河水-地下水侧向交互流运动机制

河水-地下水交互带对河流和地下水水质保护具有重要作用.为研究河水-地下水侧向交互带中交互流的运动机制,以重庆市马鞍溪为研究对象,选取旱季2015年12月至2016年4月为研究期,对河水、交互带及地下水的水位、水温、pH、Cl-进行监测,结合对交互带沉积物渗透系数、水体氢氧稳定同位素和溶解有机碳浓度的分析.结果表明,沉积物渗透系数对交互带水位变化及交互流运动有重要的影响,使得交互流在距河岸10cm附近易受降水下渗及蒸散发的影响.研究期间以地下水补给河水为主,地下水在补给过程中对交互流的影响逐渐减弱.交互流在距河岸30cm附近仍以受地下水影响为主,地下水运动至距河岸10~30cm后与降水、河水的混合作用增强,水分受沉积物质地影响在距河岸10cm附近富集,并通过交互流不断补给河流,从而对河水水质造成潜在影响.     

双向地震荷载下崩塌堆积体盲数稳定可靠性分析

为了能考虑地震双向性和岩土体参数多种不确定性,提出了地震荷载下崩塌堆积体稳定可靠性分析方法,进一步研究水平和竖向地震荷载对崩塌堆积体的可靠性影响.运用极限平衡法和拟静力法分析了双向地震下崩塌堆积体的安全稳定性,采用响应面法和JC法建立崩塌堆积体的地震极限状态方程,然后,运用盲数理论对岩土体参数进行盲数化处理,进一步推导...     

冻融期包头南海湖浮游植物群落及优势种生态特征

为了探究包头南海湖浮游植物群落特征和物种与生境之间的关系,于2018年11月和2019年1月、3月分别对南海湖浮游植物群落结构进行调查分析,得出南海湖冻融期浮游植物群落结构为绿藻硅藻蓝藻型使用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数测定了南海湖冻融期优势种的生态位量度结果显示:在不同生境条件下,物种生态位宽度存在季节性变化,同样,生态位重叠也随季节变化而变化随着湖面冰冻,多数浮游植物生态位宽度有所下降;结冰期生态位重叠程度最高,融冰期生态位重叠程度最低综合冻融过程优势藻种生态特征,绿藻门的四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)是冻融过程中最主要优势种,优势度、密度、生态位量度均优于其他优势藻种,能充分利用环境资源,更具竞争力优势种与环境因子的灰关联分析显示,p H是影响浮游植物优势种数量的主要相关因子.     

南京地区滑坡与崩塌特征分析及地震可能引起的崩塌危险区预测

对南京地区已发生的滑坡与崩塌区进行调查。用园弧法计算滑坡前的安全系数在考虑地震力作用下,用静力法对边坡稳定性作定量分析。以期对本区地震滑坡与崩塌危险区作出预测。     

双向地震作用下崩塌堆积体边坡动力模糊可靠性分析

考虑崩塌堆积体边坡岩土体参数随机性和模糊性,以及地震力双向性,建立一种边坡地震动力模糊可靠度计算方法,针对竖向地震力对崩塌堆积体边坡稳定可靠性的影响进行进一步研究。首先,选用动力有限元时程分析法计算出双向地震工况下崩塌堆积体边坡的响应特征,并运用模糊理论对强度参数进行模糊性处理;然后,根据Mohr-Coulumb强度准则构建边坡安全系数与可靠度的时程计算模型;最后,采用边坡地震可靠性评价新方法,通过MATLAB编写相应程序,实现计算和分析结果的快速输出。案例结果表明:新方法计算结果更加合理,对工程而言也更加安全;竖向地震作用均对崩塌堆积体边坡整体可靠性存在影响,但影响程度需根据工程实际情况进行分析。在算例工况下,竖向地震对崩塌堆积体边坡的可靠性影响很小,仅使得可靠度降低3.55%,因此,可仅考虑水平地震的影响。     

