晚上新世-早更新世北太平洋和黄土高原的风尘沉积记录的初步对比

保存在陆地、海洋和冰芯中的风尘沉积物与粉尘源区的干旱化历史、过去大气环流模式及其强度的演化密切相关,因而,直接的海陆风尘记录对比一直是古气候研究中的热点.为了获得对亚洲粉尘源区的干旱化波动和东亚季风演化的全面认识,较高分辨率地提取了北太平洋ODP 885站深海沉积物中的风尘组分,进而估算了晚上新世-早更新世时段北太平洋中部的风尘通量变化.结果表明,亚洲内陆粉尘源区的干燥度具有大时间尺度的变化特征,在2.7Ma左右急剧增加,随后在2.7～1.5Ma时段逐渐减小,自1.5Ma开始又逐渐增加.此外,在2.7～0.9Ma时段,粉尘源区经历了多次显著的轨道时间尺度上的干湿波动.通过对北太平洋和黄土高原的风尘记录的直接对比,发现在距今约2.7Ma,东亚地区的古环境发生了显著的变动,表现为亚洲内陆干旱化的加剧和大幅度冬、夏季风环流的盛行.然而,自2.7Ma开始,尤其是1.5Ma以后,由于北太平洋和黄土高原与亚洲粉尘源区的距离不同,两地的风尘通量所揭示的干旱化趋势和变化幅度存有明显差异.北太平洋远离亚洲内陆,其风尘通量变化基本不受粉尘源区范围变化的影响,因而更能反映源区干燥度的变化.相反,黄土高原由于距离粉尘源区较近,风尘通量的变化可能同时受到粉尘源区干燥度和范围的变化以及携带粉尘的风动力强度变化的影响.显然,海洋和陆地古气候记录的直接对比,可为深入认识过去气候变化提供新的思路.     

新近纪以来中国黄土高原的风尘记录

通过对黄土高原中部两个典型的风尘堆积序列的岩性和磁性地层研究 ,认为中国黄土高原风尘堆积的开始发育年龄至少约为 7.2 Ma B.P.。以红粘土和黄土—古土壤交互出现的风尘沉积 ,不仅真实地记录了东亚季风气候的形成演化 ,而且可能包含了青藏高原的阶段性隆升、北半球冰盖形成演化及大冰期发生等构造气候事件的印记。反映粉尘源区的干燥度及携带粉尘的大气环流强度的风尘沉积速率自 7.2 Ma B.P.开始、尤其是 4.5 Ma B.P.以来逐渐增大 ,似乎暗示了自新近纪以来亚洲内陆粉尘源区干旱化的逐级发展和东亚冬季风环流强度的逐渐增加     

晚新生代黄土高原风尘堆积与粉尘源区干旱化问题

基于黄土高原风尘堆积的岩性和磁性地层研究 ,计算了晚新生代黄土高原风尘堆积速率变化 ,并与深海沉积记录的粉尘通量变化对比 ,初步探讨了海陆风尘沉积记录的晚新生代亚洲内陆粉尘源区的干旱化过程 ,揭示出自 4 5MaB P 以来粉尘源区干燥度的逐级增加 ,尤其是在 3 6 2 6MaB P 时段黄土高原风尘沉积速率和ODP885 / 886孔粉尘通量的显著增加 ,暗示可能由于青藏高原在此时段加速隆升所造成的亚洲内陆粉尘源区干燥度的急剧加强。     

2.6 Ma BP 前后亚洲季风系统的重组

根据数值模拟的结果和中国区域环境分异与演化的地质记录,对2.6 Ma BP前后季风系统的调整进行了分析。结果发现,在2.6 Ma BP前后,亚洲季风明显增强,不仅冬季风明显增强,而且夏季风也明显增强;冬季风（东亚冬季风）在中国北方的盛行风向由偏西风转变为偏北风;冬季风（东亚冬季风）的影响范围明显扩大,由中国的西北、华北、东北地区逐步扩大到华中、华东与华南地区;由于受青藏高原的阻挡,热带西南季风对青藏高原北部及西北地区的直接影响大大减弱。这是青藏高原达到了一个重要的临界高度（可能是2000 m）所导致的亚洲季风系统调整的结果。
     

