郯庐断裂带肥东北部文集地区构造岩类型与构造变形分析

位于郯庐断裂带中南部的肥东地区是郯庐断裂带内韧性剪切带出露的主体区域之一。本文从肥东北部文集地区的构造岩组成及其变形入手,通过详细的野外观测、室内显微构造变形分析来确定该地区构造变形的几何学形态及其涡度、有限应变、分维度、差异应力、应变速率等参数。研究区主要出露角闪岩相肥东变质杂岩,构造岩以糜棱岩和糜棱岩化片麻岩为主,岩石变形强烈。根据极摩尔圆法得到的运动学涡度值为0.729~0.870,指示区域内的韧性剪切活动以简单剪切为主。几何学形态上,肥东北部文集地区构造整体呈一背形展出,其枢纽走向NE-SW,轴面倾向SE,物质及变形强度等方面均表现出一定的规律和对称性。研究区内动态重结晶石英颗粒边界具有统计学上的自相似性,其分维值D在1.143~1.208之间,且自背形核部向两翼,颗粒粒径增大,分维值减小。差异应力Δσ介于17.86~55.18MPa之间,应变速率ε值在1.960×10^-13~7.330×10^-12s^-1之间,且背形核部差异应力和应变速率较两翼大,呈近似对称性分布。通过对比以上构造参数可以发现,区内差异应力和应变速率表现出一定的正相关性,自核部向两翼二者均呈减小趋势;动态重结晶石英颗粒则与应变速率呈负相关性,即核部颗粒细小、两翼增大。本文从几何学、运动学以及显微构造变形分析等方面对该区构造变形展开精细化研究,借此来分析肥东北部地区郯庐断裂带的构造形态和运动学特征,这对进一步认识郯庐断裂带的演化过程及构造模型的建立有着重要的意义。     

郯庐断裂带肥东段烟头山及桃源地区构造变形特征研究

郯庐断裂带肥东段烟头山及桃源地区,发育多条左行韧性剪切带,岩性以糜棱岩和糜棱岩化片麻岩为主,岩石变形强烈。通过详细的野外观测及室内分析发现：肥东北部烟头山及桃园地区几何学形态呈一背形构造,其枢纽走向NE-SW,轴面倾向SE,自核部向两翼岩性出露具有一定的规律性和对称性。古应力方向及运动学涡度研究表明：研究区内构造体主要受到近南北方向的挤压,涡度值W_k在0.73～0.90之间,指示区域内的韧性剪切活动以简单剪切为主。对区内变形岩石展开精细化的构造变形分析,包括石英的分形特征、变质变形温度估计、差应力和应变速率的计算等,结果显示：区内动态重结晶石英颗粒边界具有统计学上的自相似性,分维值D在1.111～1.187之间,变质变形温度集中在520 ℃～610 ℃之间,为高绿片岩相到低角闪岩相变质;韧性剪切带的差异应力Δσ介于18.493～95.266 MPa之间,应变速率ε范围在5.418×10^-15 s^-1～4.748×10^-11 s^-1之间。对比以上参数发现：韧性剪切带核部和背形转折端附近,岩石变形强烈,变质变形温度高,动态重结晶石英颗粒粒径较小,分维值较大,差异应力和应变速率也较大,远离剪切带核部和背形两翼则相反。本文从几何学、运动学特征以及显微构造变形分析等方面展开精细化研究,对进一步认识郯庐断裂带乃至大型韧性剪切带的构造样式和演化过程有着重要的意义。     

用动态重结晶石英颗粒的分形确定变形温度及应变速率

韧性变形岩石中动态重结晶石英颗粒边界形态具有自相似性，表现出分形特征。动态重结晶石英颗粒边界的分形维数随温度的升高而减小，随应变速率的增加而增大，可作为韧性变形温度及应变速率的标度计。适合重结晶石英边界分维值的计算方法有封闭折线法和面积周长法。鲁西青邑韧性剪切带中糜棱岩动态重结晶石英颗粒边界具有自相似性，分维值为1.228～1.326，初步估算出古应变速率为10     

