中国辽宁早白垩世义县组一新的伤齿龙类化石——柯氏辽宁猎龙(Liaoningvenator curriei gen. et sp. nov.)

本文描述了产自中国辽宁省北票市早白垩世义县组一新的伤齿龙类化石——柯氏辽宁猎龙(Liaoningvenator curriei gen. et sp. nov.)。它具有伤齿龙类以下特征: 数量众多且密集的上颌齿与下颌齿; 牙齿的齿冠与齿根之间显著收缩; 齿骨侧表面具有一沟, 营养孔位于该沟内; 远端尾椎背部的神经棘减弱为一个沟。它不同于其它伤齿龙类的特征主要为坐骨靴大, 侧面观近乎三角形, 坐骨闭孔突细长; 尾椎形态转变点位于第7尾椎。系统发育分析表明柯氏辽宁猎龙与短羽始中国羽龙(Eosinopteryx brevipenna)构成姊妹群, 位于同一分支内。它们具有如下共同特征: (1)上颌骨和下颌骨前面部分的牙齿前隆无锯齿; (2)颈肋较其相关节的椎体长; (3)肠骨前缘直。辽宁猎龙代表了辽西同等层位发现的第5个伤齿龙类。骨组织研究显示辽宁猎龙的骨骼已接近成熟, 死亡时至少4岁。它为该地区的基干伤齿龙类恐龙提供了新的解剖学信息, 并丰富了目前中国已知早白垩世伤齿龙类的多样性。     

辽西热河生物群一新的巨龙型类恐龙

初步研究了辽西地区热河生物群的一具近完整的蜥脚类恐龙骨架,其代表了一新的巨龙型类恐龙——中国辽宁巨龙(Liaoningotitan sinensis gen.et sp.nov)。其主要特征为:上颌骨腹缘下凸,上颌齿列短且位于前部;颧骨前端近平齐于眶前窗的前缘;翼骨的方骨支基部收缩;上颌齿呈叠瓦状排列;上颌齿冠窄勺形,切面呈D字形,缺失唇侧沟和小锯齿;下颌齿9枚,明显小于上颌齿,排列稀松;下颌齿冠不对称,切面呈椭圆形,舌侧的沟和嵴发育,齿冠基部向舌侧膨大;肱骨近端扩展,约为长度的54.9%;肠骨前髋臼突前端较尖。初步的支序分析显示,辽宁巨龙属于巨龙型类恐龙,是比盘足龙和梁龙更为进步的类群。     

A New Darwinopterid Pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Western Liaoning, Northeastern China and its Ecological Implications

A new species of Darwinopterus, D. robustodens sp. nov. is described and named. Based on the new specimen, the diagnostic characters of Darwinopterus are amended and include: rostral dentition composed of well-spaced, spike-like teeth; the longest teeth are confined to the anterior half of the tooth row; tooth alveoli have raised margins; nasoantorbital fenestra confluent; inclined quadrate; elongate cervical vertebrae with low neural spine and reduced or absent ribs; long tail of more than 20 caudals partially enclosed by filiform extensions of the pre- and postzygapophyses; short metacarpus less than 60 per cent length of humerus, fifth toe with two elongate phalanges and curved second pedal phalanx of the fifth toe with the angle between the proximal and distal segments about 130 degrees. The complete specimen of the new pterosaur D. robustodens sp. nov. provides much more osteological information. The differences in tooth morphologies between Darwinopterus modularis and D. robustodens sp. nov. suggest that they filled different ecological niches. The hard integument-bearing Coleoptera may have been the main food source of Darwinopterus robustodens.     

A New Lizard (Lepidosauria: Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Henan, China

Funiusaurus luanchuanensis gen. et sp. nov. was described on the basis of an incomplete skull from the Upper Cretaceous Qiupa Formation of the Tantou Basin in Luanehuan County, Henan Province. It is the second representative of lizards known from Luanchuan and adds a new member to the Luanchuan Fauna. F. luanchuanensis is a small-sized lizard and systematically assigned to the Polyglyphanodontidae of the Teiioidea because of the presence of a caniniform tooth and an elongate posterior process of the postorbital. It is distinctive in that the heterodont dentition bears 19 teeth in both the upper and lower jaws, the 3^rd maxillary tooth is large and caniniform, the post-caniniform teeth in maxilla and those posterior to the 3^rd dentary tooth are chisel-like in lateral view, the prefrontal possesses a fossa on its lateral surface, the postorbital with an extremely elongate posterior process and the well-developed retroarticular process has a deep fossa on its dorsal surface. In phylogeny, our analysis suggests a close relationship of Funiusaurus to the large-sized Tianyusaurus from the same basin within the Tuberocephalosaurinae. The discovery of Funiusaurus is significant in confirming the status of the Tuberocephalosaurinae, which includes a group of the Asian members of the Polyglyphanodontidae only.     

