A Coastal Aquifer Study Using Magnetotelluric and Gravity Methods in Abo Zenema, Egypt

Magnetotelluric (MT) soundings and gravity methods were employed to study the deep freshwater aquifer in the area north of Abo Zenema city on the eastern side of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Seven MT sites and 48 gravity stations were surveyed along northeast–southwest profiles as close as possible to a line perpendicular to the coast of the Gulf of Suez. The MT survey was conducted using high and low frequencies to investigate shallow and deep areas, respectively. One-dimensional inversion was conducted using a heuristic inversion scheme of the Bostick algorithm. The MT data were also inverted with a 2-D smooth model inversion routine using the nonlinear conjugate gradient method to infer variation in vertical and lateral resistivity inside the Earth. A 100-Ohm-m homogeneous half-space initial model was used to invert the TE mode data only. Then, the inverted model obtained from the TE mode data was used as an initial model for inversion of the TM mode data. The inverted model thus obtained from the TM mode data inversion was used as an initial model for the inversion of the joint TE and TM responses. Two-dimensional (2-D) forward modeling of the gravity data was conducted using the 2-D polygon method of Talwani’s algorithm for an arbitrarily shaped body and was based on the subsurface information from the MT survey and the available information about the geological structure of the study area. This method enabled us to obtain the basement structure of the coastal aquifer in the study area. The results from the analysis and the interpretation of MT and gravity data were used to detect and delineate the groundwater coastal aquifer in the study area.     

The magnetisation of Rosemary Bank Seamount,Rockall Trough,northeast Atlantic

Rosemary Bank is a non-uniformly magnetised seamount in the northern Rockall Trough. The reversely magnetised major component of the anomaly field was simulated by a numerical method and modelled using the Talwani three-dimensional magnetics program. The results suggest a higher Koenigsberger ratio than earlier reported for Rosemary Bank and a remanent magnetisation vector compatible with post-Jurassic formation and probably of a Late Cretaceous to Tertiary age. The limited depth to the base of the model implies that Rosemary Bank post-dates the underlying basement in agreement with a volcanic origin. The residual of the observed anomaly field is interpreted as being caused by normally magnetised bodies within and on top of the bank. This suggests subsequent volcanic activity during an interval of normal polarity.     

TWO-DIMENSIONAL MASS DISTRIBUTIONS FROM GRAVITY ANOMALIES: A COMPUTER METHOD*

A gravity anomaly profile, considered to be associated with a two-dimensional mass distribution of constant density contrast, may be interpreted with the help of a digital computer. Using the infinite slab formula and anomaly values at selected points of the profile, an initial model of the anomalous mass is built. The gravity effect of the model is computed with a simplified version of the formula derived by Talwani, Worzel and Landisman (1959) for line-integration. After the effect is computed at a point, the model is adjusted depending upon the residual anomaly. The effect of the adjusted model is computed at the following point. Within one cycle of computation the model is adjusted as many times as the number of the selected points. Five such cycles are sufficient to minimize residuals in most cases. A final cycle is computed without adjustment. Local anomaly profiles have been interpreted to obtain the shape of a sedimentary basin and of a faulted block. A regional anomaly profile has been interpreted to obtain crustal structure.     

