东昆仑大岔沟地区晚三叠世侵入岩年代学、岩石地球化学特征及Hf同位素研究

东昆仑祁漫塔格大岔沟地区晚三叠世侵入岩岩性主要为中细粒二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明,二长花岗岩的形成年龄为(233±2)Ma,属晚三叠世岩浆活动产物。岩石地球化学特征上,里特曼指数σ为0.85~2.59,为钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列;相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb和K,亏损Ba、Ta、Nb、Sr、P和Ti等元素;轻稀土元素明显富集,轻重稀土元素分馏较强,具有较强的Eu负异常;花岗岩含角闪石且SiO_2与P_2O_5具明显负相关性,指示其属I型花岗岩。二长花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为–10.36~+1.6,二阶段Hf模式年龄变化范围为1164~1922 Ma,可能主要由中元古代地壳物质部分熔融形成,并有少量古元古代地壳物质和幔源物质加入,岩浆在演化过程中存在分离结晶作用。综合分析认为大岔沟地区晚三叠世可能处于碰撞-后碰撞转换阶段,加厚地壳的拆沉作用导致幔源岩浆底侵下地壳,使其部分熔融形成区内侵入岩。     

东昆仑鄂拉山岩浆带晚三叠世后碰撞伸展:来自索拉沟高分异I型花岗岩的证据

鄂拉山岩浆带位于东昆仑造山带最东端,为研究该地区晚三叠世的构造背景,选取索拉沟地区钾长花岗岩开展研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,索拉沟钾长花岗岩加权平均年龄为(233±1)Ma,形成于晚三叠世早期。该岩石有很高的w(SiO_2)(75.91%～77.23%)、富K_2O和Na_2O,贫CaO、MgO、TiO_2和P_2O_5,A/CNK介于1.01～1.05,属高钾钙碱性系列,锆石饱和温度733～768℃,具有强烈的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu~*=0.09～0.25),明显富集大离子亲石元素(LILE Rb、Th、U、K等)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损Ba、Sr及Nb、P、Zr、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),显示高分异I型花岗岩的特征。锆石Hf同位素初始值(~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf)范围为0.282 487～0.282 611,ε_(Hf)(t)介于-3.54～-0.56;对应的两阶段模式年龄T_(2DM)(Hf)为1.16～1.33 Ga。索拉沟钾长花岗岩是新生下地壳部分熔融后经过分离结晶作用形成,新生下地壳是幔源岩浆在特提斯洋俯冲阶段(242～238 Ma)底侵古老地壳形成。结合晚古生代至中生代东昆仑地区的构造演化特征,认为索拉沟钾长花岗岩形成于张性构造背景,与古特提斯洋俯冲结束后巴颜喀拉地体与东昆仑地体后碰撞造山伸展作用有关。     

辽西杨家杖子侵入岩地球化学和年代学特征及其与成矿的关系

辽西杨家杖子地区位于华北板块北缘,燕山褶皱带东段。该区侵入岩主要有4种类型:中粗粒钾长花岗岩、斑状钾长花岗岩、似斑状钾长花岗岩和细粒角闪二长岩。其中:主体岩石为中粗粒钾长花岗岩、斑状钾长花岗岩和似斑状钾长花岗岩,均呈较大的岩基出露,沿北东向展布,锆石U-Pb同位素测年结果显示其形成于早侏罗世(181~188 Ma);细粒角闪二长岩多呈岩墙或岩脉产出,近南北向展布,锆石U-Pb同位素测年结果显示其形成于晚三叠世(227 Ma左右)。岩石地球化学分析结果显示:斑状钾长花岗岩和似斑状钾长花岗岩属于弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石;细粒角闪二长岩属于准铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石。斑状钾长花岗岩和似斑状钾长花岗岩富集高场强元素Th、La、Nd、Hf和Gd,亏损高场强元素Ti、Ho和大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr;细粒角闪二长岩富集高场强元素Gd、Er和大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr,亏损高场强元素Nb、Hf、Ti、Pr、Y、Yb。稀土配分模式图均为右倾型,轻稀土元素分馏明显,重稀土元素分馏不明显。研究表明该区中生代岩浆作用主要发生在早侏罗世,且与著名的杨家杖子钼矿有着密切的成因联系,而晚三叠世岩浆作用相对较弱。     

