我国煤矿井下复杂地质条件下钻探技术与装备进展

针对我国煤矿井下碎软煤层、坚硬岩层、冲击地压地层、破碎带、水敏性地层等复杂地质条件下钻探技术需求和存在的问题，总结了碎软煤层本煤层钻进与筛管护孔、碎软煤层梳状钻孔定向钻进、复杂顶板高位钻孔定向钻进、全断面硬岩穿层钻进、冲击地压卸压钻进等技术与装备方面的研究和应用情况。提出了碎软煤层双管护孔定向钻进及碎软煤层旋转定向钻进技术与装备的研究思路，有助于提升碎软煤层钻进的钻孔深度、护孔筛管直径和钻进效率等，而碎软煤层定向钻进技术与配套装备的完善也将促进碎软煤层瓦斯抽采模式的变革。防冲防突钻孔机器人的研究是煤矿井下复杂地质条件下钻探技术与装备的发展趋势，可为无人化矿井建设奠定基础；除此之外，还应着力解决好局部复杂地层对钻进的影响，更好地促进智能化钻探技术装备的进步，为煤矿安全高效生产提供保障。      

大口径冲击钻进工艺在河南张得煤田钻探孔中的应用

冲击钻进工艺是对付基岩、卵砾石和漂石地层等复杂地层的高效钻探技术,可以提高钻进效率并有效防止孔斜,目前主要应用于大口径工程钻孔（一般直径＞600 mm）,如钻孔灌注桩和水文水井钻探中。在河南省禹州市张得煤田预查矿区的钻进过程中,大口径冲击回转钻进工艺的应用有效解决了回转钻进导致孔斜过大的技术难题,并提高了钻进效率。     

大河煤田钻孔复杂因素分析及施工技术对策

为了解决大河煤田复杂地层钻进施工难的问题,对钻探施工中遇到的复杂地层情况进行分析,提出了采用技术套管、堵漏材料和不同类型的优质泥浆进行护孔堵漏钻进,较顺利地通过了复杂地层,达到了终孔设计要求,取得了良好的经济效益。     

复杂地层物探爆破孔钻进工艺方法研究

对复杂地层物探爆破孔钻进存在的问题进行了分析，提出了有效的解决方法，详细论述了贯通式潜孔锤全孔反循环连续取芯钻进技术应用于复杂地层物探爆破孔的原理，特点及可行性，并结合实际试验进行论述，该工艺方法可实现不提钻下炸药柱，解决目前施工中存在的技术难题，具有广阔的应用前景。     

对湖南省岩心钻进复杂地层分类和治理方法问题的探讨

岩心钻进中所指的复杂地层主要是根据钻进中遇到的一些困难问题而提出来的。如钻进中孔内有掉块、活石、坍塌、缩径、超径、漏水、涌水和钙镁离子污染等现象，需要采取适当护孔措施才能保持正常钻进的地层统称为复杂地层。一、影响复杂地层的主要因素影响复杂地层的因素是多方面的，主要可以从两个方面考虑：一是地层特征，二是钻进工艺，这两方面因素相互制约，密切相关。它们之间的相适应性又直接影响复杂地层发生变化。     

SZC-168砂矿钻机

SZC-168砂矿钻机是由黑龙江省地质局和原勘察技术研究院研制，由黑龙江省地质局探矿机械厂试制的。该样机先后在两个砂金矿区，与吊锤冲击式砂钻作了钻进永冻地层的生产性对比试验及钻进非冻结地层（或季节性冰冻层）的生产性对比试验；还作了深孔钻进性能试验，以及φ219口径套管的深孔钻进试验。     

浙江省周家坞钼矿区ZK6001孔复杂地层深孔钻探实践

浙江周家坞钼矿深部找矿是浙江省重点找矿项目。针对周家坞矿区的复杂地层,对各种地层细化进行了分析,采取了与之相对应的钻进技术和合理的堵漏方法。在复杂地层条件下成功施工了孔深为1125.61 m的ZK6001号钻孔,可为类似复杂地层钻进施工提供借鉴和指导。总结了该孔的钻探施工经验。     

推广应用新技术的几个问题

我队1978年开始金刚石钻进试点，1980年普及。1980年下半年开始绳索取心钻进试点，1982年普及。在推广绳索取心钻进的同时，还推广应用了KHm-PHP低固相泥浆和地勘水泥堵漏，钻探机具也进行了更新。1983年各机台实现了电力驱动。1985年开始铜镍矿复杂地层深孔钻进实践与研究，钻进最大孔深1506m，在深孔施工中，S75钻具得到了全面推广应用。1987至1988年为解决坚硬岩层钻进钻头打滑问题，推广应用了绳索取心冲击回转钻进技术。此外，还成功地推广应用了QJD-50型取样钻。1989年还进行了气举反     

复杂地层深孔钻进关键技术的探讨与实践

随着我国浅部矿产资源开发的日趋枯竭,危机矿山将不断增加,为了延长矿山的服务年限,开发深部蕴藏的矿产资源,必须加强深部地质找矿工作。而复杂地层深孔钻探施工难度将会越来越来大。这将给钻探施工工艺技术提出更高的要求。现根据我们多年来深孔钻探施工中的经验和教训,就复杂地层深孔钻进关键技术:钻探设备的配置、钻探机具的选择、钻进工艺的优化等方面进行较深入的探讨;并对以后复杂地层深孔钻进技术发展方向和有待解决的技术难题,提出相应的看法和建议。     

大口径煤矿定向排水井钻探及完井施工技术

介绍了大口径煤矿排水井在较复杂地层中的成孔、完井的施工技术。从多个角度详细介绍了利用正循环钻进工艺施工过程中，对于一些复杂地层的处理方法和处理工艺。利用泥浆处理技术，成功克服了大口径排粉的困难；应用塔式钻具及减压钻进技术保证了钻孔垂直度。建议在类似工程中推广应用气举反循环钻进工艺技术。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。