由高密度磁异常测量数据分析南海海盆的扩张年龄与扩张模式

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海,地处欧亚板块、太平洋板块和印度洋板块的交汇处.过去通过磁异常条带对比分析南海扩张年龄的研究很多,但是所依赖的资料有限.本文对南海海盆高密度大批量磁异常测量数据进行了系统分析,实现了平面2D磁异常数据的带通滤波处理,消除了短波长噪音和由深部下地壳和上地幔顶部磁源体引起的长波长背景信息,因此突出了海底扩张所引起的磁异常条带.利用CK95地磁倒转模型和Talwani磁异常正演方法,对南海东部和西南次海盆内的重点磁异常测线进行了正演分析.通过对不同测线之间、不同海盆之间以及同一条测线中的正演磁异常与实测磁异常之间进行对比分析,进一步验证了南海东部次海盆的扩张年龄为32～16.5 Ma;西南次海盆可能的扩张年龄仍具有较大不确定性,可能为42～33 Ma或者24～16 Ma.不同的时间模型所依赖的扩张速率的变化情况不同,全扩张速率随时间变化明显,但主要在40～80 km/Ma之间.单纯根据目前的磁异常资料很难确定西南次海盆与东部次海盆之间的扩张次序.单期次扩张模式很难解释中南断裂两侧的构造物理差异,这种差异可能主要受控于其基底岩石成分、岩石磁化率、岩浆活动、扩张速率以及深部物质冷却磁化的影响,基底深度的变化也对观测磁异常的强度有所影响.相对地,大部分扩张后玄武岩海山的存在对观测的磁异常的影响不明显,针对目前磁异常解释中不可避免的多解性问题,需要运用其他不同的手段和方法,譬如大洋钻探和深拖高分辨率磁异常测量等,来实现对南海不同次海盆扩张年龄的精确估计.我们目前的工作是通向对深拖高分辨率磁异常、船测和航测磁异常、以及卫星磁异常综合解释的第一步.     

二度体重、磁异常频谱与三度体重、磁异常频谱关系的理论问题

设F（x-ξ,y,z,η,ζ,α,…）为一在x方向无限薄的层的异常,若物体的异常可表示为: T（x,y）=integral from n=a to （a+2c）（F（x-ξ,y,z,η,ζ,α,…））dξ T（y）=integral from n=-∞ to ∞（F（x-ξ,y,z,η,ζ,α,…））dξ 则有 式中T（v）和T（u,v）分别为T（y）和T（x,y）的频谱,2c是物体在x方向的宽度,（x,y,z）和（ξ,η,ζ）分别为观测点和物体上任一点的坐标。 如果2c=dξ,则物体即为薄层本身;如果2c=dξ,薄层的面积无限缩小,则物体即为一质点;如果2c=dξ,薄层只有长度而无宽度,则物体即为一曲线。 对于形状复杂的物体,可以将物体分成若干简单而又符合所述条件的物体元,而有式中2c_m为第m个物体元在x方向的宽度,T_m（v）为第m个物体元当其沿x方向的长度为无限长时的异常的频谱。     

重庆巫山望霞W2-2危岩体失稳演化过程分析

重庆市巫山县望霞危岩是长江三峡黄金水道巫山段左岸的一处典型重大危岩体,2010年雨季出现明显变形,随后转入应急监测,并依据监测成果两次成功预警。本文基于地质分析和监测成果,研究望霞W2-2危岩体变形-演化的动力学过程,发现持续降雨是崩滑灾害发生的直接诱发因素。雨水渗入浸泡使泥岩软基强度降低,塑流变形加剧,加大了危岩的下部变形程度,使上覆砂岩层沿接触底面出现拉裂。同时水体作用造成危岩中节理、裂隙极其发育。W2-2危岩体变形破坏演化过程可分为前期累积变形、匀速变形、加速变形和临界加速变形四个阶段,其中加速变形点和临界加速变形点具有很好的预警指示意义,加速点可视为岩体稳定与不稳定破坏的分界点。     

邢台地震区地壳速度结构特征与强震孕育发生的关系

运用三维有限单元法,探索地壳结构的非均匀性对地壳应力场的影响．假定分层地壳结构中镶嵌高速块体,低速块体,高、低速块体３种情况,分别计算壳内平均应力与水平剪应力的变化图像．结果表明：高速块体单独存在可导致高应力在高速体内的局部集中,并在其边缘和四个角区形成应力的高度集中,有利于强震的孕育和发生;低速体单独存在时,由于低速体本身不能积累应力,而其上部的应力集中程度不大,难以形成强震;高、低速体的同时存在则有利于高应力在高速体内的高度集中和在高速体外的地壳上、下部的相对集中,形成对大地震孕育、发生更加有利的条件．本文结果与邢台地震序列的空间分布图像吻合甚好．     