东昆仑东段古特提斯洋俯冲作用——乌妥花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学证据

东昆仑东段发育了一条晚二叠世-中三叠世以花岗质岩石为主的巨型弧岩浆岩。本文对东昆仑东段的中三叠世乌妥花岗岩体开展了岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学研究。结果表明,乌妥花岗岩体主要包括花岗闪长岩、斑状二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩三种岩石类型,对应的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为248Ma、247Ma和245Ma,形成时代为中三叠世。主量元素特征显示其具有高钾钙碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质的I型花岗岩的属性。球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图解具轻稀土明显富集、重稀土亏损和Eu弱负异常-强负异常特征。原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图显示富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、Rb、Th、Ba、U等)、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ti、Ta等)、而Zr和Hf无明显异常的特点。乌妥岩体总体具有负的Hf同位素组成特征,花岗闪长岩εHf(t)为-1. 5～+3. 4、斑状二长花岗岩εHf(t)为-4. 1～-0. 6、正长花岗岩εHf(t)为-6. 9～-0. 9。多种微量元素构造环境判别图解表明其形成于类似安第斯型陆缘弧的构造环境。岩石成因研究表明洋壳俯冲带上部壳幔接触过渡部位多次岩浆MASH过程及分离结晶作用是形成乌妥花岗岩体的重要方式。综合前人东昆仑地区有关三叠纪沉积地层及岩浆岩资料,认为布青山-阿尼玛卿古特提斯洋于晚二叠世向北俯冲于东昆仑地块之下,弧岩浆岩记录的布青山古特提斯洋盆向北俯冲过程一直持续到中三叠世晚期。晚三叠世,东昆仑南缘古特提斯洋盆关闭,东昆仑造山带转换为碰撞及后碰撞造山阶段,并形成了区域上具碰撞构造属性的侵入岩。     

南澜沧江带曼兵岛弧花岗岩成因与构造启示:元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素约束

昌宁-孟连缝合带是中国西南三江特提斯重要的古特提斯洋残余,但其消减过程仍然存在争议。南澜沧江构造带曼兵岛弧花岗岩体为探究古特提斯洋俯冲过程提供了新的线索。本文对曼兵花岗岩体内的片麻状黑云花岗闪长岩和斜长角闪岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素和全岩元素地球化学研究。二者的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为251. 5±2. 7Ma、253. 8±1. 1Ma和241. 8±0. 8Ma、259. 5±1. 9Ma,指示其为晚二叠世-早三叠世的岩浆活动产物。曼兵花岗闪长岩属于钙碱性到高钾钙碱性系列I型花岗岩,富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ba、Sr和高场强元素,具有Eu的负异常(δEu=0. 45～0. 69)。花岗闪长岩和斜长角闪岩~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf平均值分别为0. 2829035和0. 2829762,锆石εHf(t)平均值为11. 0和12. 5;地壳模式年龄tDM C加权平均值分别为578. 4Ma和469. 3Ma,类似俯冲相关的新生下地壳演化的岛弧花岗岩。曼兵花岗岩具有低的Ce/Pb(3. 89～6. 57)、Th/La(0. 32～0. 58)和Sm/La(0. 11～0. 15)指示了新生下地壳被上部围岩的混染。综合区域古特提斯洋演化历史,认为曼兵岛弧花岗岩体形成于洋陆俯冲向地块增生转换的构造环境,提出三江地区古特提斯主洋盆的闭合延续至早三叠世才完成。     

冈底斯带中段渐新世花岗质岩石锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及其意义

以藏南冈底斯带中段渐新世花岗质岩石为研究对象,对其进行了岩相学、年代学、岩石地球化学及Hf同位素研究,结果表明区内渐新世花岗质岩石岩性主要为中粗粒花岗闪长岩、中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩和似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩。锆石U-Pb定年表明,似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩的成岩年龄为26.4±0.4 Ma,属晚渐新世岩浆活动产物。岩石地球化学特征上里特曼指数σ为1.58～3.20,为高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列;铝饱和指数A/CNK值为0.90～1.04,属准铝质—弱过铝质;岩石相对富集Rb、K和亏损Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti等高场强元素;轻稀土元素明显富集,轻重稀土元素分馏较强(La_N/Yb_N值为5.37～14.26),具有较弱的Eu负异常。岩相学及岩石地球化学指示花岗岩成因类型为I型。似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为0.08～6.31,Hf同位素一阶段模式年龄变化范围为445～687 Ma,主要来自新生地壳的部分熔融,并有幔源物质的加入;岩浆在成岩过程中存在分离结晶作用。综合分析认为,冈底斯带在渐新世时期处于印度与亚洲板块的碰撞造山环境,挤压作用及幔源物质侵位导致地壳加厚,使青藏高原在该时期发生了一次强烈的隆升。     

