抗滑桩加固边坡三维数值分析中的几个问题

就当前抗滑桩加固边坡三维数值分析中存在的几个问题,开展了有针对性的研究。利用考虑桩-土-边坡相互作用的强度折减有限元程序,结合典型边坡算例,深入探讨了抗滑桩-边坡体系的计算模型尺度、设桩位置、桩间距（S）与桩径（D）之比（S/D）、桩长与桩底接触模式等因素对边坡稳定安全系数及临界滑动面的影响,以及不同桩头约束下抗滑桩内力分布等。研究表明,单桩取半、单桩、双桩取半、双桩、单桩加双桩取半5种尺度计算模型所得边坡的安全系数并无差异,模型尺度为0.5S时的计算工作量最小;抗滑桩加固于边坡中部可获得最大的安全系数,坡顶或坡脚处安全系数略高于无桩状态,总体上其安全系数与设桩位置的变化曲线近似为一抛物曲线;边坡安全系数随S/D的增加而减小,其最优的比值宜为S/D =2～6,此时桩间存在土拱效应;均质土坡中抗滑桩锚固深度宜为2/5桩长;其结果可为抗滑桩工程设计及规范修订提供参考。     

基于M-P法的抗滑桩支护边坡稳定性分析

为评价采用抗滑桩支护后的边坡稳定性,从设计和验算两个角度着手,基于Morgenstern-Price（M-P）法建立了抗滑桩支护边坡的分析模型,进而得到了抗滑桩下滑力和边坡安全系数的表达式;通过引入自适应遗传优化算法,建立边坡稳定性分析优化模型,搜索采用抗滑桩支护边坡的非圆弧最危险滑动面;从确定安全系数求抗滑桩所受下滑力和确定抗滑桩抗力求边坡最小安全系数两种情况出发,探讨了抗滑桩位置对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明：该方法可搜索出更加符合实际情况的边坡非圆弧最危险滑动面,并且能够得到抗滑桩的下滑力或边坡的最小安全系数,相同条件下抗滑桩应设置在边坡中部较为适合,才能最大发挥抗滑桩的加固作用。     

滑坡治理中抗滑桩桩位分析

采用有限元强度折减法对单排桩、桩间距为4 m的抗滑桩在不同设桩位置加固滑坡进行数值模拟,研究发现不同的桩位影响滑坡的稳定安全系数、滑动面的位置和形状。桩位不同决定了是桩后土体还是桩前土体滑落。桩位选择的一个重要原则是加固后滑坡体的稳定安全系数必须大于设计要求的安全系数,否则就会出现桩端越顶破坏或桩前土体滑落。斜坡在同一稳定安全系数下,桩位不同时抗滑桩所受的滑坡推力、桩的内力（剪力、弯矩）和桩的挠度不同。抗滑桩位于斜坡中部时,桩身长度较长,推力和内力大,是不合理的桩位;但桩身挠度大,提供的桩前抗力也大。按常规方法与按有限元法计算桩前无土体的悬臂桩桩上推力是相近的。把桩视作埋入滑坡体中的梁单元,按有限元法算出的推力比较小,因为它已经充分考虑了桩前土体的抗力。     

Vertical loads effect on the lateral pile group resistance in sand

Vertical loads effect on the lateral response of a 3×5 pile group embedded in sand is studied through a two-dimensional finite element analysis. The soil-pile interaction in three-dimensional type is idealized in the two-dimensional analysis using soil-pile interaction springs with a hysteretic nonlinear load displacement relationship. Vertical loads inducing a vertical pile head displacement of 0.1-pile diameter increase the lateral resistance of the single pile at a 60 mm lateral deflection by 8%. Vertical loads inducing the same vertical displacement applied to a pile group spaced at 3.92-pile diameter increase the overall lateral resistance by 9%. The effect on individual piles, however, depends on the pile position. The vertical load decreases the lateral resistance of the leading pile (pile 1) by 10% and increases the lateral resistances of piles 2, 3, 4, and 5 by 9%, 14%, 17%, and 35%, respectively. Vertical loads applied to the pile group increase the confining pressures in the sand deposit confined by the piles but the rate of increase in those outside the group is relatively small, resulting in the difference in a balance of lateral soil pressures acting at the back of and in front of the individual pile.     

