门头沟区斋堂镇东河沟泥石流发育特征及防治工程

泥石流是北京地区危害性严重的地质灾害之一,其形成原因复杂、暴发突然、危害性大。针对门头沟区斋堂镇向阳口村东河沟泥石流发育特征,通过钻探、槽探、试验、物探等勘查手段,查明泥石流发育的自然环境、形成条件、基本特征及危害,对重要泥石流特征值包括泥石流流体重度、流速、流量、一次冲出量、一次固体冲出物质总量、泥石流整体冲压力、爬高和最大冲起高度等,进行定量计算。并根据勘查成果和泥石流沟发育特征,设计以稳拦、排导、清淤为综合工程治理思路,采用钢筋混凝土拦挡坝、浆砌石谷坊、排导槽、挡墙、沟道清理工程等多种措施,进行综合防治。     

四川什邡干河沟泥石流发育特征及防治措施

干河沟为一老泥石流沟,曾于1996年8月暴发较大规模泥石流冲毁沟口红灯桥及木材厂。"5.12"地震后流域内新增大量松散物源,以崩滑体为主,主要集中于3~#沟,物源丰富,动储量约26×10~4m^3。该沟泥石流一次冲出固体物质量较大,大于2万m^2,规模大型。结合该沟泥石流的发育特征,提出了相关的防治措施及建议。     

断裂控制的滑坡机理研究以柳家坡滑坡为例

本文针对受红椿坝-曾家坝断裂控制的陕西省安康市岚皋县柳家坡滑坡,在现场调查分析的基础上,采用Midas/GTS软件对其形成机理进行了三维数值模拟研究。模拟结果表明,断裂对该滑坡的发生起着控制性的作用,岩土体的性质决定了该滑坡的类型,而水和人类工程活动触发了该滑坡的发生。得到柳家坡滑坡的变形破坏模式为:坡体前缘向前运动,西侧断层强烈破碎带通过处侧壁剪切破坏,坡体后缘产生张拉裂缝,从而带动东侧坡体的变形破坏。由于坡体前缘为修建公路开挖的临空面,坡脚处缺失支撑,诱发了滑坡的发生。柳家坡滑坡形成机理的模拟结果可为日后相似条件下滑坡的防治提供一定的借鉴。     

地形因子对四川龙溪河流域泥石流发生的影响

物源、降水、地形是泥石流形成的三大基本条件,同一次降水同一流域范围内并不是所有泥石流沟都会发生泥石流,可见在小流域范围内,物源因子和降水因子基本接近时地形因子对泥石流的发生起着首要作用。本文以龙溪河流域泥石流沟为例来探讨地形因子对泥石流易发程度的影响。选取流域面积、形状系数和沟道纵比降等参数进行研究并获取三者相互之间的关系而得到一个能全面反映地形条件的综合地形因子G:G=F×J(A/A0)0.2。对该研究区来说,G=0.2是该区域泥石流沟发生泥石流的界限,即G>0.20时会发生泥石流,G<0.20时不会发生泥石流。在白水河流域验证此理论得知地形因子G对泥石流的发生同样具有重要意义,但物源和降水情况的差异也会影响泥石流的发生,因此该成果不能涵盖所有的地形条件,故适应性有一定限制性。     

甘肃陇南燕儿沟泥石流条件及其危险度评价

通过对燕儿沟流域的地质灾害调查,详细分析了该沟谷泥石流形成的地形条件、物源条件、水源条件,并对泥石流的运动学和动力学参数进行了分析计算,以便为后期的工程治理提供参考依据;结合该泥石流的发生规模和发生频率,对泥石流的危险度进行了评价,结果表示该泥石流属高度危险等级,计算结果与燕儿沟泥石流实际发生的灾情基本相符。     

阿勒泰市修配厂北泥石流灾害形成条件及动力学特征分析

修配厂北泥石流位于阿勒泰市区南部,该泥石流沟曾多次发生泥石流灾害。沟内第四纪松散堆积物丰富,在暴雨和地震等自然因素的影响下,会有较大规模泥石流发生的可能性,将对居民安全和基础设施带来不利影响。在对研究区孕灾环境条件分析的基础上,结合该泥石流的具体特征,分析研究了修配厂北泥石流的形成条件及其动力学特征,具体包括泥石流的峰值流量、一次泥石流总量和泥石流总体冲击压力等参数。通过对该泥石流的形成条件和动力学特征的分析,可以对该泥石流的防治工程设计提供理论依据。     