北半球大冰期(约2.73 Ma)前后北太平洋风尘沉积突变

距今约2.73 Ma,北半球高纬地区冰盖急剧发展,北半球大冰期来临,成为最引人注目的事件。北半球大冰期成因已有诸多解释,其中之一是大陆干旱化加剧,输入到大洋的粉尘增多引起海洋铁肥效应增强和生物量增多,吸收了更多大气CO2,使得地球变冷和冰盖增加。作为全球第二大粉尘释放中心,亚洲内陆干旱区释放的粉尘是北太平洋沉积物中主要陆源组分之一。开展北半球大冰期前后西北太平洋沉积物记录的亚洲粉尘研究,有助于深入认识风尘铁肥效应对北半球大冰期形成的可能贡献。文章依据大洋钻探计划(Ocean Drilling Program,简称ODP)198航次西北太平洋1208钻孔(共钻取沉积物392.3 m;本研究深度121.3 m至130.1 m,时间段为2.62 Ma至2.85 Ma)北半球大冰期前后的高分辨率(约2500年)样品,提取了沉积物中的"风尘组分",计算了风尘通量,研究了风尘通量变化和海洋生产力之间的关联。研究结果显示,约2.73 Ma以来,1208钻孔风尘通量快速增加,已发表的该孔的海洋生产力也表现出快速增加,海水表面温度也快速降低,说明粉尘对海洋的铁肥效应可能是触发北半球大冰期形成的重要因素。文章还测试了"风尘组分"的Nd和Sr同位素,研究了粉尘物源变动。结果显示,塔克拉玛干沙漠是北半球大冰期前后1208钻孔粉尘的主要物源,其中2.73 Ma至2.85 Ma期间Nd和Sr同位素波动较大,推测与火山灰含量较多和戈壁粉尘沉积有关,位置偏北的西风可能是部分戈壁粉尘长距离运输至北太平洋的主要营力。2.73 Ma以来,北极冰盖大量发育,西风位置南移,主要运输塔克拉玛干沙漠粉尘至北太平洋,使得Nd和Sr同位素波动较小,但其中2.72 Ma至2.70 Ma期间出现的Nd同位素偏正、Sr同位素变小很可能是火山灰的突然大量沉积造成的。     

中中新世中亚构造抬升驱动气候干旱化：以塔里木盆地东南缘江尕勒萨伊剖面为例

中亚前陆盆地地层中氧同位素和孢粉,以及黄土高原和北太平洋粉尘记录均表明,中中新世(16~12 Ma)中亚地区气候干旱化显著增强。然而,对其驱动机制的认识不一,包括全球降温、中亚地区的构造抬升、高海拔的"原西藏高原"的存在、副特提斯洋的退缩以及上述几者联合作用的结果。不过,全球降温(约14 Ma)、"原西藏高原"的抬升(≥40 Ma)、以及副特提斯洋退缩的时间(34 Ma)与中中新世中亚气候干旱化增强的时间(16~12 Ma)不一致。因此,它们可能是导致中中新世中亚干旱化增强的重要边界条件,或者是有利的辅助条件,但没起直接的主导作用。对塔里木盆地东南缘江尕勒萨伊剖面的前期研究结果表明,阿尔金山快速抬升始于16 Ma。在获得了磁性地层年龄的基础上,前人的碳氧同位素数据指示了16 Ma江尕勒萨依地区气候干旱化逐渐增强。鉴于同时发生,笔者把16 Ma气候干旱化增强归因于此时阿尔金山的快速抬升。从更广范围看,中中新世中亚发生了广泛的的地壳缩短变形和造山运动。对中国黄土高原的红粘土以及北太平洋粉尘沉积的多指标分析(磁化率、粒径、粉尘通量以及物源等)表明,中中新世中亚构造抬升及其引起的雨影效应是中亚气候干旱化增强的主因。     

六盘山东西两侧红粘土沉积起源年代差异原因初探

红粘土被认为类似于黄土,也是风成沉积。六盘山东侧红粘土底部沉积年龄主要集中于8Ma左右,而西侧底部最老沉积年龄主要在25~22Ma。通过综合分析红粘土的物源,青藏高原的隆升以及亚洲内陆干旱原因等方面认为:1亚洲内陆晚渐新世—早中新世的干旱主要是青藏高原的隆升阻挡了西南气流的深入和副特提斯海向西退出造成下风向区水汽来源减少而形成。2六盘山以西红粘土的沉积主要是在西风绕流和狭管效应作用下形成。以东没有沉积底界年龄为25~22Ma的红粘土可能是那个时间段冬季风势力较弱,且受沿途山脉以及山地地区西风的阻挡,所以无法携带风尘沉积物在六盘山以东沉积。8Ma左右红粘土在六盘山以东的沉积说明冬季风势力增强,穿过了西风在山地地区的阻挡形成之。38Ma左右冬季风穿过西风在山地的阻挡携带红粘土到六盘山以东,说明蒙古西伯利亚高压已经大大增强,当时的沉积范围已与现在相当,显示环流系统接近现在的特征。同时根据青藏高原与蒙古西伯利亚高压的关系,结合青藏高原构造运动证据,8Ma左右青藏高原的强烈隆升可能对亚洲季风的演化具有重要的意义。     