疏浚耙齿松土机制及土体孔压响应试验

耙吸式挖泥船在疏浚过程中主要采用机械切削方式将海床土体耙松,其土体切削阻力形成机制一直是疏浚技术改进的关键科研问题之一。针对海床土体切削阻力的形成机制,应用自行研制的耙齿切削土体监测装置,对黄骅港粉土进行了耙齿切削试验。试验可直观再现和测试土体被耙齿切削的动态过程及其孔隙水压力演化规律,结果显示,土体在耙齿切削过程中,由于土体在短时间内发生挤压、剪切变形,外部水体难以完成内外流体的交换,致使其土体因剪胀效应而孔隙水压力骤减（甚至成为负压）,土体有效应力骤升,使得切削阻力成倍增加。     

新型仿生PDC齿高效切削机理及试验研究

利用仿生耦合理论,根据贝壳和蝼蛄等动植物的非光滑形态结构研制了一种新型的仿生PDC齿,并利用有限元软件abaqus对单个齿磨损前后的运动过程进行分析,与普通PDC齿的应力分布状态进行对比,可以看出,在同等条件下,非光滑PDC切削齿的应力大小及分布情况要明显优于普通的PDC切削齿,具有良好的碎岩效果。此外还对这2种切削齿进行了磨耗比试验,试验结果进一步证明了仿生PDC齿具有一定的优越性。     

New Species of Enantiornithes (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Qiaotou Formation in Northern Hebei,China

<正>We report on a new species of enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous Qiaotou Formation of northern Hebei,China.The new taxon,Shenqiornis mengi gen.et sp.nov.,possesses several enantiornithine synapomorphies but is unique from other known species.The specimen has a well-preserved skull that reveals new information about enantiornithine cranial morphology.The new taxon possesses a large postorbital with a long tapering jugal process indicating that some enantiornithines may have had a fully diapsid skull,as in Confuciusornis.The tooth morphology of the specimen is unique and likely represents a previously unknown trophic specialization within Enantiornithes.     

A New Iguanodontian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation,Nakhon Ratchasima in Northeastern Thailand

Here we report a new iguanodontian dentary found from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation, Nakhon Ratchasima, northeast Thailand. A unique character, which is an elongated and flat shape of the dentary ramus, makes it possible to assign the specimen to the new genus of non‐hadrosaurid iguanodontian, Ratchasimasaurus suranareae gen. et sp. nov. R. suranareae shows both primitive and derived characters, such as a caudally inclined coronoid process and alveolar trough with a primitive crown impression, and a derived buccal shelf between tooth row and coronoid process. The discovery of a new iguanodontian from the Indochina Terrene, considering that the previously reported “Probactrosaurus‐like” iguanodontian, points out a great diversity of this group in the late Early Cretaceous in Thailand, and corresponds to the Asian iguanodontian diversity at that time.     

双轮铣槽机铣削过程及截齿入岩顺序优化研究

双轮铣槽机（简称“双轮铣”）是地下连续墙的专业施工装备,布齿系统是其核心部件,其参数设计与破岩性能密切相关。基于连续?非连续单元法（CDEM）,建立了铣轮铣削岩土体过程的三维仿真模拟方法。在此基础上,考虑自由面与铣削关联性等因素,对布齿系统截齿入岩顺序影响破岩性能机制进行了研究,建立了关联铣削条件下以预置相邻自由面数目为主要影响因素的入岩顺序数值概化模型。结果表明：（1）获得的铣轮铣削岩土体的铣削力与铣削深度曲线,验证了此数值模拟方法的正确性;（2）相比于完整岩体,具有单相邻预设自由面与双相邻预设自由面岩样的峰值荷载分别下降了32.5%与68.2%,破岩能耗分别下降了19.8%与56.6%;（3）布齿系统中双相邻预设自由面的截齿占总体截齿数目比值越大,布齿系统整体能耗越低,异构式布齿系统能耗低于顺序式。研究成果为完善双轮铣槽机破岩过程与布齿系统优化提供了基础。     