水平荷载下导管架平台桩基础的非线性有限元分析

导管架平台桩基础的控制荷载主要为风荷载、波浪荷载、地震荷载等水平荷载,为研究水平荷载下导管架平台桩基础的承载特性,采用非线性有限元分析方法对水平荷载下桩-土之间的相互作用进行研究,提出了有效模拟桩基水平承载特性的有限元模型,分析了模型桩的刚度、直径、土质参数中水平土压力系数、剪胀角对桩基承载特性的影响及水平荷载下群桩承载特性,并将有限元计算结果与API规范及模型试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明,非线性有限元分析方法分析水平荷载下桩-土相互作用是可行的,计算结果可为导管架平台的桩基设计提供参考。     

抗滑桩处理路堤滑坡的数值模拟

采用数值模拟技术分析了抗滑桩处理路堤滑坡的作用机理。分析方法采用强度折减法,桩土相互作用采用0厚度的弹塑性接触面单元模拟。给出了桩间距、桩的位置对抗滑桩处理效果的影响以及各种情况下桩的性状,结果表明：最大安全系数时的桩的布置位置与滑动形式有关,对于路堤滑坡而言,布置于坡脚处可以满足安全要求;适当减小桩间距可以提高路堤的稳定性,有利于土拱效应的发挥。     

A Winkler model approach for vertically and laterally loaded piles in nonhomogeneous soil

An investigation is made to present analytical solutions provided by a Winkler model approach for the analysis of single piles and pile groups subjected to vertical and lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils. The load transfer parameter of a single pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from the displacement influence factor obtained from Mindlin's solution for an elastic continuum analysis, without using the conventional form of the load transfer parameter adopting the maximum radius of the influence of the pile proposed by Randolph and Wroth. The modulus of the subgrade reaction along the pile in nonhomogeneous soils is expressed by using the displacement influence factor related to Mindlin's equation for an elastic continuum analysis to combine the elastic continuum approach with the subgrade reaction approach. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a single pile in nonhomogeneous soils is obtained by using the recurrence equation for each layer. Using the modulus of the subgrade reaction represented by the displacement influence factor related to Mindlin's solution for the lateral load, the relationship between horizontal displacement, rotation, moment, and shear force for a single pile subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils is available in the form of the recurrence equation. The comparison of the results calculated by the present method for single piles and pile groups in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the more rigorous finite element and boundary element methods. It is found that the present procedure gives a good prediction on the behavior of piles in nonhomogeneous soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑桩间土体抗滑作用的单排抗滑桩受力计算方法

为了充分考虑桩间距范围内滑体对抗滑桩受力的影响,从单排抗滑桩加固边坡的整体稳定角度出发,在采用传递系数法分析指定设计安全系数情况下抗滑桩的内力时,提出对一个桩间距范围内的加固坡体进行整体分析,将抗滑桩所在部位单独划分条块,该条块包括桩体受荷段及其两侧桩间距范围内的滑体。推导了与此分析模型相应的桩体受荷段底端内力计算公式,并给出了在滑坡推力线性分布条件下作用于受荷段的净滑坡推力计算表达式。分析结果显示,在不考虑与完全考虑受荷段两侧桩间距范围内滑体抗力作用时,得到是桩体内力及位移的上、下边界值。实例分析进一步表明,理论分析与数值模拟结果具有良好的一致性。所提出的方法比传统方法更有利于抗滑桩设计的经济性。     

Limit equilibrium analysis of seismic stability of slopes reinforced with a row of piles

An approach based on the category of limiting equilibrium analysis is proposed to consider the reinforcing effect of one row of vertical piles on slope under seismic conditions. The approach is based on an uncoupled formulation in which the pile response and slope stability are considered separately. Closed‐form equations are derived, allowing the yield acceleration coefficient to be determined for giving pile characteristics. Results were compared with those obtained using another limit equilibrium method. The effects of pile location on the effectiveness of increasing seismic stability of the slope–pile system were elucidated. It was found out that the piles should be installed in the middle–upper part of the slope to achieve greatest safety, but the pile length and other possible failure modes should be checked carefully in design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

阻滑桩加固土坡稳定性分析的上限解法

从极限分析机动学方法出发,利用土的抗剪强度折减系数概念,建立了土坡的极限平衡状态方程,由此确定土坡的临界稳定安全系数及其相应的潜在破坏模式.对于典型问题,通过与现有极限平衡解和有限元数值解的对比分析,验证了这种上限解法的合理性.进而对于在给定的荷载条件下不能满足抗滑稳定性要求的土坡,考虑采用阻滑桩加固方式,根据桩侧有效土压力的合理分布模式确定桩体与滑动面相交的截面上等效抗滑力和抗滑力矩,利用极限分析上限定理建立了阻滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,将桩侧土压力作为目标函数,运用数学规划方法确定了极限平衡状态时的临界桩侧土压力,以此为土坡加固中阻滑桩设计提供依据.通过数值计算与分析探讨了阻滑桩加固位置的优化布置等问题.     