坡面泥石流降雨预报模型

中国东部地区的地质灾害多以坡面泥石流的形式发生,预测预报坡面泥石流的发生对于开展防灾减灾具有重要意义。地形、地质和降雨三大条件是影响坡面泥石流发生的主要条件。通过选择同样地质条件和基本相同降雨条件的区域,研究影响坡面泥石流发生的地形条件,并得出可以用于坡面泥石流预报的坡面泥石流地形条件。结果表明:地形条件由坡面坡度因子、泥石流上部因子、泥石流侧面因子和临空面因子组成;较大的地形条件T对应较大的泥石流发生可能性;降雨条件由泥石流发生前的降雨量与1 h降雨量组成;得出了由地形条件T和降雨条件R组成的坡面泥石流预报条件P,P值越大,坡面泥石流发生的可能性越大。预报条件P可以预报坡面泥石流的发生。     

岷江上游干旱河谷地区泥石流形成条件与防治——以黑水县芦花镇泽盖村中芦花组垮沟泥石流为例

岷江上游干旱河谷地区存在大量松散固体物质,泥石流给当地人民的生命财产带来了严重威胁。黑水县中芦花组垮沟泥石流为粘性泥石流,爆发泥石流的可能性极大,为该区域的典型泥石流之一。以芦花组垮沟泥石流为例分析了岷江上游干旱河谷地区泥石流发生的三个基本条件和促发(激发、触发和诱发)条件。通过对泥石流的形成条件分析,针对泥石流灾害的基本特征提出了相应的综合治理措施,对其治理效果进行了评述。为岷江上游地区的泥石流调查、勘察和评价提供了技术借鉴,也对相关工程研究具有一定的理论意义。     

沿江公路泥石流与滑坡起动坡度分析

基于拜格诺液固两相流理论,分析山区沿江公路泥石流的形成条件及其起动力学机理,以指导典型泥石流区公路建设、防护及沟道整治。建立泥石流和滑坡的起动坡度与相关参数的表达式,提出易发生泥石流的坡度区间和滑坡临界坡度。以小江流域泥石流沟为例,计算其易发生泥石流的坡度范围和易发生滑坡的临界坡度,计算结果符合小江流域泥石流和滑坡发生情况。     

激发坡面泥石流发生的坡度因素探讨——以重庆市北碚地区为例

0引言坡面泥石流主要发生在低山丘陵地区,其发生条件包括物质条件、水源条件以及地貌条件三方面条件。由于坡面泥石流与沟谷泥石流发生源地不同,坡面泥石流的发生对三大条件的要求更高,如需要更大的降雨量,更陡峭的地形,因此,坡面泥石流爆发的突然性大大增加,造成的破坏也难以预料。重庆北碚地区,由于其特殊的地质地貌条件,坡面很不稳定、崩塌、滑坡活动强烈,为泥石流的发生提供物质补给,坡面泥石流是其发生的主要形式。由此可以看出,在坡面泥石流中,坡度是一个至关重要的因素,其大小直接影响坡面泥石流的发生。1研究区地质地貌条件地质灾害…     

峡东地区南华纪-寒武纪地层风化过程元素及Sr-Nd同位素演化特征及其地球化学意义

以峡东地区南华纪、震旦纪和寒武纪标准地层泥岩、冰碛泥岩、砂岩、灰岩和白云质灰岩及对应的风化土壤为研究对象, 分析了地层风化成土过程中不同元素的迁移行为, 根据剖面样品的Sr-Nd同位素组成变化, 探讨了其同位素体系的封闭性特征与应用意义.结果表明: (1) 不同岩性基岩在成土过程中的蚀变强度有明显的差异, 在相似地表条件下, 碳酸岩风化剖面的风化程度高于泥质岩和砂岩; (2) 通过对比稳定高场强Ti元素在基岩和风化剖面中的含量变化, 计算出土壤样品在风化过程中体积相对基岩发生的改变量, 进而计算出不同岩性基岩在风化过程中微量元素的绝对含量变化以探讨这些元素的活动规律.结果表明, 灰岩和白云质灰岩的风化剖面元素含量变化明显, 而在泥质岩风化过程中大多数元素保持了相对稳定, 说明沉积岩风化过程中元素的活动性特征明显地受到了原岩矿物组成的制约.风化过程中, 不同性质的元素的活动性差异明显, 其中亲硫元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Mo) 和大离子亲石元素(Rb、K、Sr、Ba) 在不同岩性的风化剖面中均表现出明显的元素含量变化, 而高场强元素(Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta) 含量则相对稳定; (3) 泥质岩风化形成的土壤层REE含量变化较小, 而碳酸岩风化土壤层REE含量发生了明显下降, 且其风化形成的土壤表现出LREE和HREE相对于MREE的富集.无论是碳酸岩或泥质岩风化形成的土壤, 均出现了明显的Eu负异常和Ce的正异常, 但在其原岩中这些异常并不存在或不明显; (4) 基岩与土壤剖面间Sr同位素组成和Rb/Sr比值存在明显差异, Rb-Sr同位素组成发生了明显的开放.所形成土壤层的Sr同位素组成受到2种因素的约束: 原岩性质和外来组成的Sr同位素比值.因此在总体上, 风化土壤的Sr同位素组成已不能代表基岩的Sr同位素组成; (5) 沉积岩风化过程中, 碳酸岩和泥质岩形成的风化土壤基本保持了原岩的Sm-Nd同位素组成特点, 由其组成所获得的Nd同位素亏损地幔模式年龄等能反映其原岩信息, 而近源沉积形成的砂岩和含砾冰碛泥岩所形成的土壤, 其Nd同位素组成则存在不同程度的改变.      