耦合营养负荷的查干湖全季节适宜生态水位阈值研究

适宜生态水位作为反应湖泊水文情势的重要指标,是维持湖泊生态系统稳定的关键要素。已有研究大多集中于水文过程对生态系统影响,缺乏耦合考虑湖泊营养负荷的全季节生态水位阈值研究。本研究在刻画恢复天然水位情势的基础上,综合考虑了人类活动导致湖泊营养负荷的季节性波动以及冰封期的最小生态水位,构建了适用于季节性冰封湖泊全季节的适宜生态水位阈值获取的综合框架,确定了年内不同时期适宜生态水位阈值。结果表明,查干湖入湖口非冰封期的总氮(TN)浓度与平均水位均呈上升趋势,总磷(TP)浓度呈下降趋势;6月湖内TN和TP滞留量最高,分别达到1044.36和23.61 t;确定了查干湖全季节不同时期的适宜生态水位,冰封期(11月—次年4月)为129m,汛期(6—9月)为130.15～130.86 m,非汛期(5和10月)为130.08～130.57 m。研究结果可为季节性冰封湖泊的适宜生态水位研究提供方法支撑,也可为湖泊的水环境管理提供理论支撑。     

门源M6.9地震诱发地质灾害特征研究

2022年1月8日发生的门源M6.9地震诱发了崩塌、滑坡、砂土液化、地裂缝等多种同震地质灾害。通过对门源M6.9地震地质灾害进行现场调查,得出了地质灾害的分布特征和各类型地质灾害的主要特点,分析了地震地质灾害不发育的原因,并对地震地质灾害的长期效应进行了分析预测。研究结果表明：门源地震诱发地质灾害主要分布在震中附近;崩塌、落石总体规模较小,滑坡多为岩质滑坡,且以冰碛物和表层岩土体的溜滑为主。受表层土体冻结和孔隙水压力消散的影响,饱和砂土液化沿较窄的地裂缝呈串珠状分布,喷出物多为粉细砂。地震形成了4条左旋左阶斜列的地表破裂带,并在极震区内形成了大量的地裂缝。断层破碎带对地震动的阻隔作用、覆盖层薄、地表土冻结可能是造成本次地震地质灾害总体不发育的主要原因;地震产生的大量地裂缝导致斜坡和堆积体的稳定性减弱,在耦合集中降雨、冻融作用等因素后可能诱发滑坡灾害,松散堆积于沟床处的崩滑物作为物源,可能会增加地震影响区泥石流灾害的风险。     

兰州重塑黄土抗拉强度冻融特性与衰减模型研究———基于轴向压裂法

针对季节性冻土区黄土路堑边坡在冻融作用下发生剥落的病害问题,黄土抗拉强度的影响不可忽略.以兰州和平镇某人工路堑边坡重塑黄土为研究对象,着重探讨黄土抗拉强度冻融衰减特性.首先采用轴向压裂法测定不同含水量、不同干密度及不同冻融次数下的黄土抗拉强度,然后在黄土抗拉强度冻融衰减规律的基础上提出单因素抗拉强度冻融衰减模型,而后对含水量、干密度以及抗拉强度进行多元非线性回归分析,进而提出黄土多元抗拉强度冻融衰减模型.研究结果表明:黄土抗拉强度随冻融循环次数增加呈指数衰减规律,一般冻融3~5次后抗拉强度达到稳定值,初始含水量对黄土抗拉强度冻融衰减率的影响较大.多元抗拉强度衰减模型可对以含水量、干密度及冻融循环次数为变量的兰州黄土抗拉强度进行预测.     

基于无人机倾斜摄影的强震区公路高位危岩崩塌形成机制及稳定性评价

强震区公路高位危岩崩塌具有极高隐蔽性和危害性,传统的接触式勘察方法难以有效调查震后位于公路两侧高陡斜坡体上的危岩崩塌体。提出一种基于无人机的倾斜摄影测量技术,该技术采用无人机超低空采集高位危岩体的高清影像数据,构建三维空间模型,从而提取危岩体特征参数,为危岩体稳定性分析提供数据支撑。利用无人机对某高速公路危岩崩塌地质灾害路段进行调查,对无人机倾斜摄影测量成果进行分析,明确调查区19处危岩崩塌体特征和崩塌成因机制,在此基础上评价典型崩塌体稳定性。并且使用RocFall软件模拟分析典型危岩体崩落运动轨迹,研究高位危岩崩塌对公路的危险性。研究成果对强震区山区公路高位危岩崩塌勘察、稳定性评价工作具有重要的参考价值。     

