青藏高原中北部地壳低速-高导层是部分熔融层的岩石学证据被证实

正青藏高原具有巨厚的大陆地壳,是地球上最大、最高的新生代高原。目前有3种主要的机制被用于解释其地壳增厚过程和高海拔地形的形成:增厚地幔岩石圈的减薄、陆内俯冲和地壳流动(或通道流)。产生上述争论的主要原因是目前青藏高原深部地壳、岩石圈地幔热演化资料的缺少,以及地壳物理观测到青藏高原地壳15-50km深处的低速层和高导层的多解     

青藏高原高Mg^#和低Mg^#两类钾质-超钾质火山岩及其源区性质

通过对青藏高原碰撞后钾质-超钾质火山岩的对比分析,提出青藏高原存在羌塘-芒康-滇西（44～28Ma）和冈底斯（25～12Ma）两条高Mg^#钾质-超钾质火山岩带,而可可西里、西昆仑-东昆仑的新生代火山岩则为低Mg^#钾质火山岩.高Mg^#钾质-超钾质火山岩的化学成分均相对高镁低铁和贫钛,微量元素组成以具有类似岛弧火山岩的K/Nb、K/La、Rb/Nb、Pb/La、Ba/La等比值为特征.低Mg^#钾质-超钾质火山岩相对富铁贫镁和高钛,上述元素比值小于岛弧火山岩,大于和近似于洋岛玄武岩,指示岩浆源区富集组分有软流圈流体的贡献.羌塘-芒康的高Mg^#高钾钙碱性和高Mg^#钾玄岩系列指示高原中部受到陆内俯冲作用的影响;30Ma前俯冲板片断离,软流圈上涌,富集岩石圈地幔熔融形成羌塘低Mg^#过碱性钾质-超钾质系列.综合地球物理资料,提出青藏高原在印度大陆岩石圈的强力楔入下,高原内部软流圈物质沿欧亚岩石圈地幔俯冲板片的顶部向北东和南东挤出,使上覆岩石圈地幔发生剪切破裂,形成一系列串珠状高速体与低速体的相间分布,并随时间不断向北扩展.这也是阿尔金和滇西走滑系的深部动力源.正是软流圈与岩石圈的这种相互作用形成了可可西里和西昆仑-东昆仑低Mg^#钾玄质火山岩的软流圈-岩石圈地幔的混源特征.藏南高Mg^#超钾质岩浆源区的显著幔壳混合特征则可能来自印度大陆岩石圈俯冲作用的影响.     

青藏高原的地幔结构:地幔羽、地幔剪切带及岩石圈俯冲板片的拆沉

通过横穿青藏高原近 80 0 0km长的 4条天然地震层析剖面 ,获得 4 0 0km深度以上的地壳和地幔速度图像及地震波各向异性 ,揭示了青藏高原 4 0 0km深度范围内的地壳和地幔结构特征。地幔速度图像显示 ,青藏高原腹地的深地幔中存在以大型低速异常体为特征的地幔羽 ,其可能通过热通道与大面积分布的可可西里新生代高钾碱性火山作用有成因联系 ;阿尔金、康西瓦、金沙江、嘉黎及雅鲁藏布江等走滑断裂可下延至 30 0～ 4 0 0km深度 ,显示了低速高热物质组成的垂向低速异常带特征及大型超岩石圈或地幔剪切带的产出 ;发现康西瓦、东昆仑—金沙江、班公湖—怒江和雅鲁藏布缝合带下部存在不连续的高速异常带 ,可以解释为青藏高原地体拼合及碰撞过程中可能保留的加里东、古特提斯和中特提斯大洋岩石圈“化石”残片 ,是“拆沉”的地球物理证据。印度大陆岩石圈的巨厚俯冲板片以 15～ 2 0°倾角向北插入唐古拉山下 30 0km深处 ,并被高热物质组成的地幔剪切带分开。结合新的横穿喜马拉雅及青藏高原的地幔层析资料 ,提出青藏高原碰撞动力学新模式 :青藏高原南部印度岩石圈板片的翻卷式陆内超深俯冲 ,北缘克拉通向南的陆内俯冲 ,腹地深部的地幔羽上涌 ,以及地幔范围内的高原“右旋隆升”及物质向东及北东方向运动及挤出。     