基于有限元强度折减法的复式抗滑桩内力计算及桩土作用机理分析

在边坡、滑坡防治工程中已得到广泛应用的П形、h形等复合式抗滑桩,由于其多属于复杂的超静定结构,受力形式或荷载分配方式仍存在较大争议,桩土相互作用关系复杂,传统方法在求解其内力时往往面临较大困难。有限单元法和强度折减法的结合为解决这类问题提供了一条可行的途径,该方法求解这一类问题时不需要假定抗滑桩系统的结构类型以及岩土体作用在抗滑桩上的荷载分布形式,因此获得的计算结果往往更符合实际情况。本文以某隧道进口岸坡的П形抗滑桩为例,在详细分析岸坡稳定性状况以及可能失稳模式的基础上,采用有限元强度折减法对桩身内力、桩土作用关系以及治理效果进行计算和分析,结果表明利用有限元强度折减法求解这类具有复杂超静定结构抗滑桩系统的内力是一条有效的途径,计算结果对该治理工程的设计具有一定的应用参考意义。     

A modulus‐multiplier approach for non‐linear analysis of laterally loaded pile groups

A modulus‐multiplier approach, which applies a reduction factor to the modulus of single pile p–y curves to account for the group effect, is presented for analysing the response of each individual pile in a laterally loaded pile group with any geometric arrangement based on non‐linear pile–soil–pile interaction. The pile–soil–pile interaction is conducted using a 3D non‐linear finite element approach. The interaction effect between piles under various loading directions is investigated in this paper. Group effects can be neglected at a pile spacing of 9 times the pile diameter for piles along the direction of the lateral load and at a pile spacing of 6 times the pile diameter for piles normal to the direction of loading. The modulus multipliers for a pair of piles are developed as a function of pile spacing for departure angle of 0, 90, and 180sup>/sup> with respect to the loading direction. The procedure proposed for computing the response of any individual pile within a pile group is verified using two well‐documented full‐scale pile load tests. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Selection of p–y curves for the design of single laterally loaded piles

Two-dimensional finite element analysis has been used to find load–transfer relationships for translation of an infinitely long pile through undrained soil for a variety of soil-constitutive models. It has been shown that these load–transfer curves can be used as p–y curves in the analysis of single piles undergoing lateral pile head loading in undrained soils with non-linear stress–strain laws. Lateral pile response deduced from 2-D analysis input to the subgrade reaction method has been compared to the behaviour of a single pile analysed using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Good agreement between the two methods for non-linear soils suggests that the 2-D analysis may form a useful design method for calculation of p–y curves. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某码头软黏土岸坡破坏机制分析及重建

在某吹填软黏土岸坡上修建码头时发生了较大规模的滑坡,待滑体稳定后采取了一系列的工程措施,实现了码头的重建。详细阐述了岸坡发生滑动的全过程,通过现场勘察和有限元模拟分析了岸坡发生滑动破坏的原因。分别考虑了打桩与交通荷载作用,导致地基土中产生超静孔压,从而对岸坡的稳定性造成影响。分析结果表明,岸坡发生失稳破坏是多种不利工况叠加的结果,其主要原因是在低潮位时的超挖引起的,打桩及交通荷载作用也是造成滑坡的不利因素。在破坏的岸坡上重建码头,采用了振动砂桩加固地基,同时在地表铺碎石垫层作为预压荷载,加速地基土的固结。有限元分析和码头的成功重建表明,使用砂桩加固地基可以同时达到提高地基承载力和加速土体排水固结的目的,对于码头的重建是有效的技术措施。     

Kinematic analysis of pile behavior for improvement of slope stability in fractured and saturated Hoek–Brown rock masses