宁-芜矿集区及其西缘深部结构初探

为了探查宁(南京)-芜(湖)矿集区及其西缘地区上地壳结构及其与区域成矿作用的关系,在宁芜矿集区及其西缘布设两条大地电磁测深剖面(江宁区-姑山,巢湖-当涂),通过数据处理、分析和反演,获得了宁芜矿集区10 km以内地壳电性结构模型.大地电磁测深及重力多尺度边缘检测结果表明:(1)宁芜矿集区自南向北表现为低-高-低的电性结构特征,南段深部存在低阻体,向上延伸至浅部,中段深部发育巨型高阻体上隆至浅部,倾向南西,推测可能是巨型花岗岩体,北段低阻体发育深度大,向上延伸至浅部时分叉并上升至地表;(2)揭示了滁河断裂和长江断裂带的存在; 3线剖面东段与2线南段的低阻体位置较为一致,推测为岩浆喷发通道,在含山附近发现两条电性梯度带,3线剖面的电性结构特征可能反映了区域经历了先挤压、后拉伸的演变过程.     

基于Delaunay剖分的二维非规则重力建模及重力计算

针对计算截面为任意形状的非均匀密度二度体的重力问题,提出了二维情况下的非规则重力建模方法,即利用二维Delaunay剖分方法,将其截面分割为若干三角形,将该二度体分解成为若干三角棱柱的组合;通过求取变密度的三角棱柱体的重力异常,并将其累加,最后得出了截面为任意形状的水平无限延伸的二度体的重力计算公式.以千米桥油田的一条实测重力剖面为例,用该方法进行了反演计算,并将反演结果与常规方法做了分析比较,进行了相应的分析和讨论.     

变密度体重力勘探反演的多解性问题

本文利用经典位论中格林层的概念,证明了: 1.在一个物体内可以有多种密度分布,使其总质量为零,在物体外任一点的位为零; 2.当总质量不变时,在一个固定形状及体积的物体中,可以有多种密度分布,并且处处密度为正,使物体外任一点的位相同; 3.当总质量不变时,在不同形状及不同体积的物体内,可以有多种密度分布,并且处处密度为正,使物体外任一点的位相同。 由此得出结论:总质量不变,若物体的密度不均匀（而且处处为正）,根据重力异常作反演,不能唯一地求出物体的形状;当物体的形状已知时,也不能唯一地求出其密度分布。     

Energy of Water Waves Induced by Submarine Landslides

—Water waves generated by submarine landslides may constitute a serious hazard for coastal population and environment. These masses may be giant, as documented by several examples in recent history and by numerous geological traces of paleo-events. A theoretical investigation on wave generation and wave energy is performed here by using a model that is based on some simplifying assumptions. The landslide is treated as a rigid body moving underwater according to a prescribed velocity function. Water waves are governed by the shallow-water wave equations, where water velocity is constant through the water layer and vertical velocity is negligibly small. Geometrically simple basins are considered with either constant depth or constant slope, since attention is focused on the fundamental characteristics of the generation process. Analytical 1-D solutions as well as 1-D and 2-D numerical results obtained by means of a finite-element model are used to gain understanding of the energy transfer from a moving body to the water. From the 1-D examples, it is found that if slide duration is sufficiently long, water usually gains energy in the form of waves until a saturation point is reached, when body motion is no longer capable of producing a net transfer of energy from the rigid body to water. Finite-duration motions of a body moving at constant speed along a flat ocean floor can be used as canonical examples, since bottom slopes cannot significantly change the generated wave pattern. Typically, two trough-crest systems are developed that travel in opposite directions, with the leading crest in the direction of the slide and the leading trough toward the other direction. The amplitude of the former is generally higher, with amplitude controlled by the Froude number (ratio of body velocity to long waves phase celerity) and wavelength dictated by landslide length. Generation and propagation of 2-D cases show a more complicated pattern, since lateral radiation plays an important role. Some of the features present in the 1-D models are observed in 2-D wavefields, however substantial differences arise. The most significant difference is that no energy saturation takes place in 2-D, since the body transfers energy to the water as long as it moves.     

