南方更新世红土氧化物地球化学特征

江西、浙江和湖南等地更新世红土化学组成分析结果表明,各地各类红土的化学组成具有较好的一致性。以SiO2、Fe2O3和Al2O3为主,K2O、Na2O、CaO和MgO大量淋失,相对于上陆壳(UCC)平均组成富Ti、Fe和Al,贫K、Na、Ca和Mg。符合亚热带地区脱硅富铝或脱硅富铝铁的基本成土过程,总体形成于湿热环境。其烧失量(LOI)对红土脱硅富铝程度具有一定的指示意义,LOI越大,脱硅富铝程度越强。同一剖面从网纹红土至均质红土或从网纹红土至棕色黄色风化程度渐弱。然而,全岩样品的SiO2/Al2O3、SiO2/R2O3分子比在直接指示红土风化强度方面不够有效。白网纹与红色基质的物源一致,化学组成却存在一定分异。以UCC为背景的元素盈亏状态和以均质红土为背景的元素绝对迁移量特征一致表明,物质迁移,尤其是Fe迁移与网纹红土网纹化过程之间存在必然的联系。Fe迁出区形成白网纹,Fe加入区继承红土化特征。     

江西赣县花岗岩型红土剖面常量元素地球化学特征

对赣县田村花岗岩红色风化壳剖面常量元素的迁移特征和化学风化强度的研究结果表明：（1）红土常量元素组成以 SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3为主,三者占总量的90%以上,其中又以SiO2的含量最高,K2O、CaO、Na2O与MgO等易溶组分的含量则 相对较低;（2）红土剖面风化过程中,常量元素的地球化学行为多表现为迁移淋失,迁移程度由剖面底部向上逐渐增强, 其中CaO与Na2O平均迁移量分别为97.34%、94.94%,属于强迁移元素;MgO、K2O和SiO2平均迁移量分别为52.50%、 39.89%、22.72%,属于易迁移元素,Fe元素表现为高度富集;（3）综合分析铝铁系数、化学蚀变指数和风化淋溶系数,指 示赣县花岗岩型红土在炎热、潮湿环境下遭受了强烈的化学风化作用,风化强度顶部向下渐弱。     

庐山北麓JL红土剖面粉砂粒级元素地球化学特征及其物源意义

加积型红土是中国南方第四纪环境变化研究的重要陆相载体,其沉积母质显示风成特性,后期经历较强的化学风化。为了明确加积型红土的物质来源,并减弱风化效应对其物源信息的影响,本文提取了庐山北麓JL红土剖面(厚18.46 m)部分样品的粉砂组分(4~63 μm),分析其元素地球化学特征,并通过元素比值及物源判别指数等方法讨论其蕴含的物源信息。结果显示:1)粉砂粒级化学组成中SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3三者的含量可达84.29%,K2O、Na2O、CaO和MgO四者含量仅1.30%,与全岩相比SiO2含量增高,Al2O3和Fe2O3含量明显降低,风化指数CIA值(74.02%)明显低于全岩样品(85.00%);微量元素中,粉砂粒级相对全岩Cu、Zn、Rb、Sr、Cr、La等含量降低,Y、Zr含量则略高。2)Na2O/Al2O3与K2O/Al2O3及Na2O/K2O与CIA的散点图中,粉砂粒级样点间的集聚程度明显降低,暗示风化效应在一定程度上被削弱。此外以洛川黄土和长江河漫滩沉积物为端元的物源指数计算表明,全岩样品消除粒级效应后的物源指数(PIw)与粉砂粒级物源指数(PIfs)吻合度较好,进一步验证了粉砂粒级地球化学特征在削弱风化效应方面的有效性。3)JL剖面上部黄棕色土的PIfs值为0.45,物源上更接近北方黄土,剖面中下部的网纹红土PIfs值为0.57,物源更接近长江沉积物。结合TiO2/Al2O3、Zr/Y、Hf/Ti等元素比值,JL剖面自下而上近源物质的贡献略有减少,远源物质的贡献则趋于增加,这可能意味着晚第四纪以来东亚冬季风不断增强的过程。     

