生物化石钙质结构的分类与演化(连载)

绝大部份无脊椎动物和藻类化石由碳酸钙组成。研究生物化石钙质结构是为了对化石进行正确鉴定和合理分类,探索古生物间相互的演化关系。沉积岩,特别是碳酸岩中含有大量的生物组份,研究其结构是确定岩石薄片内生物化石及其碎片类型的必要手段,在研究岩石、岩相和古生态时必需广泛采用。     

沉积岩薄片中生物化石碎片镜下鉴定

偏光显微镜下薄片中生物化石碎片鉴定主要根据矿物组成、显微结构、显微构造和构造形态等四类标志。它们在各门类生物硬体中大致有一定的分布规律和演化特点。     

孢粉化石提取和扫描电镜样品制备

为了在扫描电镜下观察孢粉化石微观形态,需要对岩石样品进行一系列化学处理,提取样品中的孢粉化石,并制备成扫描电镜样品。以吉林省辉南县二龙湾玛珥湖岩芯中产出的孢粉化石为例,将粉碎后的样品加稀盐酸→氢氟酸→浓盐酸处理,采用重液浮选法收集样品中的孢粉化石,干燥喷金后在扫描电镜下观察。扫描电镜图像显示,孢粉形态真实、结构完整、立体感强、外壁纹饰清晰可见,弥补了光学生物显微镜看不到外壁纹饰的不足。     

对我国古生物化石自动化鉴定和分类研究的商讨

古生物化石的分类和鉴定,历来是古生物学家研究的重点之一.分类是将生物按纲、目、科、属和种等级别划分并归纳成类.古生物化石的鉴定是以分类工作为基础,它的分类系统和概念与现代生物相同,其中属和种是古今生物分类的最基本的单位.种的概念在现代生物学上早已明确:种是能够(或可能的)相互配育的自然类群,这些类群与其它这样的类群在生殖上相互隔离着.但由于古生物化石是地史上生物的遗体和遗迹,     

《中国的近海放射虫》的古环境启示

现代海洋中放射虫种数达7000以上,化石在前寒武纪即有报道,从古生代到中-新生代越来越繁盛,是最重要的微体古生物类别之一,并在生物地层学方面占有独特的位置。放射虫还是重要的造岩生物,放射虫硅岩与蛇绿岩密切共生,有重要地质意义。近年来,放射虫在我国造山带研究中的作用越来越显著。随之而来的是对其古环境意义的争议,即放射虫硅岩代表深海环境还是浅海环境?在国际学术界,对放射虫的古生态和古地理研究也还处于开始阶段。     

先伊迪卡拉期的淮南生物群

在廿世纪中叶以前,人们对于先寒武纪的生物化石发现得很少,除藻类遗迹化石及一些可疑化石外,几乎没有什么可靠的生物化石。与此相反,在古生代地层中,特别是在早寒武世的地层中,却发现了极其丰富的发育较为高级的多门类的生物化石。当时,人们为了解释这种所谓突变现象,就提出了多种假说。但是,在廿世纪中叶以后,随着生产的发展和科学研究的深入,陆续地在晚先寒武纪地层中,发现了许多较大的生物化石、微古植物与微体化石等。由于晚先寒武纪生物化石资料的不断丰富,使得“灾变说”等不攻自破了。     

柴达木盆地东北缘中新统遗迹化石组合及其沉积环境

研究遗迹化石对于恢复古生物活动方式、习性和古环境具有重要意义。在柴达木盆地东北缘双湖地区中新统发现了遗迹化石。经鉴定,研究区的遗迹化石主要包括2大类4属4种:居住迹Palaeopycus heberti（赫伯特古藻迹）,Skolithos verticalis（垂直石针迹）;进食迹Scoyenia gracilis（纤细斯柯茵迹）和Taenidium satanassi（箱形条带迹）。根据研究区的遗迹化石分布及沉积环境分析,该地可划分出一个遗迹组合:Scoyenia-Taenidium-Skolithos遗迹组合, 代表了潮湿气候条件下的浅湖环境。当前化石的发现填补了柴达木盆地东北缘双湖地区中新世遗迹化石研究的空白。     