西藏南拉萨地块西部鸭洼地区侵入岩的锆石年代学和Hf同位素特征

拉萨地块南缘发育了广泛的中、新生代岩浆作用,然而与中、东部地区相比,南拉萨地块西部地区的研究程度还相对偏低,尤其是缺乏中生代以前岩浆活动的发现和研究。本文对南拉萨地块西部鸭洼地区新发现的中、新生代侵入岩开展了详细的锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素研究,发现鸭洼地区发育了晚三叠世(210～208Ma)辉长岩和闪长玢岩、晚侏罗世(约155Ma)似斑状二长花岗岩和始新世(约50Ma)花岗斑岩。晚三叠世辉长岩和闪长玢岩具有相对亏损的锆石Hf同位素组成,ε_(Hf)(t)值分别是+1.9～+6.2和-3.0～+7.4。晚侏罗世似斑状二长花岗岩和始新世花岗斑岩则具有明显富集的锆石Hf同位素组成,其ε_(Hf)(t)值分别是-10.0～-5.2和-7.9～-2.7,对应的地壳模式年龄分别是1534～1836Ma和1297～1624Ma,分别反映了古元古代和中元古代古老陆壳物质为主的再循环作用。结合区域文献数据,鸭洼-打加错地区中生代以来由于新特提斯洋的俯冲而发生了明显的地壳增生作用,新生地壳的生长从中生代到新生代早期逐渐进行,并且具有从陆内向海沟逐渐增加的趋势。     

晚三叠世金沙江结合带碰撞作用:贡觉石英二长岩年代学、地球化学及Hf同位素证据

金沙江结合带是三江特提斯构造域重要的结合带之一,是研究金沙江古特提斯洋陆俯冲-碰撞演化过程的重要窗口.然而,关于金沙江古特提斯碰撞闭合的准确时限争议颇多.选择位于藏东地区金沙江结合带西侧的贡觉花岗岩体为研究对象,对其中大规模出露的石英二长岩进行了年代学、地球化学和Hf同位素分析.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示石英二长岩形成于231±1 Ma,代表了金沙江结合带晚三叠世岩浆活动事件.锆石Hf同位素分析获得石英二长岩锆石ε_Hf（t）为-8.3~-5.5,二阶段模式年龄T_DMC为1 611~1 788 Ma.岩石地球化学特征表明,石英二长岩为钾玄岩-高钾钙碱性系列的I型花岗岩,富集K、Th、Rb等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素.此外,地球化学特征显示石英二长岩形成于碰撞环境,贡觉地区在晚三叠世早期（~231 Ma）处于碰撞挤压向后碰撞伸展环境的转换阶段,石英二长岩为下地壳中基性变质火成岩部分熔融的产物.结合前人研究,认为金沙江古特提斯洋是由南向北逐渐闭合的,区域地质背景的差异性和古特提斯洋斜向碰撞的复杂性是导致金沙江结合带不同地区碰撞闭合时限不一致的主要原因.      

东昆仑哈拉森地区花岗岩类岩石成因及地质意义

哈拉森地区位于东昆仑东段,分布着大量花岗岩,对其研究不仅有助于认识东昆仑造山带在晚古生代-早中生代的构造-岩浆演化历史,而且可以为东昆仑古特提斯洋俯冲时限及洋盆闭合时限提供约束.对区内花岗岩进行了岩石学、年代学以及岩石地球化学分析,结果表明哈拉森地区的钾长花岗岩和细粒二长花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为239.2±1.7 Ma（MSWD=0.19）和232.4±1.2 Ma（MSWD=0.76）,属中三叠世花岗质岩浆作用的产物.岩石主微量元素分析显示该地区花岗岩具有高硅铝、富碱和低钛特征,属于高钾钙碱性到钾玄岩系列的过铝质花岗岩,富集轻稀土元素（LREE）及K、Th、Rb等大离子亲石元素（LILE）,明显亏损Nb、Ti、P、Ta等高场强元素（HFSE）,具有非常明显的Eu负异常（δEu为0.27~0.65）.哈拉森地区花岗岩具有高分异Ⅰ型花岗岩的特征,是同碰撞背景下幔源岩浆与其诱发地壳物质熔融产生的长英质岩浆在地壳深部混合,随后这一混合岩浆又经过高程度的分异演化形成的,进一步证明东昆仑古特提斯洋的俯冲作用一直持续到早三叠世,至中三叠世才逐渐转入陆内碰撞造山阶段.      

北祁连甘肃毛藏寺铜-钼矿床花岗质岩石锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

甘肃毛藏寺铜钼矿是与花岗质岩石有关的斑岩型矿床,矿区内花岗质岩石类型主要为似斑状二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。对矿区岩体进行年龄、地球化学研究,以约束其形成时代,并探讨岩石成因及其与成矿的关系。LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年分别获得似斑状二长花岗岩与花岗闪长岩谐和年龄为455.8±3.1Ma和425.0±2.8Ma,属于晚奥陶世和晚志留世岩浆活动的产物。地球化学数据显示,似斑状二长花岗岩属于过铝质钙碱性岩浆系列,花岗闪长岩属于准铝质高钾钙碱性岩浆系列,二者均富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显。似斑状二长花岗岩具有弱正Eu异常(δEu=1.18～1.24),显示埃达克岩的地球化学特征,形成于北祁连洋俯冲消减阶段,由俯冲洋壳(含海洋沉积物)部分熔融形成,源区主要残留物为石榴子石。花岗闪长岩显示弱负Eu异常,形成于碰撞后伸展环境,是洋壳板片断离后软流圈上涌诱发的下地壳玄武质岩石部分熔融的产物。似斑状二长花岗岩符合成矿期埃达克岩特征,具有较好的成矿条件。结合前人资料,在北祁连东段寻找和勘查与埃达克岩有关的铜-钼-金矿可能是一个新的方向。     