喀斯特地区梯级水库建造对水化学分布的影响

为深入了解河流梯级筑坝对喀斯特地区河流水化学分布的影响,于2017年1、4、7和10月别对乌江干流洪家渡水库(多年调节)、乌江渡水库(季调节)和索风营水库(日调节) 3个具有不同滞留时间的水库进行水样采集,分析入库水、坝前剖面水和下泄水的水化学特征,探讨河流梯级筑坝对水化学分布及风化速率估算的影响.研究结果表明:3个水库深层水比表层水HCO3-浓度分别高12.9%、5.5%和8.0%,Ca~(2+)浓度分别高15.9%、2.4%和8.5%.河流梯级筑坝一定程度上改变了水体水化学组成,从而影响碳酸盐岩风化速率估算.整体上,洪家渡水库、索风营水库和乌江渡水库的全年风化速率变化范围分别为:-1.7%～15.4%、-5.6%～1.1%和-0.3%～3.4%.河流筑坝作用对风化速率估算及主量离子浓度的影响:HCO_3~-与Ca~(2+)浓度分布均为:洪家水库乌江渡水库索风营水库,这与水体滞留时间长短规律一致,表明水体滞留时间影响着水化学的组成分布.同时水体离子浓度表现出明显的季节性差异,丰水期各水库变化率明显大于枯水期.上述结论表明喀斯特地区河流连续筑坝后水化学组成及分布特征发生了一定程度改变,影响流域化学风化速率的估算,且影响程度随水体滞留时间延长而增大,并受气温影响.因此,今后在估算流域风化速率及探究水化学空间变化时应对筑坝作用加以考虑,以便更加准确地评估喀斯特流域岩石风化在全球碳循环中的作用.     

Modelling of the retreat process of composite riverbank in the Jingjiang Reach using the improved BSTEM

Bank retreat in the Jingjiang Reach is closely related not only to the near‐bank intensity of fluvial erosion but also to the composition and mechanical properties of bank soils. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly simulate bank retreat to determine the characteristics of fluvial processes in the Jingjiang Reach. The current version of bank stability and toe erosion model (5.4) was improved to predict riverbank retreat, by inputting a dynamic water table, and calculating the approximation of the distribution of dynamic pore water pressure in the soil near the river bank face, and considering the depositional form of the failed blocks, which is assumedly based on a triangular distribution, with the slope approximately equalling the stable submerged bank slope and half of collapsed volume deposited in the bank‐toe region. The degrees of riverbank stability at Jing34 were calculated using the improved bank stability and toe erosion model. The results indicate the following trends: (a) the degrees of riverbank stability were high during the dry season and the rising stage, which led to minimal bank failure, and (b) the stability degrees were low during the flood season and the recession stage, with the events of bank collapse occurring frequently, which belonged to a stage of intensive bank erosion. Considering the effects of bank‐toe erosion, water table lag, and the depositional form of the collapsed bank soil, the bank‐retreat process was simulated at the right riverbank of Jing34. The model‐predicted results exhibit close agreement with the measured data, including the total bank‐retreat width and the collapsed bank profile. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the quantitative effects of toe erosion and water table lag on the degree of bank stability. The calculated results for toe erosion indicate that the amount of toe erosion was largest during the flood season, which was a primary reason for bank failure. The influence of water table lag on the degree of stability demonstrates that water table lag was an important cause of bank failure during the recession stage.     

Sub-arctic river bank dynamics and driving processes during the open-channel flow period

There is growing concern that rapidly changing climate in high latitudes may generate significant geomorphological changes that could mobilise floodplain sediments and carbon; however detailed investigations into the bank erosion process regimes of high latitude rivers remain lacking. Here we employ a combination of thermal and RGB colour time-lapse photos in concert with water level, flow characteristics, bank sediment moisture and temperature, and topographical data to analyse river bank dynamics during the open-channel flow period (the period from the rise of the spring snowmelt flood until the autumn low flow period) for a subarctic river in northern Finland (Pulmanki River). We show how variations of bank sediment temperature and moisture affect bank erosion rates and locations, how bank collapses relate to fluvial processes, and elucidate the seasonal variations and interlinkages between the different driving processes. We find that areas with high levels of groundwater content and loose sand layers were the most prone areas for bank erosion. Groundwater seeping caused continuous erosion throughout the study period, whereas erosion by flowing river water occurred during the peak of snowmelt flood. However, erosion also occurred during the falling phase of the spring flood, mainly due to mass failures. The rising phase of the spring flood therefore did not affect the river bank as much as its peak or receding phases. This is explained because the bank is resistant to erosion due to the prevalence of still frozen and drier sediments at the beginning of the spring flood. Overall, most bank erosion and deposition occurrences were observed during the low flow period after the spring flood. This highlights that spring melt, while often delivering the highest discharges, may not be the main driver of bank erosion in sub-arctic meandering rivers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bank‐collapse processes in a valley‐bottom gully,western Iowa