甘肃西峰赵家川黄土-红粘土剖面坡缕石分布及其古气候意义

自生坡缕石的形成可以指示着干旱、高蒸发量的环境。利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)对甘肃西峰赵家川红粘土剖面样品进行了系统研究。结果表明,坡缕石从2.04Ma开始广泛分布于整个红粘土剖面。坡缕石晶体在红粘土矿物碎屑中呈束状交织形态,其与周围矿物的接触关系说明是从古土壤溶液中直接结晶沉淀出来,因此是自生成因。赵家川剖面中坡缕石记录的信息与青藏高原隆升有着时代的耦合性,也与亚洲内陆干旱化有着密切的联系,佐证了青藏高原隆升对东亚季风的控制和风成堆积的重要控制,验证晚上新世黄土高原干旱化气候的开始,更新世干旱化进一步加剧。因此,坡缕石可以作为黄土高原干旱化气候的矿物学新指标。     

南海北部中新世以来粘土矿物特征及东亚古季风记录

应用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 和X射线能谱(EDS) 分析技术对南海北部ODP1146站中新世以来(~20 Ma) 粘土矿物的组成、结晶学特征、微形貌和化学成分进行了研究, 分析了粘土矿物的物质来源及其记录的东亚季风演化历史.1146站粘土矿物组合的总体特点是以伊利石和蒙脱石为主, 高岭石和绿泥石含量较低.物源分析表明, 1146站蒙脱石主要来自于吕宋岛, 伊利石和绿泥石来自于珠江和台湾(长江), 而高岭石则主要来自于珠江.1146站的粘土矿物不仅被南海周围物源的同时代气候所控制, 而且为相互消长的不同传输作用(表层洋流) 的强度所影响.1146站(伊利石+绿泥石) /蒙脱石比值可以用来作为东亚季风演化的矿物学标志.指标变化显示出东亚冬季风强度和冬季风相对夏季风的强度在15 Ma、8 Ma和3 Ma左右发生了3次显著加强, 结果可以与黄土、北太平洋风尘沉积、南海微体古生物记录等很好对比.青藏高原的阶段性隆升可能促进了东亚季风的这3次加强.      

甘肃临夏盆地新近纪红粘土粒度组成的古环境意义①

临夏盆地十里墩剖面新近纪红粘土粒度组成特征、磁化率值分析表明:8.2Ma以来,临夏盆地经历了干旱化的逐级发展和东亚冬季风的逐渐加强过程。8.2～7.4Ma,东亚冬季风形成,干旱化已经发生,风成红粘土开始在盆地沉积;7.4～6.8Ma,亚洲冬季风逐渐加强,开始影响黄土高原地区,形成大面积的红粘土堆积,盆地为半干旱～半湿润的气候环境;6.8～6.0Ma气候与构造稳定,基本维持了前期的气候特点;5.9～5.3Ma,盆地冬季风强度略有增加,为干湿与干凉交替的气候环境;5.3～4.8Ma盆地冬季风盛行、干旱化程度强烈,气候特征为干凉;4.8～4.0Ma,夏季风开始盛行,气候变的湿润。4.0Ma后,青藏高原开始发生又一次强烈隆升。     

Characteristics of Clay Minerals in the Northern South China Sea and Its Implications for Evolution of East Asian Monsoon since Miocene