微体化石研究中应注意的问题

多数微体化石仅是生物体的一部分，我国微体古生物学家对生物整体或器官的研究不够，相当多的作者仍在命名大量的形态属种，落后于世界古生物学的发展现状。微体化石是重要的，但微体古生物学家不能过份强调微体化石的重要而忽视与大化石和岩相研究的结合。在化石处理和鉴定过程中，由于微体古生物研究者对混杂问题注意和警惕不够，以至混入现代生物，误作化石。我国小壳化石的新属中，至少有５个属都是现代植物的种子或颖果，有的属     

黔北红花园下奥陶统湄潭组的几丁虫化石及其地层意义

1983年初笔者在贵州桐梓红花园奥陶系剖面进行了系统采样,经室内分析处理,在下奥陶湄潭组获得丰富的几丁虫化石,在所处理的15块样品中,有9块样品含有几丁虫化石,其中4块样品几丁虫化石丰富,大部分保存完好,未变形。     

龙门山抝陷中段泥盆系生物元素的地球化学

1962年8月,作者等开始研究龙門山抝陷泥盆紀沉积岩的有机地球化学問題,其目的在于探討生物和有机貭对沉积岩地球化学过程的作用。本文根据工作第一阶段的部分結果,初步討論有机碳、氮和磷等生物元素分布的岩相地球化学規律及有关的成因問題。工作中承叶連俊教授热心指导和鼓励并审閱文稿,乐森璕教授和张守信同志代为鉴定化石,叶继蓀、潘均、王文琳、裴洁等同志分析样品,史书麟同志給以帮助,四川省地貭局地貭队热心协助,在此謹向他們表示感謝。     

西沙群岛现代海滩岩岩石学初见

引言我国美丽富饶的西沙群岛位于海南岛东南180海里南海西北部台阶式大陆坡的西沙台阶之上,由近40个岛洲礁滩组成。其中岛屿部分,除高尖石是由火山岩构成的以外,其余均为珊瑚礁岛屿。     

海南岛南部一地全新世生物屑灰岩的成岩作用

引言研究标本由我所碳酸岩组采自海南岛南部的一个地点。在那里,沿岸覆于原生礁之上有一套由生物骨屑(主要是珊瑚)砂、砾所组成的、已被碳酸盐胶结的岩层,其厚约3米左右(图1)。此岩层一般称为“次生礁”。它是由当时原生礁盘上的生物被海浪击碎并冲带到礁盘上沉积下来的,这里属连岛砂堤沉积,它现已完全暴露地表。次生礁在它抬升过程中,下部被海蚀形成海蚀龛。     

The role of organominerals in the lithification of calcareous lumps within the intertidal sediments of Bubiyan Island,Kuwait, Arabian Gulf

Calcareous lumps of varying sizes and shapes are scattered on the landward part of the muddy intertidal flat along the southern coast of Bubiyan Island, northeast Kuwait. Two main lithotypes are recognized, namely, hard sandy crust fragments which are mostly formed of porous calcareous grainstone (bio-oosparite) and lithified muddy lumps that consist of calcareous wackestone (bio-micrite). They were originally eroded from the soft tidal flat sediments then lithified. Petrographic, mineralogical, and SEM/EDS examinations revealed that lithification of these calcareous lumps is attributed to cementation by biologically influenced organominerals, mainly high magnesium calcite and aragonite. The conditions responsible for the precipitation of these organominerals as well as variation in their mineralogy within each type of these calcareous lumps were discussed.     

珍珠显微结构及纳米矿物的电镜分析

采用SEM(扫描电子显微镜)和HRTEM(高分辨透射电子显微镜)技术,系统地研究了珍珠层及其微结构.发现珍珠质层是由有机质胶结的文石组成片状晶层,文石大量为六边形、不规则多边形和近圆形,并与有机质层交互平行叠置.在棱柱层的柱状晶体周围也有纤维状、胶状有机质.同时,在棱柱状和片状文石晶体的截面上,含有大量纳米级的圆形、椭圆形等形状的有机质、气液包裹体或孔洞.其中许多部位的有机基质中不同程度地显现出晶格条纹像,均为纳米矿物所致.以上结果均表明珍珠层具有有序、精细、多层次、整体性好等优良的结构特点.这一结论对于探讨珍珠的成因、机械强度及医药保健性能等方面均具有重要的意义.     