以某桥台危岩体为例研究危岩体在地震作用时的稳定性

危岩体作为多发性的地震地质灾害,其对工程建设有着重大威胁。地震是引发危岩体破坏的一个因素。在滑移式危岩体、坠落式危岩体和倾倒式危岩体的计算中只考虑了危岩体在地震水平系数为常数的常规状态下的稳定性,而没有考虑在不同地震烈度情况下危岩体的稳定性。简要描述了危岩体的稳定性分析方法,以新疆迪那2井区主干道桥梁四号桥台的危岩体稳定性为例,着重强调了危岩体在不同地震设防水准情况下的稳定性,并进行了计算。     

Dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions,crystallization, and magma ascent: hypotheses,theory, and applications to volcano monitoring at Mount St. Helens

 Measurements of CO₂ fluxes from open-vent volcanos are rare, yet may offer special capabilities for monitoring volcanos and forecasting activity. The measured fluxes of CO₂ and SO₂ from Mount St. Helens decreased from July through November 1980, but the record includes variations of CO₂/SO₂ in the emitted gas and episodes of greatly increased fluxes of CO₂. We propose that the CO₂ flux variations reflect two gas components: (a) a component whose flux decreased in proportion to 1/ √t with a CO₂/SO₂ mass ratio of 1.7, and (b) a residual flux of CO₂ consisting of short-lived, large peaks with a CO₂/SO₂ mass ratio of 15. We propose two hypotheses: (a) the 1/ √t dependence was generated by crystallization in a deep magma body at rates governed by diffusion-limited heat transfer, and (b) the gas component with the higher CO₂/SO₂ was released from ascending magma, which replenished the same magma body. The separation of the total CO₂ flux into contributions from known processes permits quantitative inferences about the replenishment and crystallization rates of open-system magma bodies beneath volcanos. The flux separations obtained by using two gas sources with distinct CO₂/SO₂ ratios and a peak minus background approach to obtain the CO₂ contributions from an intermittent source and a continuously emitting source are similar. The flux separation results support the hypothesis that the second component was generated by episodic magma ascent and replenishment of the magma body. The diffusion-limited crystallization hypothesis is supported by the decay of minimum CO₂ and SO₂ fluxes with 1/ √t after 1 July 1980. We infer that the magma body at Mount St. Helens was replenished at an average rate (2.8×10⁶m³d^–1) which varied by less than 5% during July, August, and September 1980. The magma body volume (2.4–3.0 km³) in early 1982 was estimated by integrating a crystallization rate function inferred from CO₂ fluxes to maximum times (20±4 years) estimated from the increase of sample crystallinity with time. These new volcanic gas flux separation methods and the existence of relations among the CO₂ flux, crystallization rates, and magma body replenishment rates yield new information about the dynamics of an open-vent, replenished magma body. Received: 15 February 1995 / Accepted: 30 March 1996     

Petrogenesis of Songshugou dunite body in the Qinling orogenic belt,Central China: Constraints from geochemistry and melt inclusions

The chemical variation of the Earth’s mantle rocks has been interpreted to reflect multiple episodes of partial melting. With the increasing of melt generation and extraction, the readily molten minerals and incompatible elements decrease in the residual mantle peridotite. The present-day gladiate of the Earth, however, cannot cause mantle batch melting[1], nor 40% partial melting that allows pyroxenes to be completely dissolved into melt and forms dunite[2,3]. Recent studies show that mantl…     

岩石变形实验中的微破裂与地震的联想

根据室内岩石变形实验中岩石的微破裂和应变能释放等情况，联想到地震发生的几种相似现象：（１）岩体在较低的状态下亦有可能发生地震；（２）小震的发生预示岩体内应变和应变能的释放，但应力却未必释放；（３）主震时就变能大量释放，但仍有相当多的应变能残留在岩体中，这应是老震区发生地震的原因之一。     