Clay mineral assemblages, crystallinity, chemistry, and micromorphology of clay particles in sediments from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) were analyzed, and used to trace sediment sources and obtain proxy records of the past changes in the East Asian monsoon climate since the Miocene, based on a multi-approach, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Clay minerals consist mainly of illite and smectite, with associated chlorite and kaolinite. The illite at ODP Site 1146 has very well-to-well crystallinity, and smectite has moderate-to-poor crystallinity. In SEM the smectite particles at ODP Site 1146 often appear cauliflower-like, a typical micromorphology of volcanic smecites. The smectite at ODP Site 1146 is relatively rich in Si element, but poor in Fe, very similar to the smectite from the West Philippine Sea. In contrast, the chemical composition of illite at ODP Site 1146 has no obvious differences from those of the Loess plateau, Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Pearl River. A further study on sediment source indicates that smectite originates mainly from Luzon, kaolinite from the Pearl River, and illite and chlorite from the Pearl River, Taiwan and/or the Yangtze River. The clay mineral assemblages at ODP Site 1146 were not only controlled by continental eathering regimes surrounding the SCS, but also by the changing strength of the transport processes. The ratios of (illite+chlorite)/smectite at ODP Site 1146 were adopted as proxies for the East Asian monsoon evolution. Relatively higher ratios reflect strongly intensified winter monsoon relative to summer monsoon, in contrast, lower ratios indicate a strengthened summer monsoon relative to winter monsoon. The consistent variation of this clay proxy from those of Loess plateau, eolian deposition in the North Pacific, planktonic, benthic foraminifera, and black carbon in the SCS since 20 Ma shows that three profound shifts of the East Asian winter monsoon intensity, and aridity in the Asian inland and the intensity of winter monsoon relative to summer monsoon, occurred at about 15 Ma, 8 Ma, and the younger at about 3 Ma. The phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau may have played a significant role in strengthening the Asian monsoon at 15 Ma, 8 Ma, and 3 Ma.     

Combined tectonics and climate forcing for the widespread aeolian dust accumulation in the Chinese Loess Plateau since the early late Miocene

Currently mechanisms for the onset of the widespread aeolian dust accumulation in the Chinese Loess Plateau since 8–7 Ma remain elusive. In this study, we compile 11 records of climate (14–7 Ma) and tectonic activity of the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas (15–6 Ma). The results suggest that strong tectonic activity in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau has produced massive debris and dust, which was deposited in the piedmont basins and reworked by weathering and fluviolacustrine erosion. At the same time, global cooling and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau over the period of 14–7 Ma intensified the East Asian winter monsoon and westerly winds (westerlies) while weakening the Asian summer monsoon, which led to the spread of dry land vegetation and aridification in interior China. Sediments in the piedmont basins were then exposed in the aridity and transported by the westerlies to the Chinese Loess Plateau and the North Pacific. We suggest that tectonic activity in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and shifting global climate together triggered the widespread aeolian dust accumulation in the Chinese Loess Plateau and the North Pacific since 8–7 Ma.     

南海北部上新世晚期东亚冬季风增强的同位素和有孔虫证据

对南海北部大洋钻探ODP1 1 48站进行稳定同位素和有孔虫分析 ,采用多种替代性指标 ,追溯上新世晚期以来东亚冬季风的演变。发现约 3 1～ 2 2MaB .P .之间 ,浮游有孔虫Globigerinoidesruber的δ13C值显著降低 ,而Neogloboquadrinadutertrei的相对丰度明显增大 ,指示冬季风急剧增强 ,并伴随表层海水温度的降低和古生产力的增高。此后 ,冬季风还有几次明显的增强 ,特别是在约 1 7MaB .P .,1 .3MaB .P .,0 .9MaB .P .,0 .6MaB .P .和0 2MaB .P .。     

Holocene environmental change inferred from the loess–palaeosol sequences adjacent to the floodplain of the Yellow River, China

Chinese loess deposits are generally considered to be the product of dust storms and dust falls from the central Asia arid zones that were transported across China by the northwesterly continental monsoon. In contrast, the Zhengzhou Loess found southeast of the Loess Plateau, adjacent to the floodplain of the Yellow River, records a different eolian regime and dust source. The Zhengzhou Loess was investigated by field observations, measurements of magnetic susceptibility, particle-size distribution, loss-on-ignition, CaCO₃ and chemical contents. Both field observations and the laboratory results indicate that, during the last glacial, the Zhengzhou Loess was supplied by two different eolian regimes and dust sources, one was from the fresh flood deposits of the Yellow River driven by the northeast winds from the low-lying floodplain, and the other was from the dust storms and dust falls that traveled across the Loess Plateau driven by the northwesterly continental monsoon from the central Asian arid lands. The early Holocene, 11,500–8500 a BP, was a transition during the change in eolian regime and dust source because of the weakened northwesterly monsoon along with the global climatic amelioration. Following the retreat of the northwesterly monsoon from the onset of the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum at 8500 a BP, dust supply from the drifting sand zone on the Yellow River floodplain became dominant because of the intensified strength of the northeast winds from the Bohai Sea. From 3100 a BP onwards, climatic aridity and extensive human disturbance have resulted in intensive eolian processes causing the incursion of the drifting sand into the Zhengzhou Loess zone. These results show that loess accumulation is more complex than traditionally assumed. The origin of loess deposits elsewhere outside the Loess Plateau may be related to dust sources derived from alluvial sediments of major river systems.     

