新疆三塘湖盆地古生代晚期火山岩地球化学特征及其构造-岩浆演化意义

三塘湖盆地早石炭世安山岩（ECA）、早二叠世粗面岩类（EPT）以及中二叠世玄武岩（MPB）样品都具有大离子亲石元素（LILE）相对于高场强元素（HFSE）富集，Nb和Ta强烈亏损，轻稀土元素（LREE）相对于重稀土元素（HREE）富集，类似于和俯冲带相关的岩浆特征。ECA具有高的Zr／Nb（4．67～12．39），低的Nb／La（0．27～0．30），Ce／Ce＊=0．63～0．89，Sr／Sr＊=1．32．2．49，并具有Ti的负异常，另外（^87Sr／^86Sr）i=0．70408～0．70451，εNd（t）=＋7．42-＋7．88。与ECA相比，EPT大离子亲石元素更为富集，Ti和P的负异常明显，特别是Ce／Ce＊=0．72—1．64，Sr／Sr＊=0．38～1．87，相对较低的Al2O3和CaO含量以及（^87Sr／^86Sr）；=0．70414～0.70481和εNd（t）=＋4．93～＋6．13而区别于ECA。MPB与ECA相比具有较低的大离子亲石元素含量和较高的Nb、Ta含量，Ce／Ce＊=0．69～0．84，Sr／Sr＊=1、44～2．13，未有明显的Ti负异常，（^87St／^86Sr）i=0．70388～0．70396，εNd（t）=＋7．10-＋7．99。所有的地球化学特征表明：早石炭世或更早，三塘湖盆地为与俯冲带相关的构造背景，ECA是典型的弧火山岩，其岩浆主要源于被流体或沉积物交待改造的亏损地幔楔。早石炭世以后，三塘湖地区逐渐进入碰撞后伸展拉张阶段，EPT和MPB都为后造山火山岩。EPT岩浆主要源于亏损软流圈底侵前二叠纪形成的造山组分的部分熔融；MPB的岩浆主要源于亏损地幔的部分熔融，并被前二叠纪形成的造山组分或是年轻地壳混染。三塘湖地区二叠纪伸展拉张的动力学机制主要是由于造山带增厚的岩石圈大范围拆沉而导致的大范围亏损地幔部分熔融岩浆和上部造山组分或是年轻地壳的相互作用，这种造山组分或是年轻地壳具有低的（^87Sr／^86Sr），比值和正的εNd（t）值。火山岩地球化学特征指示没有明显地幔柱的作用特征。     

Geochemistry of Basalt from the Barleik Ophiolitic Mélange in West Junggar and its Tectonic Implications

西准噶尔地区巴尔雷克蛇绿混杂岩中的玄武岩与蛇纹岩、放射虫硅质岩和晚泥盆世铁列克提组的泥质粉砂岩与沉凝灰岩形成混杂堆积.对玄武岩进行详细的岩石地球化学研究表明,SiQ含量为42.15％～44.71％,高TiO2 (3.17％～3.77％)、Na2O(1.73％～2.28％),低Al2O3 (13.54％～14.31％)、K2O(1％～1.82％),MgO含量相对稳定(6.75％～8.14％),Mg#为43～46,属于碱性玄武岩系列.稀土总量∑REE=186×10-6～219.06×10-6,轻、重稀土分馏较为明显((La/Yb)N=11.37～12.62),无明显Eu异常(Eu/Eu* =0.96～1),稀土配分模式类似于OIB.相对富集LILE(如Rb、Ba、Th),亏损HFSE(如Zr、Hf),没有明显的Nb和Ta异常,具有高的Ti/Yb(7395～8724)和Zr/Yb(120～136)比值,为典型的OIB地球化学特征.综合研究认为玄武岩形成于弧后盆地的海山环境,其岩浆源区可能为EMI型富集地幔,即软流圈的上涌导致尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩地幔源区大比例部分熔融形成的玄武岩.在区域上,蛇绿混杂岩中的玄武岩所代表的泥盆纪古洋盆是西准噶尔古洋盆向北收缩的残余洋盆.     

西准噶尔巴尔雷克蛇绿混杂岩带中玄武岩地球化学特征及大地构造意义

西准噶尔地区巴尔雷克蛇绿混杂岩中的玄武岩与蛇纹岩、放射虫硅质岩和晚泥盆世铁列克提组的泥质粉砂岩与沉凝灰岩形成混杂堆积。对玄武岩进行详细的岩石地球化学研究表明,SiO2含量为42.15%～44.71%,高TiO2(3.17%～3.77%)、Na2O(1.73%～2.28%),低Al2O3(13.54%～14.31%)、K2O(1%～1.82%),MgO含量相对稳定(6.75%～8.14%),Mg#为43～46,属于碱性玄武岩系列。稀土总量∑REE=186×10-6～219.06×10-6,轻、重稀土分馏较为明显((La/Yb)N=11.37～12.62),无明显Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.96～1),稀土配分模式类似于OIB。相对富集LILE(如Rb、Ba、Th),亏损HFSE(如Zr、Hf),没有明显的Nb和Ta异常,具有高的Ti/Yb(7395～8724)和Zr/Yb(120～136)比值,为典型的OIB地球化学特征。综合研究认为玄武岩形成于弧后盆地的海山环境,其岩浆源区可能为EMI型富集地幔,即软流圈的上涌导致尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩地幔源区大比例部分熔融形成的玄武岩。在区域上,蛇绿混杂岩中的玄武岩所代表的泥盆纪古洋盆是西准噶尔古洋盆向北收缩的残余洋盆。     