广东南山花岗岩形成时代、地球化学特征与成因

广东南山花岗岩体位于陂头复式岩体西端,锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为158.1±1.8Ma,是燕山早期岩浆活动的产物。岩石化学特征显示岩体以高硅、富碱、贫Ca和Mg以及高TFeO/MgO、低CaO/Na2O为特征。其K2O/Na2O〉1,A/NK=7.8~11.92,A/CNK=1.33~1.68,属过铝质碱性岩石。在稀土和微量元素组成上,岩石富含稀土元素（除明显的负Eu异常,δEu=0.09~0.16）以及Zr、Y、Th、U、Nb等高场强元素,贫Ba、Sr、Ti等,高10000x Ga/Al（比值大于2.6）。在Zr、Nb、Ce、Y对10000×Ga/Al以及TFeO/MgO-SiO2等A型花岗岩多种判别图上,投影点主要落在A型花岗岩区,而与高分异的I、S型花岗岩明显不同。这些特征均指示,南山岩体具有铝质A型花岗岩的特点。通过Y-Nb-3Ga和Y-Nb-Ce构造环境判别图解将其进一步划分为A2型花岗岩,代表其形成于拉张的构造背景之下。本文在此研究基础上,认为南山花岗质岩浆可能形成于相对挤压的中侏罗世。而在晚侏罗世早期相对拉张的作用下,岩石圈减薄,软流圈地幔上涌,地壳的泥质岩和少量砂质岩受到幔源流体富集后发生部分熔融后上侵形成铝质A型花岗岩,且有较强的结晶分异作用。     

体应变的气压效应

通过对河北省张家口地震台体应变和气压观测和对比分析,探讨了消除气压干扰的方法。指出用别尔采夫滤波法去掉体应变固体潮和气压的短期用回归方程、相关分析、求气压系数,体应变残差等可排除气压干扰。结果表明,当体应变观测曲线出现异常时,消除气压干扰后,异常更加明显,更有利于对异常的识别和判断。发现去掉干扰后的体应变曲线与１９９８年１月１０日河北张北６．２级地震存在一定的对应关系。     

Morphological responses of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Limnocythere inopinata</Emphasis> (Ostracoda) to hydrochemical environment factors

Living ostracod and hydrochemical samples were collected synchronously from more than 50 lakes and small water body in the eastern edge area of the Tibetan Plateau, Northern Tibetan, Southern Tibet and mid-Tibet. The comparison of the adult body length ofLimnocythere inopinata and hydrochemical parameters of their habitats shows that a quantitative relationship exists between the adult body length and salinity expressed as conductivity. An empirical formula to reconstruct paleosalinity is suggested first and applied to salinity reconstruction of CE-2 core from Cuoe Lake, Tibet. The method is verified by comparing its outcome with results of other environment reconstruction methods.     

Research on Earthquake Precursor Attractor and Its Predictability

Based on the body strain observation data at Liyang and Xuzhou stations, the Correlation Dimension D2 and the second-order Renyi entropy K2 of the attractor are calculated and studied. In addition, a new method of evaluating the longest predictable time of precursor attractor is advanced under the condition of a certain anomalous criterion rule. The conclusion indicates that the body strain precursor attractor is one of the chaotic attractors and it has some determinate change rules such as the dimension declines before an earthquake and the number of the independent factors on which the variation of the system depends is within the range of 5 - 12. The conclusion also indicates that the longest evaluated predictable time of the body strain attractor is 213 days at the Liyang station and 342 days at the Xuzhou station. It is clear that this research can be of great reference value for recognizing the nonlinear behavior of precursor attractors and for evaluating the predictability of different precursor     

岩石孔喉结构特征对核磁T_2谱影响的数值模拟(英文)

本文建立了能够考虑孔喉特征的储层岩石三维非规整网络模型,用数值模拟方法进一步研究饱含水岩样的核磁T_2谱特征。通过模拟储层岩石孔喉核磁共振T_2谱的特征,表明核磁共振T_2谱同岩心孔喉半径分布具有很好的相似性,对T_2谱中孔隙体、喉道信号的分解可以评价储层岩石孔隙体、喉道的半径大小及分布情况。分别模拟喉道半径、孔喉比以及孔隙连通性等孔隙结构特征对T_2谱的影响,发现:1.随着喉道半径的增大,T_2谱峰值向右移动,而且峰值处的驰豫信号强度增大;2.随着孔喉比的增大,T_2谱峰值向右移动,峰值处的驰豫信号强度增大,而且孔隙体T_2谱和喉道T_2谱逐渐分开;3.随着连通性的增大,曲线左端上升,短驰豫时间信号所占比列增大,右边的峰值有所降低。