海洋微生物对石油烃降解的研究：Ⅰ.浙江省海岛海域石油烃降解细菌的…

本文报导了浙江省海岛海域中石油烃降解细菌的丰度分布及其种群组成。在整个浙江海域所布设的１０２个站位中，９６％的站位可以分离到石油烃降解细菌、其数量分布范围在３．０×１０＾２－１．１×１０＾５个／ｄｍ＾３，低值出现在南麂列岛附近海域；在杭州湾南部水域所布设的２６个站位中１００％的站位可以分离到石油烃降解细菌，其数量分布范围在４０×１０＾２－１．２×１０＾５个／ｄｍ＾３；石油烃降解到石油烃降解细菌其数     

海洋微生物对石油烃降解的研究 Ⅰ.浙江省海岛海域石油烃降解细菌的生态分布

本文报导了浙江省海岛海域中石油烃降解细菌的丰度分布及其种群组成。在整个浙江海域所布设的１０２个站位中，９６％的站位可以分离到石油烃降解细菌，其数量分布范围在３．０×１０２～１．１×１０５个／ｄｍ３；低值出现在南麂列岛附近海域；在杭州湾南部水域所布设的２６个站位中１００％的站位可以分离到石油烃降解细菌，其数量分布范围在４０×１０２～１．２×１０５个／ｄｍ３；石油烃降解细菌与异养细菌比值的高低与该海区受油类物质污染程度呈正相关关系；本海区所分离到的石油烃降解菌的优势菌为假单胞杆菌属Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ和黄单胞菌属Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓ。     

海洋细菌对石油烃类的降解

目前,在海洋污染中,石油烃的污染最为严重。据估计,全世界每年通过各种途径排入海洋的石油烃类大约有六百万吨。 石油入海后,发生了一系列物理、化学及生物学的变化。其中,海洋细菌对石油烃类的降解引起了大家的注意。在海水和海洋沉积物中,有许多能够降解石油烃类的细菌存在,这些细菌对石油烃类的氧化能力相当强。此如,     

石油烃降解菌-盐生植物联合修复石油污染盐碱土壤研究

通过在天津油田区进行的生物修复石油污染盐碱土壤的现场实验,研究了添加肥料和接种菌剂,添加缓释肥料和种植碱蓬,及同时添加肥料、接种菌剂和种植碱蓬对石油烃的强化降解的影响。结果表明,2个月的生物修复期内,同时添加菌剂、肥料并种植碱蓬的体系中石油烃的降解率最高,达到47.3%,为油对照体系的3.1倍,该体系中土壤养分和石油烃降解菌总数的平均值也是最高的,表明植物-微生物共生体系能够利用混合肥料释放出来的营养元素而快速生长,加快石油烃的降解;其次为添加菌剂和肥料的体系,石油烃的降解率为38.6%,为油对照体系的2.6倍;然后为种植碱蓬并添加肥料的体系,石油烃的降解率为36.1%,是油对照体系的2.4倍。上述结果表明,所接种石油烃降解菌和碱蓬与所添加的肥料可协同提高盐碱土壤中的石油污染的生物降解。     

大连“7·16”溢油事故后5年间烃的降解与细菌丰度变化研究

为了解大连新港7.16溢油事故发生后5年间大连湾受污染海区生态恢复程度,同时探究大连湾表层海水和沉积物中微生物对石油污染的长期响应策略,对大连湾表层海水和沉积物中石油烃含量的分布、异养细菌和石油烃降解菌丰度的年度变化特征,以及细菌丰度与环境因子间相关性进行了研究。结果表明,溢油事故发生后2年间,大连湾表层海水中石油烃含量由溢油初期2010年9月的0.22~0.67 mg/L降到0.0025~0.05 mg/L(2012年5月),海水质量也由三类海水转变为一类海水;沿岸站位BQ012表层沉积物中石油烃含量也由2011年12月的7 133μg/g降低到2014年的926μg/g,其表层沉积物质量也由三类转变为一类沉积物质量标准。溢油后2个月内表层海水中异养细菌及石油烃降解菌丰度升高至105CFU/m L和104CFU/m L,随着时间推移各站位细菌丰度基本呈下降趋势,5年后细菌丰度回落了1~2个数量级并恢复到溢油前的历史水平。表层沉积物中石油烃降解菌丰度由溢油后2个月的105CFU/g降低到2013年的102CFU/g。石油烃降解菌与异养细菌的比值(HDB/HB)与石油烃含量呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),而与营养盐和溶解氧等主要环境因子相关性不大,因此认为其可作为海水中石油烃类污染评价的指标。     

