闪电产生NOX机制及中国内陆闪电产生NOX量的估算

对闪电产生NOX的物理机制及化学过程进行了分析,并根据闪电物理及不同经纬度上观测到的闪电资料,对中国内陆地区闪电产生的NOX进行了估算.结果表明各纬度上每100km2内闪电产生NOX估算的年平均值(WLNOX)从南到北随纬度的增高而降低,在广东、陇东、北京和东北地区的最高值分别为6.41×106gN/100km2/yr、4.26×106gN/100km2/yr、3.65×106gN/100km2/yr和3.52×106gN/100km2/yr.闪电产生的NOX主要分布于35°N以南的地区,从陇东地区向南到广东地区的闪电产生的NOX占整个中国内陆的2/3以上.整个中国内陆地区闪电产生NOX的年平均估算值为 3.84×1011gN/yr.就广东地区而言,强雷暴的活动月闪电产生的NOX比弱雷暴活动月的大一个量级.在雷暴天气过程中闪电产生NOX浓度的峰值都无一例外地出现在雷暴云发展的成熟期,其直接原因主要是雷暴云成熟期的高闪电频数.     

青藏高原上空氮氧化物的分布特征及其与臭氧的关系

利用1992—2002年的HALOE资料,选取青藏高原地区(28°~40°N,75°~105°E)的数据,分析了青藏高原地区NOX混合比的垂直分布特征,并对高原地区不同高度上NOX混合比与同纬度及同经度地区进行了比较,分析了NOX混合比与臭氧混合比纬向分布的关系,以及NOX混合比随时间的变化和O3混合比变化的关系。结果表明:青藏高原地区在300~30 hPa上夏季NOX的混合比高于冬季的混合比;夏季青藏高原地区200~30 hPa气层上NOX的混合比比同纬度其它地区高得多,100~60 hPa气层上NO2混合比比同经度其它地区也高得多;在100~30 hPa上,O3的纬向分布与NOX的纬向分布之间存在较明显的反相关关系;高原地区100 hPa附近和70~35 hPa之间夏季NOX混合比的变化与O3混合比的变化的反相关关系非常好。     

1920-2000年全球陆地降水气候特征与变化

分析了1920-2000年全球陆地降水场.指出降水量最大的区域主要在季风区,在季风降水区有明显的雨季和旱季之分.全球多年平均降水随纬向分布有着较好的连贯性,即热带地区比较湿润,从赤道向南向北递减,但是在南半球40°～50°S中高纬度降水量还比较多,故南半球降水随纬度分布呈双峰型.文中还分析了全球陆地平均的全年、各季降水序列的周期和趋势特征.指出全球降水序列中有明显的与2～7年ENSO周期相吻合的变化周期,也有年代际变化.在1920-2000年期间,除了冬季降水有一个弱的上升趋势外,其它季节降水量的变化趋势不很明显.分析比较了全球陆地年、各季降水长期趋势的地理分布差异,指出在南半球,赤道～10°S除了在春季降水表现为弱的负趋势外,其他季节都是正趋势,其中冬季最明显,但是并不显著.10°～25°S在冬、秋季是正趋势而夏季是负趋势,趋势都不显著.在20°～40°S夏、秋季的降水量正趋势达到0.01显著性水平.在北半球,25°N以南的热带地区的四季降水都是负趋势,在秋季尤为明显,达到0.01显著性水平.在30°N以北,除了在30°～40°N冬季表现为降水的负趋势外,其它季节降水为正趋势.在45°～55°N地区,降水的正趋势在春季表现的最为明显,在北半球更高的纬度上,冬季降水的正趋势表现的特别明显.     

中国地区闪电和对流层上部NOx的时空分布特征及其相关性分析

为了解闪电对对流层上部NO_x的贡献,本文利用美国全球水资源和气候中心（GHRC）提供的1995年4月~2005年12月的闪电卫星格点资料及高层大气研究卫星 (UARS) 上的卤素掩星试验装置 (HALOE) 1991年10 月~2005 年11月的观测资料,分析了中国地区闪电与对流层上部NO_x体积混合比的时空分布特征及两者的相关性.结果表明:中国地区闪电和对流层上部的NO_x在季节分布、年际分布和空间分布上保持很好的一致性,闪电是对流层上部NO_x的重要来源;NO极值高度在350 hPa左右,云闪直接产生的NO是极值产生的主要原因,NO₂的极值高度在250 hPa左右,因为闪电产生的NO在传输过程中会被氧化成NO₂并通过雷暴的垂直输送作用抬升到更高高度;强对流活动有利于NO_x的传输,而人类活动产生的NO_x一般较难输送到对流层上部,因此闪电多发区的NO_x极值较大,所在的高度也较高.     