南海北部1144站中更新世浮游有孔虫的千年尺度古气候记录

南海北部ODP1144站中更新世气候转型时期的浮游有孔虫在千年尺度上以高频率变化为主要特征.冰期旋回主要周期在0.9Ma由41ka转变为100ka, 浮游有孔虫组合也随冰期旋回出现大量的冷水种.据转换函数得出的表层水降温高达10℃发生在0.9~0.6Ma间的转型过渡期, 跨越MIS22、20、18、16四大冰期.同时, 温跃层深度呈阶梯式变浅, 在MIS20上升至65m左右.所以, 南海北部上层水体环境在中更新世气候转型期出现比末次冰期更重的δ18O值, 温跃层变浅, 深水种含量降低或消失, 突出了边缘海区南北气候梯度反差和冬季风在冰期增强的讯号.南海南北部的环境差异与东西太平洋的差异, 共同表明低纬过程在气候变化中的重要性.      

Carbonate formation mechanism in paleosol sediments of the Bohai Sea coastal zone,China

The Bohai Sea coastal zone of China consists of the Pacific Ocean to the east and Eurasia to the west; hence, this region is influenced by both the ocean and continental landmasses. The carbonate formation mechanism of eolian sediment within this area is poorly understood. The loess-paleosol sediments of the Miaodao stratigraphical section (MDS) contain a record of carbonate changes in this region during the last interglacial period. New insights into regional carbonate formation mechanisms since the last interglacial period were obtained by analyzing the ages of various sedimentary facies in combination with proxy paleoclimatic indices (including average grain size, standard deviation, CaCO₃ content, and clay minerals), as well as via foraminiferal analysis. The results led to three principal findings: (1) The carbonate content change in the MDS was neither controlled by grain size nor affected by minerals. The carbonate change controlled by precipitate leaching in the Loess Plateau region cannot explain the eolian sediments within the Bohai Sea coastal zone. (2) Various subsections contain obvious carbonate content changes caused by foraminiferal deposits atop the eolian sediments, which were deposited by storm surges during a high sea-level period. This increased the carbonate content in the eolian sediments and restricted the carbonate content in the Bohai Sea coastal zone. (3) Newly detected foraminifera of the last interglacial period on the eolian sediment of the MDS were the main source of carbonate content, providing a new understanding of the carbonate formation mechanism in eolian sediments different from that of the Loess Plateau.     

中更新世气候转型期南海北部和南部的气候变化差异

选取大洋钻探ODP184航次在南海北部采集的1144站为研究材料,通过分析中更新世0.4～1.4Ma期间506个样品中浮游有孔虫氧、碳稳定同位素的变化特征,并与南海南部ODP 1143站和西太平洋暖池ODP 807站的同位素资料进行比较,发现南海北部的氧、碳稳定同位素及其差值的变化响应中更新世气候转型事件,在中更新世距今约0.9Ma之后100ka的偏心率周期明显增强。在中更新世气候转型之前,南海北部、南海南部和赤道西太平洋都呈现出典型的热带气候特征,具有岁差和半岁差的气候周期;转型之后,随着北半球冰盖的进一步扩张,南海北部受东亚冬季风增强的影响而导致温度下降、温跃层变深,但南海南部与赤道西太平洋的温度变化较小且温跃层变浅,说明同属季风区的南海北部和南部对气候变化的响应有所不同。     

Evidence of continuous Asian summer monsoon weakening as a response to global cooling over the last 8 Ma

The Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) is the dominant climate system of South and East Asia. However, the history of monsoon intensification and the driving forces behind it are controversial. Wind-blown sediments in mid-latitude East Asia and fluvial-derived sediments in the northern South China Sea imply contrasting ASM patterns during the late Cenozoic. Here we use pollen records from the southwest South China Sea (International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1433) to reconstruct the ASM evolution in low-latitude Southeast Asia. A slow increase in herbaceous plants since 8 Ma indicates a persistent weakening of precipitation in Indochina, which is dominated by the ASM. This signal is closely associated with a consistent coniferous plant record, indicating a continuous cooling trend that correlates well with Sea Surface Temperature (SST) decrease in the west Pacific Ocean. We propose that the monsoon weakening resulted in as much as a ~ 25% reduction in precipitation over the past 8 Ma in response to the Northern Hemisphere glaciation/global cooling, with some of the increase in conifers being linked to uplift of the Vietnamese Central Highland and the SE flank of the Tibetan Plateau in Yunnan and northern Vietnam.