舒兰韧性剪切带应变分析及石英动态重结晶颗粒分形特征与流变参数估算

舒兰北东向韧性剪切带位于佳木斯-伊通断裂带(佳-伊断裂带)中南段, 剪切带内糜棱岩具有明显左行走滑特征, 片麻理产状近NNE向.糜棱岩中长石有限应变Flinn图解判别岩石类型为L-S型构造岩, 属拉长型应变.石英C轴EBSD组构分析表明, 石英组构以中低温菱面为主, 滑移系为{0001} < 110>.剪切带内糜棱岩的剪应变为0.44, 不同方法计算所得运动学涡度值均大于0.95, 指示剪切变形以简单剪切为主.综合矿物变形温度计、石英C轴EBSD组构、石英的粒度-频数图及Kruhl温度计综合估计该韧性剪切带变形机制以位错蠕变机制为主, 变质相为低绿片岩相, 发生韧性变形和糜棱岩化温度范围在400~500 ℃之间.糜棱岩内石英动态重结晶新晶粒边界普遍具有锯齿状或港湾状结构, 利用分形方法对其重结晶新晶边界研究表明, 这些晶粒边界具有自相似性, 表现出分形特征, 分形维数值为1.195~1.220.根据石英重结晶粒径估算差应力值为24.35~27.59 MPa, 代表了舒兰韧性剪切带糜棱岩化作用过程的差异应力下限.使用不同实验方法估算、比较和分析了该剪切带古应变速率, 认为该速率应为10-12.00~10-13.18 s-1, 与区域性应变速率10-13.00~10-15.00 s-1对比, 说明舒兰韧性剪切带的应变速率与世界上大多数韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩应变速率一致, 是缓慢变形的结果, 其形成可能与早白垩世伊泽纳崎板块向欧亚大陆俯冲发生转向有关.      

北喜马拉雅穹隆带然巴韧性剪切带石英动态重结晶颗粒的分维几何分析与主要流变参数的估算

位于北喜马拉雅穹隆带东段的然巴构造穹隆外围发育环形韧性剪切带,带内岩石经韧性剪切形成各类糜棱状岩石。石英为带内变形岩中最为常见的造岩矿物,在不同的温度、应变速率下产生不同的显微构造,其中动态重结晶最为常见。重结晶新晶颗粒边界普遍具有锯齿状或港湾状结构,是应变和变形环境的天然记录。新晶粒分维几何统计分析表明:带内动态重结晶石英颗粒边界形态具有自相似性(1≤D≤2),表现出分形特征,分维数值为1.14～1.19,变形温度大约500℃。同构造变质环境属中——高绿片岩相;初步估算古应变速率可能低于10^-9.5S^-1;根据重结晶粒径估算变形古应力6.2～58.8MPa。     

五莲拆离断层带动态重结晶石英颗粒的分形特征及流变参数估算

五莲拆离断层带中石英韧性变形明显,在野外主要表现为条带状、拔丝状,显微镜下主要表现为多晶石英条带,发育亚颗粒旋转重结晶和膨凸重结晶,剪切带经历了中低温条件下的变形,变形温度为300～450℃。利用分形方法对石英颗粒边界的研究表明,发生动态重结晶的石英颗粒边界具有统计学意义上的自相似性和明显的分形特征,亚颗粒旋转重结晶石英颗粒分维数介于1. 260～1. 319之间,均值1. 276;膨凸重结晶石英颗粒的分维数为1. 217～1. 297,均值为1. 256;根据石英粒径估算出亚颗粒旋转重结晶和膨凸重结晶作用变形阶段的古差异应力,分别为7. 84～21. 58MPa和18. 51～56. 65 MPa;基于分维值计算的应变速率计算公式,获得亚颗粒旋转与膨凸重结晶石英颗粒的应变速率分别为10-8. 4～10-7. 7s-1、10-10. 5～10-9. 7s-1;基于石英流变率计算,亚颗粒旋转重结晶的石英应变速率介于10-12. 88～10-11. 73s-1之间,膨凸重结晶的为10-13. 72～10-12. 46s-1。本地区韧性变形的应变速率大于一般性韧性剪切带应变速率,可能与拆离断层带的快速拆离伸展作用有关。     

青海可可西里北缘韧性剪切带的显微构造特征

在可可西里北缘发现的糜棱岩化带,经显微构造研究确定为韧性剪切带。此带发育流劈理及拉伸线理。糜棱岩化花岗岩和糜棱岩化石英脉中的石英发育亚晶粒构造、位错构造和动态重结晶,长石主要发育机械双晶。石英c轴组构属韧性剪切带中的典型形式,石英变形以位错蠕变机制和位错滑移机制共存为特征,石英的动态重结晶作用是由亚晶粒旋转机制形成。长石的变形主要是通过机械双晶实现的。此韧性剪切带形成时的温度约400℃,差异应力约30MPa,应变速率约1.9×10^-13s^-1.     