Deltas: the fertile dustbins of the continents

Deltas and their associated deep-water submarine fans are the main repositories of sediment produced by continental erosion. The internal structure of prograding deltas is often complicated by changes in loci of deposition and changes in land-sea levels during their formation. The high water content and rapid deposition cause syn-sedimentary deformation. Deltas have been inhabited by man throughout history due to their rich surface resources. Ancient deltas are rich in hydrocarbons which are widely exploited. They are very sensitive to changes in the hinterland and today their existence is threatened by anthropogenic actions such as dam construction and sea-level changes.     

Possibility for subdividing apparently homogeneous depositional sequences by combined use of sedimentological,palaeontological and mathematical methods

Sedimentologists often find such depositional sequences, which visually, but even for microscopic examinations look homogeneous, and their fossil-content is very low. These sequences can be subdivided into genetic units only with great difficulties or not at all, and their correlation may be problematical.An experiment is presented here, aiming at a subdivision of loess profiles by a combined use of sedimentological, palaeontological and mathematical methods. The loess samples selected for this examination were characterised by their grain size parameters as suggested by Folk and Ward (1957) and by their carbonate content. Using a Q-type cluster analysis these samples were classified into different groups by their similarity. After arranging the samples with their cluster symbols into their real stratigraphic position, the genetic units of the depositional sequence were delimited by an analysis of the vertical series of the previously established cluster-groups. Finally, a method of discriminant analysis was applied to establish the stability, ie the probability, of the existence of the vertical genetic units obtained by this zonation method.Parallel to it the sequence was subdivided from a faunistic point of view, too. These units correlate well with the results of the numeric approach.     

盐水溶液中常见阴离子团的激光拉曼光谱定量分析研究

应用RenishawinVia激光拉曼光谱仪分析研究了人工配制的钠盐溶液中CO3 2-、SO4 2-、HSO4-、HCO3-和NO3-等阴离子团及水包络峰的拉曼谱图特征,建立了拉曼光谱参数（强度面积积分）与溶液中阴离子团浓度的定量关系,提出了利用拉曼谱峰强度面积分法定量分析流体包裹体中CO3 2-、SO4 2-、HSO4-、HCO3-和NO3-等常见阴离子团浓度的方法。对HSO。一和HCO。一这样易电离的酸式阴离子团采用了净目标酸式阴离子团浓度拟合工作曲线。讨论了强度面积积分法定量分析的优越性和激光拉曼探针定量分析Cl-的难点及前景。     

Metasomatic origin of some of the eclogite-bearing carbonate rocks in the Dabie mountain region, China

Carbonate rocks are one of the major hosts to eclogite in the Mt. Dabie region. Eclogite bodies enclosed in the carbonate rocks occur mostly as knobs, ovoids and lenses measuring centimeters to tens of centimeters in size. The bodies have been intensely carbonatized and usually have transitional contacts with their carbonate hosts. The carbonate rocks have abundant relics of eclogite minerals and their retrogressive derivatives. The REE patterns of the carbonate rocks are characterized by the absence of negative Ce anomaly. These features suggest that a considerable portion of the eclogite-bearing carbonate rocks in the Mt. Dabie region was produced by carbonatization of eclogites and their retrogressive derivatives. These carbonate rocks suffered deformation and recrystallization after their formation. This research project was financially supported by the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources (Project No. 9501102-04-1).     