华南红土主元素表生地球化学特征

华南红土从其母岩到表土,普遍表现为主元素SiO2、K2O、Na2O淋失,Fe2O3、Al2O3、N、S富集。红土饱和水含量最高的是D2型红土,最低的是老红沙型红土。在岩石与上层红土风化特征中,风化强度以γ型红土最强,而灰岩型红土最弱;淋溶系数最大的是灰岩型红土,最小的为γ型红土;变异系数最大的为灰岩型红土,最小的为Q2型红土。从空间上看,红土的表生地球化学特征、红土成分的变异系数、红土的淋溶系数、红土的风化率和风化强度、红土湿度和温度等均受母岩、气候纬度效应制约。相关分析表明,华南红土中的水含量和土温与Fe2O3含量呈正相关关系。初步研究表明,华南红土的表生地球化学特征是长期和多种环境变化的真实记录。     

岭南东江流域末次间冰期强网纹红土主元素特征

岭南东江流域临江剖面下部含一套总厚约4.35 m的弱网纹红土和强网纹红土,其顶部热释光(TL)年龄为(71.4 ±6.6)ka B.P.;与邻区地层对比推测,该强网纹红土形成时代为末次间冰期.该强网纹红土主元素分析结果显示,其以湿润型元素SiO2、Al2O3和TFe为主,分布范围依次60.32%～67.81%、17.52%一21.32%和4.17%-5.96%;干旱型元素Na2O、CaO和MgO含量均小于0.50%,表现为强烈淋溶.该强网纹红土主元素分布特征、风化特征值、CIA(化学蚀变指数)值都表明其属中等富铝化红土,其风化强度稍低于广西百色网纹红土而接近于江西修水网纹红土.     

引起红土表层硅铝比值增大原因的可能性探讨

Si/Al或SiO2/R2O3常常作为表生化学风化作用强度的重要指标。随着化学风化作用的进行。硅铝比或硅铝铁率表现出逐渐降低的演化趋势，中国南方的红土风化壳，是强烈化学风化作用的产物，被认为处于或经历了脱硅富铝化阶段，但是在红土剖面上部常常出现该比值不降反升的现象。给运用这一指标指示化学风化强度带来了困难，通过对贵州平坝，新蒲及花溪碳酸盐岩红色风化壳化学风化程度的研究，以及对中国南方几种不同结晶母岩上发育的红土的化学风化强度指标的对比讨论。探讨了产生这种现象的可能性原因。指出Fe,Al氧化物的下渗和淋失作用及其硅质的相对富集是引起中国南方红土表层出现Si/Al和SiO2/R2O3升高的主要原因。     

滇中富碱斑岩风化成土过程中元素地球化学行为及其主控因素

富碱斑岩带分布较广,目前对其风化过程中的元素地球化学行为研究较少。笔者等以滇中姚安富碱斑岩为例,通过对其化学风化过程的研究,有助于了解富碱斑岩成土过程中元素富集贫化控制因素,丰富碱性岩浆岩风化成土理论。笔者等分析了富碱斑岩风化过程中的矿物风化特征、元素含量分布特征、化学风化趋势、元素迁移富集特征及主控因素,结果表明：富碱斑岩各风化层元素含量与基岩具有继承性,体现了原位风化的特征,符合北亚热带季风气候下云南境内上扬子地块岩石的风化特征;与大陆上地壳组成（UCC）相比,风化成土过程中Ca、Na、K等阳离子强烈淋失亏损,Fe、Al富集;化学风化过程主要发生脱Ca、Na、K、Mg、Si与富Al、Fe作用,风化早期主要为去Ca、去Na过程,风化中、晚期为去K、去Mg、富Al、富Fe过程,并伴随着强烈的脱硅作用;结合迁移系数,常量元素活动性强弱顺序为：Ca>Na>K>Mg>Si>Al>Fe;微量元素地球化学行为一方面主要受地球化学性质相似的常量元素行为控制,另一方面Al、Fe氧化物/氢氧化物和受黏土矿物吸附作用的影响,Sm、Nb、Sc、Th、Ti、U、Y、Cu、Cr、Ni随风化原地残余富集,Ba、Rb、Sr与K、Na、Ca、Mg等常量元素行为一致,随风化而淋失迁出。     