兴蒙造山带北部岩石圈地幔橄榄岩氧逸度特征研究

在大兴安岭北部的诺敏和科洛地区的新生代玄武岩中发现了尖晶石相的橄榄岩包体。地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的Mg~#说明了研究区上地幔具有部分难熔的特点。在橄榄石含量与Fo图解中,有一部分橄榄岩包体落在太古代和元古代的地幔区域,揭示了研究区的岩石圈地幔存在古老岩石圈地幔的残余。研究区方辉橄榄岩与二辉橄榄岩有显示高氧逸度值FMQ+1.95～3.01,这与一般情况下相对还原的古老岩石圈地幔的低氧逸度值形成鲜明对比,可能为古生代的古亚洲洋以及中生代的古太平洋相继俯冲到了兴蒙造山带之下,导致当时岩石圈地幔的氧化所致。在地幔包体的反应边中发现了富钾熔体(K20 1%-6%),这被认为研究区地幔经历了多期富钾流体活动,富钾流体的来源可能与俯冲再循环的壳源物质有关。     

青藏高原地震层析成像的研究进展

为研究青藏高原地壳上地幔深部结构构造特征,近年来开展了大量的宽频地震探测工作。笔者收集了最近十几年来在青藏高原内部及其周缘布设的宽频带临时台网和固定台站情况,综合论述了宽频地震层析成像方法在青藏高原深部结构探测,如地壳低速层、印度岩石圈地幔俯冲、青藏高原北部构造研究中所取得的成果。     

中国东部显生宙地幔演化的主要样式 :“蘑菇云”模型

从地幔类型、地球物理资料、岩石学研究成果 3方面讨论了中国东部显生宙地幔演化的主要样式 ,认为古老岩石圈地幔物质以亏损玄武质组分的橄榄岩为主 ,岩石密度低 ,具上浮性质 ,是克拉通稳定的主要原因 ,不可能发生因重力诱发的拆沉作用。白垩纪晚期—新生代地幔成分为饱满的二辉橄榄岩 ,地温高 ,明显有别于古老地幔。该热地幔物质呈“蘑菇云”状上涌 ,蘑菇云之间仍有古老地幔的残留体 ,二者多数呈陡边界接触 ,这是东部地幔演化的主要样式。与此同时岩石圈伸展导致岩石圈减薄。中生代中国东部绝大部分地区地温很高、地壳厚度大 ,但许多问题尚待研究。古老岩石圈地幔中的低速、低阻物质为流体和低熔程度的熔体 ,它们呈脉状、透镜状 ;新生代地幔中的该物质为含熔体的软流圈物质 ,它们呈多个蘑菇云状 ;中生代地幔中的低速物质可能为大量的玄武质熔体 ,呈蘑菇云平流层状。中生代壳幔相互作用明显 ,克拉通稳定时期及新生代时期层圈之间相互作用的活跃带位于岩石圈与软流圈之间。     

胶辽半岛金伯利岩中地幔捕虏体岩石学特征：古生代岩石圈地幔及其不均一性

华北东部古生代岩石圈地幔经历过复杂的多旋回多阶段熔融岩浆、重结晶、变质和剪切变形历史,因而岩石组成、结构复杂.地幔橄榄岩的主元素、地幔矿物特别是金刚石中的包裹体的Mg#值及Cr#值等显示古生代岩石圈地幔高度难熔亏损玄武质的成分特征,而地幔橄榄岩的不相容元素、同位素显示高度富集的特点.这种高难熔和强富集两重性是克拉通岩石圈地幔的特征.Pb同位素反映华北东部古生代岩石圈地幔具冈瓦纳大陆地幔的特点.复县和蒙阴古生代岩石圈地幔尽管都表现为太古代克拉通地幔的特征,但存在着不均一性,前者受克拉通化后的深部作用影响强于后者.与新生代地幔Sr、Nd同位素对比表明富集的古生代岩石圈地幔向亏损新生代的地幔转变和减薄伴有新生地幔物质对古老岩石圈的置换和混合作用.     

青藏高原新生代火山活动的深部力学背景

为了研究火山形成基本要素——岩浆运移通道的形成, 基于重力异常反演的青藏高原下地壳底部的地幔对流应力场, 结合地壳破裂形成机理和对流应力场与青藏高原新生代火山分布的关系, 以及青藏高原下地幔对流演化的数值模拟结果, 分析了高原火山岩浆运移通道产生的深部力学机制.研究表明, 高原下地幔对流应力场存在两个大的拉张区, 高原中部和北部的火山岩均分布于拉张应力区.南部的林子宗火山区对应了印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞前或碰撞早期高原下的地幔上升流.对流应力的量级为~100Ma, 这与导致地壳破裂的应力量级相当.所有这些证据表明, 青藏高原下地幔对流应力场可能是导致高原地壳破裂, 并发展为岩浆物质通道的主要力学机制之一.      