内蒙古天和永新生代玄武岩成因及其地质意义

天和永玄武岩为碧玄岩,至少可以划分出3种矿物共生组合类型。天和永玄武岩总体具有贫硅(w(SiO2)=43.97%～45.68%)、富碱(w(K2O+Na2O)=5.91%～7.65%)、富钾(w(K2O)=2.04%～2.89%)、高钛(w(TiO2)=2.18%～2.37%)、高Mg值(Mg#=68～76)的特征;稀土元素含量高(∑REE=(246.62～329.82)×10-6),稀土配分曲线呈右倾平滑直线,强烈富集轻稀土,轻重稀土强烈分馏((La/Yb)N>30),无明显的Eu(δEu=0.90～1.02)和Ce异常(δCe=0.96～1.00);强烈富集不相容元素,其中高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta和Th出现峰值,具有近似OIB配分型式的特征;玄武岩富含相容元素Co((39.1～48.9)×10-6)、Ni((130～257)×10-6)、Cr((138～320)×10-6)。上述所有特征以及岩石结晶程度低、富含橄榄岩包体和少量捕虏晶、元素变异关系等均表明,天和永玄武岩是原生玄武岩质岩浆固结的产物。微量元素比值Ba/Rb(12～35)和碱金属的变化暗示源区可能遭受过流体的交代作用,源岩可能是富集的二辉橄榄岩。岩石成因模拟表明,形成天和永玄武岩的原生岩浆是在变压、部分熔融的条件下富集地幔源区岩石非实比熔融的产物,变压熔融柱穿切了Sp/Gt二辉橄榄岩相边界。岩浆形成于源区岩石的低度(约<5%)部分熔融,其中石榴石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融约为1%,尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融2%～5%。综合分析显示,源区部分熔融的触发机制是边际驱动的地幔对流,因而其形成深度大于东部的集宁玄武岩和汉诺坝玄武岩。     

东昆仑山清水泉镁铁质-超镁铁质岩的地球化学特征

东昆仑清水泉地区发育—套镁铁质—超镁铁质岩块组合，玄武岩Ti2O含量平均为2．11％，∑LREE／∑HREE=4．64～7．58，(La/Lu)N平均值705，稀土配分曲线平缓右倾，δEu平均值1．08；玄武岩大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba、Th)富集，Sr相对亏损，高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Yb)为负异常，Th／Ta平均值51．03，(La／Nb)N=1．44～4．25，Zr／Nb=14．53～17．71，Zr／Y=4．68～6．79，Th／Yb、Ta／Yb和Ce／Yb平均值分别为6．50、0．20和23．61。这些特征显示大陆拉斑玄武岩的特征。不是蛇绿岩组成单元。     

云开地区新元古代蛇绿岩的地球化学证据及其构造意义

粤西云开隆起区西北缘信宜贵子、茶山一带浅变质云开群底部层状、似层状变基性、超基性岩的研究表明,变基性岩以变玄武岩、变辉长岩、斜长角闪岩为主,变超基性岩则主要为蛇纹石化橄榄岩、橄辉岩和角闪辉石岩,它们是遭受后期构造变形变质作用强烈改造的蛇绿混杂岩。变基性岩的岩石地球化学特征可分为略有差异的两类:茶山的TiO2=0．71％-2．16％(平均1．38％),(La／Yb)N=0．67-1．91,轻稀土略亏损-平坦,La／Nb、Ce／ Zr、Zr／Nb、Zr／Y、Ti／Y平均值分别为1．19、0．31、15．75、2．08和434．98,Nb／Th平均值为4．0,εNd(t)=1．4-1．8;贵子的TiO2=1．55％-1．89％(平均1．74％),(La／Yb)N=2．13-2．80,轻稀土略富集,La／Nb、Ce／Zr、Zr／Nb、Zr／Y、 Ti／Y平均值分别为0．84、0．22、13．04、4．15和351．93,Nb／Th平均值为5．8,εNd(t)=2．4-5．0,均显示俯冲带上 (SSZ)和洋中脊(E-MORB)构造环境的玄武岩,并来自富集地幔源区。变超基性岩蛇纹石化橄榄岩的稀土元素配分具典型的U形特征,显示为具地幔交代作用的LREE富集地幔残余。茶山和贵子变基性岩的Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr全岩同位素等时线年龄分别为824±77 Ma和667±43 Ma、663±1 7 Ma。这为华南存在新元古代-早古生代的洋盆提供了重要证据,而且在洋盆初始阶段有地幔柱或OIB物质组分的加入。     