贵州威宁窑上组沉积物物源特征及沉积控制因素分析

根据威宁草海第四纪窑上组沉积物主量元素和REE特征,探讨沉积物物源特征、气候演变情况、沉积物堆积控制因素。结果表明:Al、Mg、Ca、K、Na和Ti的含量变化在剖面上一致,它们的相关系数很高(0.522~0.985)。Fe含量和Mn含量呈正相关形式,与Al、Mg、Ca、K、Na和Ti呈负相关。Fe2O3含量在土黄色粘土的铁质层很高(42.86%~50.57%)。样品中REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式与贵州土壤、贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳配分模式很相似,与峨眉山玄武岩配分模式不一致,但其含量略低于贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳的含量;沉积物主要来源于碳酸盐岩,且碳酸盐岩强烈风化成土作用使REE超常富集,在剖面上呈现高ΣREE(平均219.38μg/g)。通过Mg/Ca、MgO/Al2O3、(CaO+K2O+Na2O)/Al2O3、(Fe2O3+Al2O3)/(MgO+CaO)、(K+Na+Ca+Mg)/(Fe+Mn)、(Al+Fe+Mn)/(K+Ca+Mg)和(MgO+Na2O+CaO)/Al2O3等气候指标研究,表明在草海窑上期为湖泊沉积时期,气候经历了由温暖湿润向冷干的转变。同时,认为物源性质、构造运动、气候等共同控制该区沉积物形成。     

成都粘土地球化学特征及其对物源和风化强度的指示

提要：成都平原晚更新世成都粘土地球化学分析表明,不同剖面样品的化学组成具有较好的一致性,以SiO2（平均75.24%）、Al2O3（平均14.12%）、Fe2O3（平均5.81%）为主,地球化学特征与UCC基本相似。与北方黄土相比,成都粘土具有较高的TiO2/Al2O3、Zr/Al、Zr/Ti和Y/Al以及较低的Eu/Eu?鄢、LaN/SmN和LaN/YbN比值,这些特征与成都平原第四系深层土壤样品组成一致,表明成都粘土来源于当地,与北方黄土物源不同。成都粘土CIA平均值为78.59,高于北方黄土平均值（69.34）,经历了中期的K迁移阶段,在风化过程中Ca、Na、Mg和K是主要的活动性元素。与北方黄土相比,成都粘土Na、Mg、K和Ca亏损较大,表明经历了更强的化学风化。     

扬子地台西缘下寒武统黑色页岩土壤元素地球化学特征北大核心CSCD

本文分析扬子地台西缘黑色页岩土壤(BSS)及其成土新鲜黑色页岩(FB)的主、微量元素的地球化学特征,探讨黑色页岩土壤成土地球化学作用机制。结果表明,黑色页岩土壤明显亏损MgO、CaO、Na2O、P2O5和LOI(有机质),而富集Al2O3和Fe2O3等主量组分;且明显亏损Ba、V、Ni、Cu、Zn和Sr等微量元素,但其他微量元素则不然。与成土母岩相比,黑色页岩土壤的化学组成相对均一。主量组分对黑色页岩与黑色页岩土壤之间化学组成有不同的影响,这种影响与CaO、Na2O和MgO等碱质组分、LOI所代表的有机质等的淋滤释出,及Fe2O3和Al2O3等氧化物的次生富集有关,其影响程度顺序为:CaO>Na2O>LOI>MgO>Al2O3>Fe2O3>MnO>K2O>SiO2>P2O5。推断黑色页岩风化-成土过程中有机质、黄铁矿、方解石、钠长石、斜绿泥石等不稳定矿物的化学蚀变分解和长石等硅酸盐矿物的水解导致CaO、LOI、Na2O、MgO、K2O和SiO2等主量组分,以及V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ge、Ba、Sr等微量元素的淋滤释出;而黏土矿物、铁-锰氧化物等次生矿物的次生富集,导致Fe2O3、MnO和Al2O3等主量组分,以及Pb、Cs、Co、Th、Sc、Ga、Rb、REE等微量元素在土壤中形成次生富集。故而黑色页岩可为环境重金属污染源,而黑色页岩土壤本身也可存在重金属污染。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.