中国第四纪人类牙齿大小的演化及其意义

对第四纪中国境内人类牙齿大小变化特点的分析及与世界其它地区人类牙齿测量数据的对比分析显示,从直立人到现代人,中国境内人类牙齿尺寸呈缩小变化,但在具体表现特点上,中国古人类牙齿尺寸的演化具有与世界其它地区人类不同的特点。作者认为,这些特点反映了中国古人类演化过程中生存环境和文化发展的特点,提示中国乃至东亚地区人类演化及文化发展的独特性。本文对其在东亚地区人类演化上的意义进行了讨论。     

贯入角度对截齿破岩性能与几何排布的影响研究

截齿贯入角度是双轮铣槽机布齿系统设计中的关键因素之一。基于连续−非连续单元法（CDEM）,建立截齿不同角度冲击贯入破岩的数值模型,通过断裂能本构模型实现岩体弹性−损伤−断裂的破裂过程,开展截齿有效角度50º～90º区间内的9组冲击贯入破岩模拟,研究贯入角度对截齿破岩性能的影响规律,讨论贯入角度对截齿几何排布的影响,总结布齿系统的截齿几何排布规律。结果表明,当贯入角度从90º降低到50º时,岩体由张拉−拉剪破裂向剪切−拉剪破裂转变,截齿平均贯入力与破碎程度提高,截齿的跃进式侵入特性的显著性减低;贯入角度为75º～90º的第I类截齿与小于55º的第III类截齿在破岩中起辅助作用,贯入角度为55º～75º的第II类截齿可在岩体内部产生范围较大的水平非贯通裂隙,在布齿系统破碎岩体过程中发挥主要作用;2个第II类截齿先后贯入岩体可较好地破碎截线间的岩体,可构成一类基本破岩单元,多个基本破岩单元按照正弦线形式排布,由此形成了一种布齿系统设计方法。研究成果为完善双轮铣槽机布齿系统设计方法,打破国外在双轮铣槽机布齿系统设计方法上的技术壁垒提供了理论基础。     

元坝地区珍珠冲地层新型三牙轮钻头的研制与应用

砂砾岩地层是钻井工程中的难钻地层,如何提高砂砾岩地层的钻进效率和钻头寿命一直是工程实践中的重要问题。针对在元坝地区珍珠冲石英砂砾岩地层钻进过程中,使用普通型牙轮钻头外排齿易早期断齿、综合使用指标低的问题,开展了地层岩性、钻头使用与失效分析。针对性地开展了钻头的切削结构、齿材优化以及加强保径等方面的研究,优化设计、研制出HJT547GKL型新型三牙轮钻头。现场试用结果表明,这种新型牙轮钻头在元坝地区珍珠冲组石英砂砾岩地层钻进中有较高的行程进尺。该钻头是一种结构简单、扶正保径好、可靠实用,适用于较硬、有硬夹地层的新型实用三牙轮钻头。     

甘肃肃北首次发现二叠记完整的弓鲛类软骨鱼

2009年5月22日瑞典出版的动物学报（Acta Zo-ologica）90卷增刊选编了2007年在瑞典乌普沙拉（Uppsala）召开的ll届早期脊椎动物国际研讨会的部分论文,其中包括中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所王念忠研究员和甘肃省博物馆张行研究员等撰写的论文“中国西北晚二叠世新的、     

前寒武纪“臼齿状构造谜”的一些认识：来自天津蓟县剖面高于庄组的信息

臼齿状构造是一种主要分布在前寒武纪非叠层石碳酸盐岩中的、特殊的“谜”一样的沉积构造,以发育一系列奇形怪状、大大小小的裂缝和裂隙为特征,这些裂缝和裂隙由等粒和均匀的微亮晶方解石充填。臼齿状构造时代分布的特殊性（新太古代至新元古代）以及分布的全球性,使其在显生宙还未发现类似的对等物。对臼齿状构造成因的不同认识使其成为“臼齿状构造谜”。天津蓟县剖面中元古界高于庄组（1600 Ma 至 1400 Ma）第3段隐晶质泥晶灰岩序列中的臼齿状构造,以其特别的沉积特征为了解“臼齿状构造谜”提供了一些有用的信息。这些特征包括：(1)臼齿状构造特别的形态学特征,(2)由微亮晶所充填的臼齿状裂缝具有明显的边界（以富集残余有机质和黄铁矿为特点）,(3)臼齿状构造的宿主岩石是不发育叠层石和纹理化构造的隐晶质泥晶灰岩,(4)与臼齿状构造常常共生的极为特别的宏观藻类化石等。因此,臼齿状构造可以解释为一种发育在席底生境中、由一系列复杂的作用过程所形成的、与微生物相关的原生沉积构造。作为前寒武纪最普遍的沉积现象,臼齿状构造为更好地理解复杂多变的前寒武纪碳酸盐岩提供了许多有意义的信息。     

