辽东裂谷Au、Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co金属矿床地质特征和成矿条件

Au、Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co是辽东裂谷最主要的金属矿床,产于辽河群的不同层位.矿床成因至少可分沉积—变质热液成因、岩浆热液成因和接触交代成因三类.成矿受含矿层、构造、岩浆活动和变质作用控制.矿源层是成矿前提,构造—岩浆活动是成矿必要条件.构造—岩浆活动叠加改造的矿源层是最佳的成矿和找矿地区.     

辽东裂谷Au、Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co金属矿床地质特征和成矿条件

Au、Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co是辽东裂谷最主要的金属矿床 ,产于辽河群的不同层位。矿床成因至少可分沉积—变质热液成因、岩浆热液成因和接触交代成因三类。成矿受含矿层、构造、岩浆活动和变质作用控制。矿源层是成矿前提 ,构造—岩浆活动是成矿必要条件。构造—岩浆活动叠加改造的矿源层是最佳的成矿和找矿地区。     

辽东裂谷Au、Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co金属矿床地质特征和成矿条件

Au、Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co是辽东裂谷最主要的金属矿床，产于辽河群的不同层位。矿床成因至少可分沉积－变质热液成因、岩浆热液成因和接触交代成因三类。成矿受含矿层、构造、岩浆活动和变质作用控制。矿 源层是成矿前提，构造－岩浆活动是成矿必要条件。构造－岩浆活动叠加改造的矿源层是最佳的成矿和找矿地区。     

云南马关县南当厂锌锡多金属矿成因及找矿方向

马关县南当床锌锡多金属矿具有多派、多阶段、多成矿特点,属沉积—变质—岩浆期后热液改造矿床;矿床成因分为三个阶段即:沉积矿源层阶段、区域变质热液迁移聚集阶段和岩浆期后热液叠加富集成矿阶段。围绕花岗岩接触带及剥离断层带,是寻找锌、锡多金属矿(体)的有利于地段。     

广西大瑶山地区铜金多金属矿床成因探讨

从沉积建造、岩浆岩、构造-岩浆活动、成矿流体性质、矿石微量元素和硫同位素特征等方面分析了大瑶山地区与浅成-超浅成岩浆岩有关的铜金多金属矿成矿地质条件,认为矿床属沉积富集-断裂构造-热液（气）叠加改造型成因,可概括为矿源层形成、岩浆期热液叠加成矿、岩浆期后断裂构造热液改造成矿3个阶段.     

关于层控矿床

层控矿床是一种产于一定地层层位中的非岩浆热液矿床。矿源层的存在是层控矿床形成的内因,后期的构造活动、地热增温是层控矿床形成的外因。构造活动、地热增温使矿源层中的地下水更加活跃起来,并萃取其中之矿质而富集成矿。文中还讨论了层控矿床与沉积矿床和其它成因的热液矿床的主要区别。     

桂东南金银矿床成矿规律与成矿模式

根据桂东南金银矿床成矿地质条件，典型金银矿床的硫、氢、氧、铅同位素、稀土元素、矿物包裹体流作组份和成矿物理化学条件，提出了桂东南金银矿床的混合岩化─岩浆热液型和变质─岩浆热液型的成因类型，并建立了桂东南金银矿床的成矿模式。即地槽发展时期形成矿源层，变质─混合岩化作用促进金银组份活化迁移与初始富集，剥离作用使金银组份再次迁移富集；燕山期构造─岩浆作用成矿。     

中条山西南段金矿成矿规律浅析

中条山西南段已发现多处小型金矿床（点）,成因类型为高一中低温热液型及岩浆热液角砾岩型。矿体受断层、隐爆角砾岩等构造控制,矿源层具有多源性,燕山期岩浆活动为该区金矿的主要热液来源,形成构造-岩浆-热液成矿系统。根据成矿规律分析,认为该区具有良好的成矿地质背景,存在实现金矿重大突破的可能性,地质找矿应部署在燕山期构造-岩浆活动区。     

哀牢山金矿带原生金矿床的类型及控矿条件

哀牢山金矿带位于红河、哀牢山构造变质带的西亚带.矿带由一系列不同成因和不同类型的金矿床组成.矿床受地层(上志留统、中-下志留统金厂组矿源层)、岩性(浅变质基性火山-碎屑沉积岩)、多期活动的压扭性断裂带(哀牢山深大断裂及其次级构造)和矿源岩(超基性、基性、中-酸性岩浆岩)成矿条件控制.矿床是在矿源层、矿源岩基础上,经过燕山期构造-岩浆活动的改造而富集形成的.     

桂东南金银矿床成矿规律与成矿模式

根据桂东南金银矿床成矿地质条件，典型金银矿床的硫、氢、氧、铅同位素、稀土元素、矿物包裹体流体组份和成矿物理化学条件，提出了桂东南金银矿床的混合岩化－岩浆热液型和变质－岩浆热液型的成因类型，并建立了桂东南金银矿床的成矿模式。即地槽发展时期形成矿源层；变质－混合岩化作用促进金银组份活化迁移与初始富集；剥离作用使金银组份再次迁移富集；燕山期构造－岩浆作用成矿。     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

深部矿井水煤共采水文地质数值分析

针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。     

Distribution of Cu,Co, As,and Fe in mine waste,sediment, soil,and water in and around mineral deposits and mines of the Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).