西北太平洋地区大气臭氧柱总量的时空分布特征

文中使用欧洲中期天气预报中心臭氧柱总量资料分析了西北太平洋地区大气臭氧柱总量的时空分布特征,结果表明:低纬度地区是臭氧柱总量最低的地区,纬向分布明显,臭氧柱总量随着纬度向北极的增加而增大;夏季臭氧柱总量最大值出现在北半球高纬度约80°N的地区,最低值出现在热带地区;秋季臭氧柱总量最大值出现在55°N左右的地区;最小值出现在赤道地区。冬春季,臭氧柱总量的最低值均出现在热带地区,最高值出现在北半球约50°～60°N的高纬度地区。      

南美闪电活动的时空分布特征及其与东太平洋海温的关系

利用1995年6月—2003年2月LIS/OTD卫星闪电资料和NOAAExtendedReconstructedSST海温资料,采用EOF和SVD分析技术,对南美闪电活动的空间异常特征、时间变化规律及其与东太平洋海温的关系进行了分析。EOF分析结果表明,其前两个载荷向量可以较好地反映南美闪电整体异常结构,即全区一致型和南北反相型。在ElNino期间,南美闪电并未出现全区一致性的显著异常。南北反相型的空间异常结构则与Nino3区的海温变化有密切联系。SVD分析发现,20°～30°S,110°～130°W和10°～5°N,160°W～180°区域的海温异常和南美秘鲁及巴西东部的闪电活动有很好的相关关系。     

甘肃省春季沙尘暴强弱年份大气环流特征对比分析

文中使用NCEP/NCAR1955～2000年全球月平均再分析网格点资料(2.5°×2.5°纬度/经度)和甘肃省区域性沙尘暴过程资料,分别选取了甘肃省5个春季典型沙尘暴年份和5个春季非沙尘暴年份,对其气候平均的大尺度环流场和有关物理量场的动力和热力结构差异进行了对比分析。初步探讨了甘肃省春季沙尘暴发生与全球海温异常的关系。分析结果表明,甘肃省春季沙尘暴年和非沙尘暴年大尺度高低空环流场和有关物理量场差异明显,从而揭示了沙尘暴形成的大尺度环流以及动力和热力因子影响的事实,以期对我国西北地区沙尘暴气候成因有更全面深入的了解,为沙尘暴短期气候预测提供理论依据和强信号。     

全球二维大气化学模式和大气化学成分的数值模拟

建立了一个全球二维纬向平均化学模式,模式包括了从90°S到90°N,从地面到20 km高度的大气.模式中应用的流场来自根据加热率计算得到的剩余环流.模式化学部分包括34种大气成分、104个化学反应和光化学反应.其中,甲烷、一氧化碳和氮氧化物排放分为季节性和非季节性排放源,并将其参数化为时间和纬度的函数再应用到模式中去.按1990年的甲烷、一氧化碳和氮氧化物的的排放水平模拟得到了多种大气组成的分布,模拟结果与观测有较好的一致性.由于模式考虑了一氧化碳的季节变化,模拟得到的OH自由基分布更为合理.模式的建立为今后进一步研究大气微量成分的全球循环过程及其长期变化提供了有效的手段.     

甘肃河西走廊春季强沙尘暴与低空急流

使用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析网格点资料(2.5°×2.5°纬度/经度)和我国区域性沙尘暴过程历史资料,分析了春季大气环流特征及低空急流与甘肃河西走廊春季强沙尘暴的关系。结果表明,在东亚中纬度高空维持纬向强急流锋区的情况下,极易造成甘肃河西走廊春季强沙尘暴的低空急流产生。揭示了沙尘暴形成的大尺度环流动力影响因子的事实,指出可将产生这种低空急流特征的西风带大型环流的调整过程,作为甘肃河西走廊春季强沙尘暴天气的预警信号,而低空急流的位置及强度又可作为沙尘暴强度及沙尘暴发生和影响区的预报指标。     

长江中游地区暴雨过程的500 hPa信号场特征

文中用500 hPa信号场研究了长江中游地区暴雨发生的气候异常环境,并提出用信号场合成图的检验方法来分析暴雨规律.结果表明,暴雨过程与无雨过程在500 hPa信号场中异常信号显著区的出现及分布形势有明显不同.分析14次暴雨过程的合成图,发现在发生暴雨过程第1天,正异常区常常出现在贝加尔湖附近地区(40°～50°N,80°～100°E)和中国华南地区(20°～25°N,100°～130°E),负异常区出现在中国长江中游北部地区.暴雨过程出现的主要特征是在110°E附近,形成南北向的"+-+"分布形势和波列.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.