新疆巴楚辉绿岩岩脉的岩石成因和大地构造意义

塔里木盆地西北部巴楚地区出露的二叠纪基性岩脉为研究塔里木盆地及其邻区晚古生代区域大地构造演化提供了重要信息。巴楚地区基性岩脉中辉绿岩脉富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土元素以及高场强元素,La/Nb=0.84～1.23,Zr/Nb=5.80～7.81,Ce/Pb=2.6～15.4和 Nb/U=27.0～37.3,初始~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.70495～0.70560,ε_(Nd)(t)=-1.7～ 2.0,明显不同于受俯冲交代地幔源区的产物,也区别于典型洋岛玄武岩(OIB),相反具有 OIB 型 富集岩石圈地幔的元素-同位素地球化学特征,能被理解为与二叠纪软流圈和岩石圈相互作用产物,其起源与软流圈地幔上涌有关,表明二叠纪时巴楚地区应处于软流圈上隆的岩石圈伸展构造背景。结合区域地质资料,可认为二叠纪时地幔源区属性自塔里木盆地内部向北至西南天山边缘呈规律性变化     

昌宁-孟连缝合带干龙塘-弄巴蛇绿岩地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成研究

本文对三江古特提斯昌宁-孟连带中段弄巴-干龙塘蛇绿混杂岩进行了详细的主量、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究。结果表明,弄巴玄武岩包括拉斑系列和碱性系列,弄巴拉斑玄武岩具有高TiO2和低K2O的特征,(La/Yb)N介于1.87～2.38之间,岩石的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成和典型MORB十分相似,结合岩石较高的Th/Yb和低的Zr/Nb值,可以认为弄巴拉斑玄武岩具有富集型洋脊玄武岩(E-MORB)的特征,可能起源于富集的地幔源区或是亏损地幔源区和地幔柱发生交代作用的结果。弄巴碱性玄武岩具有较高的TiO2(2.38%)和K2O(2.37%)含量,(La/Yb)N=11.19,富集轻稀土,表现出典型的碱性OIB的特征,可能是大洋板内热点浅部熔融的产物。干龙塘拉斑玄武岩具有高TiO2、Mg#,低K2O和亏损轻稀土等特征,表现出N-MORB的地球化学特征,岩石的Sr-Nd-Pb与MORB相似,表明岩石起源于亏损的地幔源区。     

北祁连九个泉玄武岩的形成环境及地幔源区特征：微量元素和Nd同位素地球化学制约

北祁连九个泉蛇绿岩中的玄武岩的MORB，根据其地质产状和地球化学特征又可以分为两部分，剖面下部的玄武岩为N－MORB，上部的玄武岩主要为E－MORB。玄武岩多数具有Nb负异常，从下向上，九个朱武岩的Th,Nb,LREE,Zr等含量及（La/Yb)N,(La/Sm)N,Ce/Zr,Zr/Y,Th/.La,Th/Yb比值逐渐增加，并伴随着Y，Yb,Lu,Sc含量，Zr/Nb和La/Nb比值以及εEd(t)的逐渐减小，不相容元素比值及εNd(t)之间具有很好的相关性，上述特征反映不均一地幔部分熔融过程中N－MORB源区和富集地幔之间的混合作用，微量元素和Nd同位素地球化学特征表明九个泉蛇绿岩形成于弧后盆地中的海山环境，玄武岩的化学成分在垂向上的变化记录了海山生长并逐渐远离扩张脊的动态的地质过程，海山可能是形成蛇绿岩的一种重要环境。     

特提斯喜马拉雅北带中段遮拉组OIB型玄武岩地球化学及岩石成因

遮拉组OIB型玄武岩分布于特提斯喜马拉雅北带中段,围岩为泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩。地球化学特征表明,岩石具有较明显的低K_2O、中MgO和高TiO_2、P_2O_5、TFeO特征,(La/Yb)_N值为3.79～12.50,δEu=0.92～1.12,其稀土配分曲线呈略右倾的轻稀土富集模式,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素及Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti等高场强元素,为大陆边缘裂谷背景的具有OIB型地球化学特征的碱性玄武岩。遮拉组OIB型玄武岩与含石榴石、尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融(Gt> Sp)有关,显示出岩石圈地幔物质的印记。玄武岩中捕获锆石年龄可能说明其源区存在古老的大陆碎块。岩石成因模式可以解释为正在孕育的地幔柱诱导的上涌软流圈物质与岩石圈地幔物质混合后在拉张背景下发生减压熔融的产物,这种地幔热柱或热点可能与Kerguelen热点的早期活动有联系,岩浆演化过程中发生了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。