Because of a multitude of steep slopes being constructed adjacent to roadways, there is greater concern of landslide occurrence, particularly in instances where poor geomaterials are present. Installation of piles along the slope is one commonly adopted method. This paper presents the assessment of the stability of a rock slope with stabilizing piles based on kinematic analysis. The pile effect is introduced with a resultant lateral force and a moment. Upper bound solutions of the pile's lateral force are derived with a log‐spiral rotational failure mechanism. The slope performance based on the bearing capacity of surcharge loading is also discussed with consideration of pore water pressure. In order to substantiate the derived theoretical solutions, numerical analysis with optimization technique is carried out. Results demonstrate that rock materials with high quality are conducive to ensure slope stability. Reduced lateral force on the pile is produced with lower rock weight, slope height, and surcharge loading. Finally, the safety factor and stability coefficient are discussed to complete the evaluation of the slope stability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

被动桩中土拱效应问题的数值分析

被动桩对侧向位移的土层起到遮拦作用的机理主要是土拱效应。采用有限元软件Plaxis 8.1,详细地研究了被动桩中土拱效应的产生机理,分析了导致侧向位移的荷载大小、土体性质、群桩以及桩土接触面性质等影响因素对土拱效应性态和桩土应力分担比的影响,分析表明,桩间距是影响土拱效应的最主要因素。     

抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性影响因素的参数分析

抗滑桩加固是滑坡治理的常用方法。本文采用强度折减有限元法分析了影响抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性的若干因素,计算了边坡抗滑桩在坡顶分级堆载过程中的桩身弯矩、剪力、位移和边坡安全系数,揭示了桩位、桩长等因素对抗滑桩加固边坡稳定状态的影响规律,获得了最优桩位及临界桩长等抗滑桩优化设计要素,为排桩的优化设计提供参考依据。并对抗滑桩在坡顶分级堆载下的桩身受力、变形特性及规律进行了分析。发现桩头水平位移在坡顶分级堆载下以指数函数形式发展,并建立了变形预测数学模型,为桩身变形控制提供了参考依据。     

非均质地基中群桩竖向荷载沉降关系分析

运用剪切位移法计算了桩轴向荷载传递因子。对于桩端采用线性的荷载传递函数,推导了基于弹塑性模型的单桩竖向荷载沉降的解析解。分析过程中考虑了土体强度沿深度线性变化的特性和桩土间的滑移现象,因此更符合大部分土体的实际性状。在此基础上,建立了考虑桩土滑移的桩-桩相互作用系数的计算公式,并将上述方法应用于群桩的分析,获得了群桩的荷载沉降特性。该分析方法克服了目前应用较多的弹性理论方法夸大桩土相互作用的缺点,单桩和群桩的荷载沉降曲线的分析结果和实测数据吻合,证明了该方法的合理性。     

Safety factor calculation of soil slope reinforced with piles based on Hill’s model theory

How to evaluate reasonably the stability of a soil slope reinforced with piles (SSRP) still is an urgent problem. At present, the three-dimensional (3D) finite element strength reduction method has been used for the soil slope stability analysis. However, to accurately determine the global instability of soil slopes is the key to implementing the strength reduction finite element method. In this paper, the 3D finite element strength reduction algorithm (FESRA), based on Hill’s model theory, is proposed to assess the stability of SSRP and study on the relationship between the safety coefficients of SSRP and the displacements of slope mass. The results show that: (1) the relationship between the safety coefficients of SSRP and the displacements of slope mass agrees with the Hill’s model; (2) the proposed method (3D FESRA based on Hill’s model theory) in this study may take into account simultaneously the pile response and slope stability, and makes the results of SSRP stability analysis reasonable and reliable, which could be used as a reference for the evaluation of stability of the same type of slope; and (3) further study should be done to confirm whether the proposed method in this study is suitable for other types of slopes.     

Nonlinear three-dimensional analysis of pile group supported columns considering pile cap flexibility

A numerical method that takes into account the coupling between the rigidities of the piles, the cap, and the column has been developed for analyzing the response of pile group supported columns. Special attention is given to consideration of pile cap flexibility. A load transfer approach using t–z/q–z and p–y curves is used for the analysis of single piles. The finite element technique is used to combine the pile stiffness with the stiffness of the cap and column. The numerical method developed has been verified by comparing the results with other numerical methods for pile groups. Through comparative studies, it has been found that the maximum load on the individual piles in a group is highly influenced by pile cap flexibility. The prediction of the lateral loads and bending moments in the pile cap is much more conservative in the present analysis than in FBPier 3.0 and shows a definitely larger lateral load and bending moment for various cap thicknesses.