软岩钻进用新型复合片钻头的研制与应用

为提高复合片在软岩钻进中的效率及寿命,提出了改变复合片切削齿形状,运用新的布齿方式和新的保径设计,设计制造的Φ76 mmPDC钻头在软岩钻进中取得了良好的效果。详细介绍了该软岩钻头的结构设计及现场应用效果。     

硬致密泥岩钻进的新型复合片钻头的研究与应用

介绍了一种新型齿形的复合片钻头，在硬致密泥岩中钻进，与常规复合片钻头相比，具有很高的钻进效率和高的钻头寿命，解决了泥岩钻进效率低的难题。     

A tooth of Archaeopterygidae (Aves) from the Lower Cretaceous of France extends the spatial and temporal occurrence of the earliest birds

The Late Jurassic Archaeopterygidae, comprising the iconic genus Archaeopteryx, is altogether among the earliest, basalmost and best-known Mesozoic avian taxa. The geographic distribution of Archaeopteryx is hitherto restricted to a limited region of southern Germany, probably due to preservation biases. Here we describe a tooth sorted among the more than 35,000 isolated teeth found by sieving sediments from the Cherves-de-Cognac locality (western France, Lower Cretaceous). This tooth crown is morphologically similar to teeth of the German specimens of Archaeopteryx (sensu lato), despite minor differences. The Cherves-de-Cognac tooth differs much more importantly from all other known taxa. It shares with different specimens of Archaeopteryx the general tooth size, recurved shape affecting apical third of crown, thin apical-mesial carina, constriction at base of crown giving distinctive S shape of distal edge in profile, absence of other ornamentation or serration, and shape of crown section. Incidentally, former assignments of teeth from the Upper Jurassic of Guimarota (Portugal) to cf. Archaeopteryx are unwarranted, as those teeth markedly differ from the Archaeopterygidae in several crucial features. We assign the new tooth to the family Archaeopterygidae, the earliest European birds, making it the first member of the family in Europe outside Germany, and extending its temporal occurrence to the early Cretaceous.     

三牙轮钻头破岩过程计算机仿真模型

进行钻头钻进过程的仿真对于优化钻头设计、提高破岩效率以及钻头选型都有着重要的应用价值。以现场实钻数据为基础,采用“黑箱法”为钻头钻进岩石互作用仿真模型的基本建模方法,对决定钻头钻进性能的齿坑模型和牙齿吃入岩石的力-吃深模型进行了仿真建模。并采用误差梯度下降算法来估计不同钻头结构和岩石性质所对应的模型参数,进而实现对钻头钻进过程的仿真。采用实钻数据反演的建模思路有利于利用大量的现场数据实现对模型的完善,更好地反映现场的各种钻井工况,使钻头破岩仿真技术在实用性和经济性上前进一大步。     

Orkoraptor burkei nov. gen. et sp., a large theropod from the Maastrichtian Pari Aike Formation, Southern Patagonia, Argentina

A new large theropod, Orkoraptor burkei nov. gen. et nov. sp., from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Pari Aike Formation of southern Patagonia is based on a postorbital, quadratojugal, coronoid?, several teeth, an atlantal intercentrum and neurapophysis, two caudal vertebrae, and the proximal half of tibia. This new theropod exhibits characteristics of maniraptorans (i.e., coelurosaurians more derived than tyrannosaurids) including an upturned rostral process of the postorbital, the caudoventral corner of which is widely concave. Furthermore, teeth without denticles and carina in the mesial margin resemble the condition of the maniraptoran clades Compsognathidae and Deinonychosauria. The new Patagonian theropod differs from other coelurosaurians (Ornithomimosauria, Compsognathidae, Alvarezsauridae, Dromaeosauridae, Aves) in having caudal vertebrae with a single pair of small pleurocoels on each side, and in having a median depression flanked by two longitudinal and narrow furrows on each tooth. Orkoraptor represents one of the southernmost carnivorous dinosaurs yet found in South America and adds valuable information about the diversification of tetanuran theropods in Gondwana.