The use of aquatic bryophytes in prospecting

The properties of aquatic bryophytes in trapping sediments, adsorption of metals by ionic exchange, concentrating rare earth and other metals, and their long life, enabling them to integrate seasonal fluctuations in metal content of streams, make them useful adjuncts to stream sediments or, under certain conditions, the preferred sampling medium for prospecting. Certain factors may limit their usefulness, including their sporadic occurrence caused by their requirement for specific habitats, and the possibility of species differences in element accumulation together with difficulties in species identification. Recent studies indicate that these factors can be ignored. Effects of natural contamination of the samples may require thorough cleaning and correction such as standardizing of ash yields.     

Review on Lithospheric Diamonds and Their Mineral Inclusions

Diamonds and their mineral inclusions are valuable for studying the genesis of diamonds, the characteristics and processes of ancient lithospheric mantle and deeper mantle. This has been paid lots of attentions by geologists both at home and abroad. Most diamonds come from lithospheric mantle. According to their formation preceded, accompanied or followed crystallization of their host diamonds, mineral inclusions in diamonds are divided into three groups: protogenetic, syngenetic and epigenetic. To determine which group the mineral inclusions belong to is very important because it is vital for understanding the data’s meaning. According to the type of mantle source rocks, mineral inclusions in diamonds are usually divided into peridotitic (or ultramafic) suite and eclogitic suite. The mineral species of each suite are described and mineralogical characteristics of most common inclusions in diamonds, such as olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, garnet, chromite and sulfide are reviewed in detail. In this paper, the main research fields and findings of diamonds and their inclusions were described: ①getting knowledge of mineralogical and petrologic characteristics of diamond source areas, characteristics of mantle fluids and mantle dynamics processes by studying the major element and trace element compositions of mineral inclusions; ②discussing deep carbon cycle by studying carbon isotopic composition of diamonds; ③determining forming temperature and pressure of diamonds by using appropriate assemblages of mineral inclusions or single mineral inclusion as geothermobarometry, by using the abundance and aggregation of nitrogen impurities in diamonds and by measuring the residual stress that an inclusion remains under within a diamond ; ④estimating the crystallization ages of diamonds by using the aggregation of nitrogen impurities in diamonds and by determine the radiometric ages of syngenetic mineral inclusions in diamonds. Genetic model of craton lithospheric diamonds and their mineral inclusion were also introduced. In the end, the research progress on diamonds and their inclusions in China and the gap between domestic and international research are discussed.     

中国花岗岩类的大地构造岩石化学区划

依据12126个样品求出我国17个地洼区的花岗岩类平均化学成分,并运用富集元素组合的分析方法,讨论各地洼区花岗岩类的大地构造岩石化学类型和区域岩石化学特征。不但指出其区域差异性,而且还指出其若干区域分布规律性,以及有关南北地洼区的特性问题。     

苏皖凹凸棒石矿物红外光谱特征研究

苏皖凹凸捧石粘土矿物包括沉积、风化及火山碎屑蚀变三种成因类型。成矿物质来源于内陆浅水湖盆水下玄武岩风化蚀变及地表玄武岩的风化。不同成因类型的凹凸棒石在矿物晶体结晶程度上有较大差异。通常,由风化作用生成并与碳酸盐共生的沉积型凹凸棒石结晶程度低,较纯的并与硅质岩共生的沉积型凹凸棒石结晶程度高。它们在红外吸收光谱特征上表现为:前者红外振动吸收带分裂程度低,吸收峰弱且峰形钝。后者红外振动吸收带分裂程度高,吸收峰尖锐。因此研究凹凸捧石的红外吸收光谱特征可基本上区分出它们的成因类型。本文还对凹凸棒石红外吸收光谱振动波数带进行了划分,并对相应的振动类型作了探讨。     

Comparative paleofloristics of the Albian-early Paleocene in the Anadyr-Koryak and North Alaska subregions,Part 3: Comparison of floras and floristic changes across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary

Floras characterizing comparable evolutionary stages in the Anadyr-Koryak and North Alaska subregions of the North Pacific show some essential distinctions despite their similarity in general. Factors responsible for appearance of their distinctive features were most likely the paleoclimatic difference between the subregions and the constrained or even interrupted trans-Beringia migration of plants in particular intervals of geological history. Floras of both subregions survived the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary crisis without essential consequences for their evolution, and amplitude of floristic changes across the boundary was not greater than by evolutionary changes in the crisis-free Late Cretaceous. Evolution of the North Pacific floras near this boundary has been likely controlled by the long-term paleogeographic and paleoclimatic changes and by plants evolution and migration.