青藏高原拉萨地块新生代超钾质岩与南北向地堑成因关系

青藏高原拉萨地块广泛分布有新生代超钾质岩,岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征表明这些超钾质岩来源于与古俯冲环境有着密切联系的含金云母的富集地幔源区,它们主要喷发于25~10 Ma。同时在拉萨地块分布有多条南北向地堑(裂谷),且它们的切割深度可能到达下地壳的深部甚至岩石圈地幔,它们主要形成于23~8 Ma。拉萨地块大多数超钾质岩沿着新生代的南北向地堑(裂谷)分布,并且它们在形成时代和空间分布上存在着明显的耦合性,结合沿着印度-雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布的中新世埃达克质岩,笔者认为这些超钾质岩很可能与中新世早期北向俯冲的印度岩石圈沿着印度-雅鲁藏布江缝合带附近发生断离,以及由此而引起拉萨地块东西向伸展构造活动产生的南北向地堑(裂谷)系统有关。     

藏北新生代玄武质火山岩起源的深部机制——大陆俯冲和板片断离驱动的地幔对流上涌模式

近年来地震层析成像揭示出可可西里-西昆仑中新世-第四纪钾质火山岩带下方存在一个深达900km的巨型地幔低速体,空间上与新特提斯洋和印度大陆俯冲断离板片沉降形成的冷地幔下降流共存(Replumaz et al.,2010a,b),两者构成统一的地幔对流体系。研究表明,羌塘古近纪(60~34Ma)钠质玄武岩和高钾钙碱性玄武岩均以富含Ti O2、P2O5和大离子亲石元素为特征,主体具有与OIB相近的微量元素组成和弱亏损的Sr、Nd同位素特征,指示岩浆起源于软流圈的上涌熔融,但Nb、Ta的弱亏损表明岩浆源区有岩石圈地幔熔融组分的贡献。羌塘(32~26Ma)碱性钾质玄武岩与可可西里和西昆仑中新世以来喷发的钾质玄武岩的地球化学性质相近,不相容元素比值和Sr、Nd同位素组成指示岩浆起源于古俯冲地幔楔的低程度熔融。这些特征表明藏北软流圈上涌作用始于古近纪,初始上涌中心位于羌塘地体之下。计算表明藏北古近纪火山岩距离当时的印度大陆北缘的最大和最小距离约为1250km和700km,与现今可可西里地幔低速体的南、北边界与印度大陆北缘的距离相近,支持羌塘古近纪地幔上涌作用也是受藏南冷地幔下降流所驱动。青藏高原在南北缩短过程中不仅表现为软流圈自西向东挤出流动,地幔垂向对流也是其重要的运动形式,在地幔上升流形成的藏北热幔区内,地壳的水平缩短增厚与岩石圈地幔的伸展减薄呈脉动式共存。藏南冷地幔下降流和藏北热地幔上升流的持续北移是导致藏北后碰撞火山岩时空迁移的主要控制因素。     

Geophysical observations during the flight of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid

The paper describes the effects of the passage of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid (which exploded on 15 February 2013 over the Chelyabinsk Region), which were established from geophysical data from West Siberian stations. The trajectory and speed of the meteoric body from the start of the glow to the breakup were recorded by surveillance cameras and dashcams. Records from broadband seismic stations were used to determine the exact time of the explosion (03:20:34 UTC) from the arrival times of the surface wave produced by this event. The explosion energy was estimated from the surface-wave amplitudes at ~ 100 kilotons on the assumption that the wave originated from a point source similar to a high-altitude thermonuclear explosion. A database of records from seismic stations obtained during the meteoroid passage has been compiled.     

Remote detection of aftershock activity as a new method of seismic monitoring

A weak seismic event with body wave magnitude 2.1 was detected near the epicenter of an underground explosion conducted by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) on September 9, 2016. The event occurred approximately two days after the test. Using the method of waveform cross-correlation, two array stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS), USRK and KSRS, recorded the arrival of P _n waves. At the same time, this event was not recorded during the standard automatic processing at the International Data Center. The location and other characteristics of this weak event indicate that it is likely to have been an aftershock of the preceding explosion. Based on the successful automatic detection and construction of the event, we conducted an extended investigation, which consisted in searching for secondary seismic phases at the nearest stations that do not belong to the International Monitoring System. The final solution, which is based on waveform cross-correlation, includes stations MDJ (China) and SEHB (Republic of Korea), the aftershock epicenter is located at ~2 km northwest of the epicenter of the DPRK test.     