Columbus,the discovery of America,and Russia

The discovery of a new continent that was later called America by Christopher Columbus some five hundred years ago, has in one way or another, influenced people the World over. The extraordinary significance of this event for mankind is displayed by the dimension of the consequences and the variety of reactions among nations and communities of the “Old World”.     

Text, talk, things, and the subpolitics of performing place

This article tells the story of how a group of Dutch and Belgian citizens organized themselves to promote an area that they valued, to put it on the map, to raise awareness about its qualities, and to protect it from urban and industrial development. Our theoretical perspective focuses on the performative and political aspects of this place-making process and the discursive and material practices involved. We connect this to Beck’s concept of subpolitics.Our findings show how the group performed this place not only through text and talk - giving the area a name, using their knowledge and expertise to raise awareness about its values, lobbying and cooperating with decision-makers -, but also through things - installing art objects and information signs that articulate certain characteristics and values of the area. Our findings demonstrate the struggles involved in these performances. The group involved multiple perspectives on what the important values and characteristics of the area are and on what strategies would work best in trying to influence decision-making and protect the area. However, the use of expertise as the main strategy to gain influence excluded the more critical and activist strategies and privileging archaeological and historical values and characteristics came at the expense of attention on agricultural and natural values.Our findings make clear that performing place cannot be taken to be homogeneous and that it inevitably involves multiple perspectives and demands. The struggles, power relations and dynamics of inclusion and exclusion that this multiplicity implicates reveal a form of sub-politics that involves both politicization and depoliticization. Also, it is a form of subpolitics that is more diverse and ambiguous than Beck’s conceptualization presupposes by its emphasis on the role of outsiders as a homogeneous group.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Boiling,colloid nucleation and aggregation,and the genesis of bonanza Au-Ag ores of the sleeper deposit,Nevada

A deep “parent” composition for bonanza oreforming fluids at the Sleeper deposit was calculated by the computer program SOLVEQ using fluid-inclusion microthermometric and gas data, and by assuming equilibrium with the following minerals present in vein samples below the bonanza zones: gold, chalcedony, adularia, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and acanthite. The calculated dissolved gold content of 295 ppb is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than that assumed for typical geothermal systems. Thus, a gold-enriched fluid appears to have been a principal factor in the genesis of bonanza Au-Ag ores at the Sleeper deposit. Geochemical modelling of possible ore-forming processes using the computer program CHILLER, with the reconstructed ore-forming solution as a starting composition, indicates that boiling most closely reproduces observed minerals and their relative abundances in bonanza ores. The constraint imposed by the association of amorphous silica with gold precludes all of the mixing scenarios modelled, such as mixing with cold and steam-heated groundwaters (acid-sulfate, CO₂-rich). Modelling indicates that boiling of a gold-rich deep solution leads to rapid gold precipitation, and that the amount of gold precipitated initially is large relative to other minerals. These factors apparently led to nucleation of colloidal gold particles instead of in-situ gold deposition or coprecipitation with other phases. Gold colloids apparently were entrained in the upward-flowing hydrothermal solutions and grew as they travelled. Upon reaching a critical size (10–100 nm?), they were deposited due to orthokinetic aggregation at an elevation and temperature at which amorphous silica was nucleating and aggregating.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Climate,disasters, wars and the collapse of the Ming Dynasty

Based on the historical records of natural disasters and human wars of the final 35 years in the late Ming Dynasty (1610–1644 AD) obtained using different spatial scales, a set of grading systems were established to classify, grade and present these records and their spatiotemporal characteristics. From natural and human perspectives to quantitative analyses of the direct causes of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, the author draws conclusion regarding a total of six immediate factors, which were, according to the rate of contribution from high to low, internal rebellions, drought, inter-ethnic conflicts, locust, flood and external wars. Among these causes, human factors accounted for approximately 47%, while natural factors accounted for approximately 53%. Attribution analysis indicated that the basin areas in east China were sensitive to climate change during the Ming Dynasty. Severe drought and locusts in a cooling environment were the main natural causes, while frequent internal rebellions and inter-ethnic conflicts influenced by financial crisis were the major human factors. Although natural factors accounted for a greater percentage than human factors in the rate of contribution to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, they were the only external factors impacting social development and changes.