。上覆中生代地层沉积后,东部地区的二叠系泥岩有机质成熟度增幅较大,发生了二次生烃,生烃量巨大并得到有效保存,形成原生和次生油气藏,具有较好的勘探前景。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.