Accurate hypocentre locations in the Middle-Durance Fault Zone, South-Eastern France

A one-dimensional velocity model and station corrections for the Middle-Durance fault zone (south-eastern France) were computed by inverting P-wave arrival times recorded on a local seismic network of 8 stations. A total of 93 local events with a minimum of 6 P-phases, RMS 0.4 s and a maximum gap of 220° were selected. Comparison with previous earthquake locations shows an improvement for the relocated earthquakes. Tests were carried out to verify the robustness of inversion results in order to corroborate the conclusions drawn from our findings. The obtained minimum 1-D velocity model can be used to improve routine earthquake locations and represents a further step toward more detailed seismotectonic studies in this area of south-eastern France.     

中国P波走时表的编制

我国是一个多地震的国家,每当大地震一发生,地震工作者立即根据各台站的地震仪器记录,利用走时表,迅速定出表中位置,以便及时准确地奔赴灾区,进行抗震救灾。因此,走时表准确与否,是极为重要的。长期以来我国一直使用捷夫瑞斯-布伦(Jeffreys-Bullen)在1940年发表的走时表(简称J-B表),虽然在使用过程中对这个表作了一些改进,但在我国实际应用中仍然存在不少误差,因为它是利用日本、欧洲、北美、南美及太平洋中的一些地震资料计算出的世界平均表,远不能满足我国日益发展的地震工作需要。     

吉林前郭5.8级震区上地壳速度结构

为了更好地研究吉林前郭地区的地震活动性,本文利用2013年10月至2015年2月吉林前郭5.8级震群周围17个地震台站记录到的405个地震事件资料,共获得2 218条P波走时数据和2 166条S波走时数据,采用地震双差层析成像技术,获取吉林前郭震区上地壳三维P波、S波速度精细结构。结果显示,震区上地壳速度分层明显,P波速度变化范围为5.8~7.2km/s,S波速度变化范围为3.4~4.0km/s,波速比(vP/vS)变化较小。震区有低速带穿过,低速带走向为北东向,倾角较大(近直立),纵向延伸至15km深度;震群主要位于低P波和S波速度区,对应较低的波速比。吉林前郭震区构造强度较低,受西太平洋板块俯冲产生应力场的影响,易于发生地震。     

The seismic anisotropy beneath Southern Sakhalin: Evidence from the S-wave parameters of deep-focus earthquakes

The measurements of the parameters of split shear (S) waves from local deep-focus earthquakes recorded in 2005–2007 by a network of 12 seismic stations in Southern Sakhalin are presented. The results revealed the heterogeneous distribution of the anisotropic properties beneath Southern Sakhalin. The azimuths of the fast S-wave polarization beneath the stations in the central part of the peninsula are oriented along the NNW and NNE-NE directions normal to and along the Kuril Trench. Beneath the stations located along the western and eastern coasts, the azimuths of the fast S-wave polarization change their direction from NNW in the northern area to E-SE in the southern area. The highest anisotropy degree (up to 0.9–1.5%) is recorded beneath the central part of Southern Sakhalin. The maximum values of the discrepancy in the arrival time of the split S-waves are observed when the azimuth of the fast S-wave is oriented along the NNE beneath the active fault zones. The analysis of the variations of the S-wave lag time shows their weak depth dependence. The highest anisotropy is assumed in the upper layers of the medium (down to a depth of about 250 km). The results obtained for the dominating wave frequency of 1–5 Hz represent mainly the medium-scale anisotropy of the top of the studied region.     