桐柏杂岩北界剪切带的变质变形分析及归属讨论

秦岭—桐柏—大别碰撞造山带是世界上最大的高压—超高压构造带。通过对桐柏杂岩北界剪切带的观察分析得知,桐柏杂岩北界剪切带是一条左旋平移性质的韧性剪切带,该剪切带内多发育杆状构造,且杆状构造具有圈层结构,层与层之间通过一种特殊的滑脱面结合。经过镜下分析测量得知,桐柏杂岩北界剪切带的有限应变测量值R_(xz)在1.80~2.04之间,平均值为1.95,涡度值W_k在0.82~0.90之间,平均值为0.86,均大于0.75,说明桐柏杂岩北界剪切带是一条以简单剪切为主,纯剪切为辅的韧性剪切带,反映出此剪切带不是单纯的造山带挤压形成,还受到平行于造山带方向的剪切作用,可能与造山带碰撞后的折返机制有关。通过石英和长石的动态重结晶以及角闪石全Al压力计、角闪石—斜长石温度计和黑云母中Ti温度计可以得知桐柏杂岩北界剪切带的形成条件约为t=560~684℃,P=0.6~0.9 GPa,属于高角闪岩相,处于中地壳流变层位置。通过与商丹断裂带(商南—丹凤断裂带)以及晓天—磨子潭剪切带的对比可以知道,桐柏杂岩北界剪切带可能对应晓天—磨子潭剪切带的西延部分,而不是商丹断裂带。     

胶东新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境：显微构造和EBSD组构约束

新城金矿床是典型的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿,矿体形态和规模都严格受到断裂破碎带控制,是探讨复杂构造-流体耦合成矿系统控矿构造变形环境研究的理想选区。断裂破碎带中构造岩既是构造变形行为的载体,也是相应变形环境的受体。论文在新城金矿详细露头构造解析的基础上,系统采集该矿床控矿断裂破碎带定向构造岩样品,进行显微构造和EBSD组构分析。研究区构造岩显微构造特征主要表现为韧性变形和脆性变形。韧性变形有波状消光、带状消光、亚晶粒、动态重结晶、核幔构造、丝带构造、碎(残)斑系、扭折带、变形纹、机械双晶、蠕英结构、云母鱼等;脆性变形有书斜构造和显微裂隙等。长石(残)斑系、扭折带、变形纹、蠕英结构和石英颗粒边界迁移动态重结晶、丝带构造等矿物变形特征表明断裂带成矿前以高温韧性变形为主;石英波状消光、亚晶粒、亚颗粒旋转和膨凸动态重结晶、方解石机械双晶、长石显微裂隙充填物等矿物变形反映成矿期兼有中低温韧性变形和脆性变形;压剪性穿晶裂隙则反映出成矿后主要是低温脆性变形。根据差应力、应变测量和EBSD组构分析,将新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境可以分为3个构造期:成矿前在NW-SE向挤压作用下发生韧-脆性左行剪切变形,600~700℃,差应力61.37~111.09MPa,应变测量轴比a/c为2.295~3.978,动态重结晶石英颗粒边界分维值为1.466~1.599,反映矿区为高温中高压高应变带变形环境,应变速率较大;成矿期为NW-SE向逐渐NEE-SWW向转变的挤压作用,发生压剪性脆性变形,200~500℃,差应力65.91~135.68MPa,应变测量轴比a/c为1.403~2.204,动态重结晶石英颗粒边界分维值为1.321~1.378,反映矿区成矿期为中低温中高压低应变带变形环境,反应速率较小;成矿后在NWW-SEE向挤压作用下发生压剪变形,150~300℃,反映低温低压脆性变形环境。     

江南造山带东段璜茅-五城-屯溪韧性剪切带塑性变形及流变学研究

江南造山带东段皖赣相邻区璜茅-五城-屯溪韧性剪切带野外现象、室内显微构造特征表明其经历了较为强烈的韧性剪切变形。岩石经历了NNE向右行剪切改造,变质变形程度为初糜棱岩-糜棱岩阶段,少量达超糜棱岩阶段。结合石英普遍发育边界迁移重结晶、长石多以塑性拉长和少量膨凸重结晶的变形行为特征、石英C轴组构显示出中-高温柱面和菱面滑移为主、重结晶石英颗粒大小-频数及分形维数(1.1646～1.2007),Kruhl温度计测算,揭示了璜茅-五城-屯溪韧性剪切带以中高温位错蠕变变形为主,变形和糜棱岩化环境在450～600℃的中深地壳范围,相当于中高绿片岩相-低角闪岩相。同时,岩石变形的古差异应力为20.76～30.04 MPa,估算所得应变速率主要介于10~(-14)～10~(-11) s~(-1),指示了中高温、低应变速率的韧性变形条件。已有的变形年龄显示,该韧性剪切带为加里东构造事件产物,主要的动力来源与江山-绍兴断裂带发育的陆内俯冲作用主应力在远离造山带的转变相关。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.