石油烃降解细菌对正烷烃的降解作用研究

报道使用气相色谱法测定了石油烃降解 细菌对柴油的正烷烃的降解作用。结果表明,石油烃降解细菌对正烷烃有明显的降解作用, 混合菌株的降解率明显高于单菌株的降解率;在20℃的条件下,经过21d后,绝大部分的正 烷烃被降解。总的降解率为94.93%, 其中细菌的降解率为75.67%, 理化因子降解率为19.26% ;温度对正烷烃的降解率有明显的影响,在10℃时,其降解速度较慢,20℃降解加快,35℃ 温度使正烷烃的降解速度最快。     

潮间带沉积物厌氧烃降解细菌的多样性及Desulfovibrio subterraneus ND17的分离鉴定

潮间带作为海陆交界处,易受到来自海洋的石油污染,且各类石油烃进入沉积物后的降解过程尚不清楚。前人在各类生境中对好氧微生物烃降解方面已有较多研究,但对近海潮间带环境中的厌氧烃降解鲜有报道。本研究对青岛女岛湾潮间带沉积物深层样品以混合烃（中长链烷烃、多环芳烃）为碳源,硫酸盐作为电子受体进行厌氧富集培养。富集菌群的细菌多样性表明在混合烃作为碳源的作用下,优势菌群转变为脱硫叠球菌科（Desulfosarcinaceae）、脱硫杆菌科（Desulfobacteraceae）等具有石油烃降解潜力的硫酸盐还原菌。经分离纯化得到一株厌氧烃降解菌ND17,与地下脱硫弧菌属模式种Desulfovibrio subterraneus HN2T 16S rRNA基因序列的相似度为99.93%。进一步实验表明,菌株ND17在厌氧条件下对二十四烷和菲的降解率可分别达到53.9%和35.7%。这也是首次对脱硫弧菌属单菌在厌氧条件下进行石油烃降解的研究。脱硫弧菌作为一种广泛分布在厌氧环境的细菌,本研究为进一步认识其在海洋石油污染环境中的修复潜力提供了支撑。     

海洋微生物对石油烃降解研究：Ⅱ.石油烃降解细菌对正烷烃的降解作用

报导使用气相色谱法测定石油烃降解细菌对柴油的正烷烃的降解作用。结果表明 ,石油烃降解细菌对正烷烃有明显的降解作用 ,混合菌株的降解率明显高于单菌株的降解率 ;在2 0℃的条件下 ,经过 2 1 d后 ,绝大部分的正烷烃被降解 ,总的降解率为 94.93% ,其中细菌的降解率为 75.67% ,理化降解率为 1 9.2 6% ;温度对正烷烃的降解率有明显的影响 ,温度在 1 0℃时 ,正烷烃降解速度较慢 ,在 2 0℃正烷烃的降解比 1 0℃快 ,在 35℃的条件下 ,正烷烃的降解速度最快。     

海洋丝状真菌降解原油研究Ⅰ.石油烃降解的实验室模拟

本文报道了分离自近岸海洋环境中的４株降解石油烃丝状真菌的实验室模拟研究。结果表明，受试海洋丝状真菌与海洋细菌相比，其降解速率高；适应油种、油量和油组分的范围广；并且在降解石油烃时不需要增加溶解氧和氮、磷营养盐等附加条件。这些证明，应用海洋丝状真菌清除海上油污更具开发前景。     

化学分散原油在海洋围隔生态系中迁移过程的研究

本文研究了以Corexit-9527分散剂分散、初始浓度为15mg/dm3的胜利原油在海洋围隔生态系中的迁移过程.实验结果表明原油的扩散混合,到第4天在围隔水体中呈均匀分布状态,实验前期细菌快速降解石油烃、悬浮颗粒物吸附石油烃逐渐沉降到沉积物中以及包括特定的围隔袋壁大量吸附石油烃是化学分散原油在围隔体中重要迁移过程.围隔体受到剧烈扰动和沉降物的再悬浮现象明显影响石油烃的迁移过程.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.