Seismic structure and origin of active intraplate volcanoes in Northeast Asia

Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath the Changbai and other intraplate volcanic areas in Northeast Asia is determined by inverting 1378 high-quality P-wave arrival times from 186 teleseismic events recorded by 61 broadband seismic stations. Low-velocity (low-V) anomalies are revealed beneath the Changbai, Longgan, Xianjindao volcanoes. High-velocity (high-V) anomalies are found in the mantle transition zone, where deep-focus earthquakes under Hunchun occur at depths of 500–600 km. The high-V anomaly reflects the deep subduction of the Pacific slab under NE Asia which may have contributed to the formation of the Changbai, Longgang, Xianjindao and Jingpohu intraplate volcanoes. A low-V anomaly is also revealed in the mantle transition zone, which may have a close relationship with the occurrence of deep earthquakes under the Hunchun area. Our results support the Big Mantle Wedge (BMW) model by Zhao et al. [Zhao, D., Lei, J., Tang, Y., 2004. Origin of the Changbai volcano in northeast China: evidence from seismic tomography, Chin. Sci. Bull. 49, 1401–1408; Zhao, D., Maruyama, S., Omori, S., 2007. Mantle dynamics of western Pacific and East Asia: insight from seismic tomography and mineral physics. Gondwana Res. 11, 120–131.] who proposed that the intraplate volcanoes in NE Asia are caused by the back-arc magmatism associated with the deep dehydration process of the subducting slab and convective circulation process in the BMW above the stagnant Pacific slab.     

汶川地震紫坪铺面板堆石坝地震波输入研究

对国家强震动台网中心紫坪铺面板堆石坝区域台站实测主震记录以及大坝台网实测余震记录进行分析,研究主震与强余震地震动的基本特征。分别选取茂县地办、郫县走石山、成都中和这3组基岩台站实测主震地震动,紫坪铺台站2008年11月6日实测余震地震动以及按水工抗震规范人工生成地震动作为数值计算的地震动输入,对紫坪铺大坝进行三维动力有限元分析,并与实测结果进行对比。研究表明,郫县走石山与成都中和2个远场台站位于断层下盘,其实测地震动的加速度反应谱长周期（0.65 s以后）分量过于丰富,不宜作为断裂带附近紫坪铺大坝的地震动输入;紫坪铺大坝台站实测的余震地震动1 Hz附近（大坝基频）的频率成分相对较少,且持续时间较短,以至于难以激发大坝响应;对比坝顶实测地震动加速度反应谱和数值计算反应谱,建议汶川地震中紫坪铺大坝动力计算时可采用茂县地办台站实测地震动或按抗震设计规范反应谱人工生成地震动。     

川滇地区三维P波速度结构反演与构造分析

根据205个区域台站记录的近60000条地震初至P波走时资料, 采用层析成像理论与伪弯曲射线追踪方法, 反演了川滇地区地壳上地幔的三维P波速度结构.结合区域地质构造以及地球物理背景, 分析和解释了三维速度结构图像反映的川滇地区不同深度的介质结构与构造特征.结果表明: (1) 沉积盆地、高山山地等主要表现出速度负异常的特征, 有的高山山体负异常可深达下地壳与上地幔, 反映了新造山带的强烈构造隆升与相伴的重力均衡作用; (2) 川滇块体周缘大型活动断裂带附近的中下地壳内普遍存在低速层, 它们的存在为调节断裂和块体运动提供了深部解耦条件; (3) 根据对P波速度结构图像的分析, 识别和推断出川滇地区若干主要活动断裂的深部构造特征及它们倾向与下延深度.      

Improved characterization of local seismicity using the Dubai Seismic Network,United Arab Emirates

In April 2006, Dubai Municipality established a broadband seismological network in Dubai Emirate, United Arab Emirates (UAE). This network was the first seismic network in UAE and consists of four remote seismic stations to observe local and regional seismic activity that may have an effect on Dubai Emirate and the surrounding areas. The network exchanges real-time data with the National Center of Meteorology and Seismology in Abu Dhabi, the Earthquake Monitoring Center in Oman and imports in real-time data from few Global Seismic Network stations, which increases the aperture of the network. In April 2012, Dubai Municipality installed an additional five free-field strong motion stations inside the urban area to estimate and publish real-time ShakeMaps for public and decision makers. Although the local seismic activity from April 2006 to June 2013 reflects low seismic activity with the Emirate, it indicates active tectonics in the relatively aseismic northern Oman Mountains region. A few inland clusters of micro-to-small earthquakes have been identified with the new network. A clear cluster of small-to-moderate earthquakes took place in the eastern part of UAE to the east of Masafi, while two clusters of micro-to-small earthquakes took place at Wadi Nazwa and northern Huwaylat. Focal mechanisms of few well recorded earthquakes in this region indicate normal faulting, generally trending NE in parallel to the transition shear zone between the collision at Zagros and the subduction at the Makran zone.