Widening and bank‐slope reduction of a valley‐bottom gully in western Iowa was correlated to increasing subsurface flow over a 36‐year period. To study bank collapse at this gully, we measured rainfall, air temperature, hydraulic head near the banks and bank movement nearly continuously over a 2‐year period. Styles of movement ranged from imperceptible creep to rapid slab collapses preceded by the formation of tension cracks parallel to the gully walls. Bank movement was commonly correlated to rainfall or snowmelt and associated head increases in the banks. If the banks are modelled as a two‐dimensional slab with an adjacent tension crack partly filled with water, measured heads were sufficient to cause bank failures through reduction of frictional support at the base of the slab. During winter months, air temperature variations across 0 °C were correlated with bank movement: during mildly subfreezing periods banks expanded, and most, but usually not all, of this movement was recovered during above‐freezing periods. This motion is attributed to frost heave followed by thawing. Deformation of the banks by heaving and thawing during winter may weaken them and prime them for failure during spring rains and snowmelt, when the frequency of mass‐wasting events is highest. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

Fluvial thermal erosion investigations along a rapidly eroding river bank: application to the Lena River (central Siberia)

In Central Yakutia, frozen river banks are affected by a combination of thermal and mechanical erosion. Exceptional bank retreat of up to 40 m per year is observed. This results from ground thawing produced by heat transfer from the ?ow of water through the frozen ground, followed by mechanical transport of the thawed sediments. A one‐dimensional model is proposed to estimate the thermal erosion ef?ciency. A test of this model is a comparison of results obtained from experiments carried out in a cold room. A hydraulic channel allows measurements of the thaw front propagation, as well as the thermal erosion rate, in simulated ground ice that is subjected to warm water ?ow. Various laboratory simulations demonstrate the validity of the mathematical model for the range of laboratory conditions. A hierarchy of parameters (Reynolds number, water and ground ice temperatures) is proposed to explain the present ef?ciency of thermal erosion along the Siberian rivers. From the characteristics of the Lena River (geometry, temperature and discharge) during the ?ood season, the erosion of banks with different ice content predicted by the model is in agreement with ?eld observations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stochastic erosion of composite banks in alluvial river bends

The erosion of composite river banks is a complex process involving a number of factors including fluvial erosion, seepage erosion, and cantilever mass failure. To predict the rate of bank erosion with these complexities, a stochastic bank erosion model is suitable to define the probability distribution of the controlling variables. In this study, a bank erosion model in a river bend is developed by coupling several bank erosion processes with an existing hydrodynamic and morphological model. The soil erodibility of cohesive bank layers was measured using a submerged jet test apparatus. Seasonal bank erosion rates for four consecutive years at a bend in the Brahmaputra River, India, were measured by repeated bankline surveys. The ability of the model to predict erosion was evaluated in the river bend that displayed active bank erosion. In this study, different monsoon conditions and the distribution functions of two variables were considered in estimating the stochastic bank erosion rate: the probability of the soil erodibility and stochastic stage hydrographs for the nth return period river stage. Additionally, the influences of the deflection angle of the streamflow, longitudinal slope of river channel, and bed material size on bank erosion rate were also investigated. The obtained stochastic erosion predictions were compared with the observed distribution of the annual‐average bank erosion rate of 45 river bends in the Brahmaputra River. The developed model appropriately predicted the short‐term morphological dynamics of sand‐bed river bends with composite banks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaporation from seasonally frozen bare and vegetated ground at various groundwater table depths in the Ordos Basin,Northwest China

In cold climates, the process of freezing–thawing significantly affects the ground surface heat balance and water balance. To better understand the mechanism of evaporation from seasonally frozen soils, we performed field experiments at different water table depths on vegetated and bare ground in a semiarid region in China. Soil moisture and temperature, air temperature, precipitation, and water table depths were measured over a 5‐month period (November 1, 2016, to March 14, 2017). The evaporation, which was calculated by a mass balance method, was high in the periods of thawing and low in the periods of freezing. Increased water table depth in the freezing period led to high soil moisture in the upper soil layer, whereas lower initial groundwater levels during freezing–thawing decreased the cumulative evaporation. The extent of evaporation from the bare ground was the same in summer as in winter. These results indicate that a noteworthy amount of evaporation from the bare ground is present during freezing–thawing. Finally, the roots of Salix psammophila could increase the soil temperature. This study presents an insight into the joint effects of soil moisture, temperature, ground vegetation, and water table depths on the evaporation from seasonally frozen soils. Furthermore, it also has important implications for water management in seasonally frozen areas.     