Primary aragonite and high‐Mg calcite in the late Cambrian (Furongian). Potential evidence from marine carbonates in Oman

Transient aragonite seas occurred in the early Cambrian but several models suggest the late Cambrian was a time of calcite seas. Here, evidence is presented from the Andam Group, Huqf High, Oman (Gondwana) that suggests a transient Furongian (late Cambrian) aragonite sea, characterized by the precipitation of aragonite and high‐Mg calcite ooids and aragonite isopachous, fibrous, cements. Stable carbon isotope data suggest that precipitation occurred just before and during the SPICE (Steptoean Positive Carbonate Isotope Excursion). Aragonite and high‐Mg calcite precipitation can be accounted for if mMg:Ca ratios were around 1.2 given the very high atmospheric CO₂ at that time and if precipitation occurred in warm waters associated with the SPICE. This, together with reported occurrences of early Furongian aragonite ooids from various locations in North America (Laurentia), suggests that aragonite and high‐Mg calcite precipitation from seawater may have been more than just a local phenomenon.     

New interpretations of Great Salt Lake ooids and of ancient non-skeletal carbonate mineralogy

Earlier interpretations of textural alteration affecting Great Salt Lake ooids have greatly influenced concepts of ooid diagenesis. Scanning electron microscope study shows, however, that the coarse radial aragonite rays are depositional, that no recrystallization of pellet cores has occurred, and that Great Salt Lake ooids have not suffered noticeable diagenesis. As suggested by Kahle (1974), radial texture in ancient calcitic ooids is probably mainly original, not diagenetic. Retention of such fine textures has been attributed to organic matter (since found to be equivalent in modern skeletal and non-skeletal grains) or to paramorphic replacement (proposed for non-skeletal grains whose original aragonite mineralogy was only inferred from modern analogs). Pleistocene ooids known to have been aragonite alter like aragonite shells to coarse neomorphic calcite, often with aragonite relics. The striking uniformity of that coarse texture in neomorphic calcite replacing known skeletal aragonites throughout the geologic record has been noted for over 100 years. In contrast, Mississippian ooids retain fine texture as do calcite layers of coexisting gastropods, but unlike the strongly altered aragonite layers of these same gastropods. Therefore, inferences of original aragonitic mineralogy of ancient non-skeletal carbonate grains (including muds) which are now calcite but retain fine texture appear unwarranted, as do assumptions of differential diagenetic behaviour of ancient aragonitic skeletal and non-skeletal grains. Accordingly, modern depositional environments of marine ooids and carbonate muds must be rejected as chemically unrepresentative of comparable ancient environments. It is inferred that ancient non-skeletal carbonates were originally predominantly or exclusively calcite because of an earlier lower oceanic Mg/Ca ratio (<2/1) which altered progressively to values favouring aragonite (modern Mg/Ca value = 5/1). Major influencing factors are: selective removal of calcium by planktonic foraminifers and coccolithophorids since Jurassic-Cretaceous time and by abundant younger, Mg-poor aragonite skeletons and an erratic trend toward decreasing dolomite formation (decreasing removal of oceanic Mg). The change to aragonite dominance over calcite for non-skeletal carbonates was probably during early to middle Cenozoic time.     

贝壳珍珠层的X射线衍射研究

珍珠层中文石晶体的择优取向是珍珠层具有优异力学性能的重要原因之一，通过对三角帆蚌贝壳珠层的X射线衍射研究，表明珍珠层除存在公认的（002）面网平行珍珠层面的强烈定向文石晶体外，还有强烈的（012）面网平行珍珠层面的亲新定向文石晶体，且在同一贝壳的不同位置，该两种取向的择优取向度变化较大，充分说明了珍珠层结构的不均匀性。     

室温常压下 Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO31--H2O 体系的试验研究

世界上很多海域中的现代碳酸盐沉积正在形成,如巴哈马滩、美国的佛罗里达湾、古巴的巴塔诺湾、中东的波斯湾等地,以及丹麦的某些近海地区。产于这些海域中的现代碳酸盐沉积物,其矿物组成主要是文石,其次为镁方解石,纯方解石较少,现代白云石沉积更为少见。我国的现代碳酸盐沉积见于南海诸岛及海南岛的沿海地带。作者曾利用粉晶照相鉴定了采自我国南海二十余种珊瑚、瓣鳃类、腹足类、有孔虫等现代海相生物壳体的物相,发现除有孔虫和海胆壳是由镁方解石构成外,其余生物壳体皆由文石构成。