Critical caving erosion width for cantilever failures of river bank

The cantilever failure is one of the typical bank failures, in which the lateral caving erosion at the bottom of the bank plays an important role. When the caving erosion width is larger than a certain value, the cantilever failures such as shear, toppling and stress failures may occur. In order to understand the condition of the cantilever failure, the collapse mechanisms of the cantilever failures are studied based on the bank stability theory and flume experiment. According to the bank stability equation with the lateral erosion, the critical caving erosion width (CCEW) formulas for the shear and toppling failures of simple slope bank were derived in this paper. The formulas show that the CCEW increases as the overhanging soil thickness and soil cohesion increase, and decreases as the crack depth on the bank surface and the slope angle of the bank increase. And these formulas were tested with experimental data, which shows the predicted values are good agreement with experimental data. The paper reveals a quantitative expression on the process of the river cantilever failure.     

Assessment of geomorphological bank evolution of the alluvial threshold rivers based on entropy concept parameters

The complex stream bank profiles in alluvial channels and rivers that are formed after reaching equilibrium has been a popular topic of research for many geomorphologists and river engineers. The entropy theory has recently been successfully applied to this problem. However, the existing methods restrict the further application of the entropy parameter to determine the cross-section slope of the river banks. To solve this limitation, we introduce a novel approach in the extraction of the equation based on the calculation of the entropy parameter (λ) and the transverse slope of the bank profile at threshold channel conditions. The effects of different hydraulic and geometric parameters are evaluated on a variation of the entropy parameter. Sensitivity analysis on the parameters affecting the entropy parameter shows that the most effective parameter on the λ-slope multiplier is the maximum slope of the bank profile and the dimensionless lateral distance of the river banks.     

Experimental study of rill bank collapse

Rill bank collapse is an important component in the adjustment of channel morphology to changes in discharge and sediment flux. Sediment inputs from bank collapse cause abrupt changes in flow resistance, flow patterns and downstream sediment concentrations. Generally, bank retreat involves gradual lateral erosion, caused by flow shear stress, and sudden bank collapse, triggered by complex interactions between channel flow and bank and soil water conditions. Collapse occurs when bank height exceeds the critical height where gravitational forces overcome soil shear strength. An experimental study examined conditions for collapse in eroding rill channels. Experiments with and without a deep water table were carried out on a meandering rill channel in a loamy sand and sandy loam in a laboratory flume under simulated rainfall and controlled runon. Different discharges were used to initiate knickpoint and rill incision. Soil water dynamics were monitored using microstandpipes, tensiometers and time domain reflectometer probes (TDR probes). Bank collapse occurred with newly developed or rising pre‐existing water tables near rill banks, associated with knickpoint migration. Knickpoint scour increased effective bank height, caused positive pore water pressure in the bank toe and reduced negative pore pressures in the unsaturated zone to near zero. Matric tension in unsaturated parts of the bank and a surface seal on the ‘interrill’ zone behind the bank enhanced stability, while increased effective bank height and positive pore water pressure at the bank toe caused instability. With soil water contents >35 per cent (sandy loam) and >23 per cent (loamy sand), critical bank heights were 0·11–0·12 m and 0·06–0·07 m, respectively. Bank toe undercutting at the outside of the rill bends also triggered instability. Bank displacement was quite different on the two soils. On the loamy sand, the failed block slid to the channel bed, revealing only the upper half of the failure plane, while on the sandy loam the failed block toppled forwards, exposing the failure plane for the complete bank height. This study has shown that it is possible to predict location, frequency and magnitude of the rill bank collapse, providing a basis for incorporation into predictive models for hillslope soil loss or rill network development. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on the stability of non-cohesive river bank

Frequent bank collapse in nature highlights the need to study the mechanism of bank stability. This paper presents a theoretical analysis and a flume experimental study on the interaction of hydrodynamic conditions and non-cohesive banks of meandering and straight rivers. No bank collapse occurs if the bank angle is smaller than a critical value. The critical angle is a function of a dimensionless parameter K_UD, which is directly proportional to the square of flow velocity near river bed and inversely proportional to the median diameter of bank material. Furthermore, the critical angle reduces with flow velocity and is higher in meandering rivers than in straight rivers. Formulas for estimating the threshold of bank stability are obtained by curve fitting method with experimental data. The results agree with the data measured in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.