根据湖相沉积碳氧同位素估算青藏高原古海拔高度

青藏高原湖相沉积碳氧同位素、海拔高度与年均气温存在函数关系。对青藏高原南部14个不同海拔高度的第四纪湖相沉积露头,在剖面不同部位采集了35个湖相沉积样品,结合海拔高度与年均气温的相关分析,建立了湖相沉积碳氧同位素古海拔高度计。再对青藏高原南部、青藏高原北部、东昆仑南部和柴达木盆地不同地点出露的渐新世、中新世早中期、上新世—早更新世湖相沉积地层,分别取样进行碳氧同位素分析,计算不同时期的古年均气温和古海拔高度。结果表明,青藏高原大部分地区中新世早中期整体隆升至海拔约4000m高度,五道梁—东昆仑南部中新世早中期整体隆升至海拔约3500m高度,柴达木盆地中新世早中期隆升至海拔约2500m高度。这些资料对认识青藏高原隆升时代和气候环境演化具有重要意义。     

青藏高原晚新生代孢粉组合与古环境演化

对取自沱沱河盆地、通天河盆地、那曲盆地、东温泉盆地、乌郁盆地的新近纪湖相沉积与取自巴斯错、错鄂、纳木错的晚第四纪湖相沉积,进行孢粉分析;结合西宁—民和盆地、伦坡拉盆地、南木林盆地、渭河盆地的孢粉资料,分析青藏及邻区新生代晚期古植被和古环境的演化过程。发现渐新世晚期—中新世早期青藏与周边邻区的古环境发生了显著分异,导致青藏地区热带亚热带植物濒临消亡,与全球温暖气候条件和青藏地区古纬度环境不符,是青藏高原隆升的重要标志。中新世早期—第四纪晚期,青藏高原落叶阔叶林和针叶林呈现总体减少趋势和准周期性波动,与全球气候变化呈良好对应关系。第四纪晚期草本植物含量逐步增高,出现蒿—松—桦为主,针叶林、落叶阔叶林、灌木、草本植物混生的植被景观。     

青藏高原隆升与环境效应

通过对青藏高原北缘库木库里盆地新生代沉积建造、孢粉、阶地热年龄、沉积响应的调查研究，得出青藏高原新生代的渐新世、上新世和更新世一全新世形成的三套磨拉石建造代表青藏高原最强烈的三次隆升作用；自渐新世以来到上新世晚期高原隆升幅度达1500～2000m，更新世、全新世高原隆升了约2500m，46．4Ka．Bp至今高原隆升了约44m；青藏高原的隆升速率由渐新世开始有愈来愈强烈的趋势，预示青藏高原的隆升是一个多阶段、不等速和非均变的复杂过程；根据库木库里盆地沉积演化揭示青藏高原的隆升经历了早中渐新世早期隆升期、晚渐新世——早中新世早期稳定剥蚀夷平期、早中新世中晚期小幅隆升期、中中新世较稳定剥蚀夷平期、晚中新世振荡隆升期、上新世快速隆升期、更新世一全新世强烈隆升期共七个隆升阶段；并探讨了高原隆升引起的气候干燥、生物灭绝、荒漠化等多种环境效应。     

可可西里盆地新生代沉积演化历史重建

青藏高原北部可可西里盆地是高原腹地最大的第三纪沉积盆地,分布着厚度达5737.5m的新生代沉积.本文根据遍布整个盆地的野外实测剖面和地质观察点资料,采用典型剖面精确古地磁测年为基础的时间框架,开展沉积层序、岩性特征、沉积环境和古水流变化综合对比研究,将可可西里盆地新生代(约56Ma至约16Ma)划分为7个演化阶段,其中在30Ma至约23Ma期间盆地经历抬升变形,没有沉积作用发生.结果显示,前6个阶段(约56Ma至30Ma),盆地沉积中心逐渐向北、向东迁移,盆地南缘和西缘的构造逆冲作用逐步加强,而且在晚渐新世发生强烈南北向地壳缩短,反映青藏高原腹地早期隆升过程是依靠南北向地壳缩短和北东向逆冲扩展作用来实现的.在早中新世(约23Ma至约16Ma),盆地沉积物遭受低度变形,表明此期间高原以差异隆升为主.     

可可西里盆地瘭生代沉积演化历史重建

青藏高原北部可可西里盆地是高原腹地最大的第三纪沉积盆地，分布着厚度达5737.5m的新生代沉积。本文根据遍布整个盆地的野外实测剖面和地质观察点资料，采有典型剖面精确古地磁测年为基础的时间框架，开展沉积层序、岩笥特征、沉环境和古水流变化综合对比研究，将可可西里盆地新生代（约56Ma至约16Ma）划分为7个演化阶段，其中在30Ma至约23Ma期间盆地经历抬升变形，没有沉积作用发生。结果显示，前6个阶段（约56Ma至30Ma），盆地沉积中心逐渐向北、向东迁移，盆地南缘和西缘的构造逆冲作用逐步加强，而且在晚渐新世发生强烈南北向地壳缩短，反映青藏高原腹地早期隆升过程中依靠南北向地壳缩短和北东向逆冲扩展作用来实现的。在早中新世（约23Ma至约16Ma），盆地沉积物遭受低度变形，表明此期间高原以差异隆升为主。     

青藏高原东北缘六盘山地区新生代构造旋转及其意义

青藏高原东北缘构造变形的研究是认识高原隆起过程、机制和印度-欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的重要途径。新生代时期,海原-六盘山断裂、香山-天景山断裂、烟筒山-窑山断裂和青铜峡-固原断裂控制的青藏高原最东北缘六盘山地区山前盆地群,接受了巨厚的新生代沉积,较完整地记录了高原东北部的变形隆升历史。通过六盘山地区丁家二沟剖面的精细古地磁研究发现,白垩纪结束后至中新世六盘山地区发生了约23°的长期顺时针构造旋转,并主要发生在三个时期:可能于晚始新世至早渐新世六盘山地区发生了约9°的顺时针旋转、早渐新世晚期顺时针快速旋转约9°、早中新世初顺时针快速旋转约5°,同时它们也被地层变形侵蚀和沉积演化所记录,说明印度-欧亚板块碰撞变形的前峰最迟在约始新世末-渐新世初就已经达到六盘山地区。这比目前普遍认同的六盘山地区变形隆升是青藏高原隆起中最晚形成(第四纪以来)的观点早了至少3千多万年,它为深入认识高原隆升过程和环境效应提供了新的证据。     

青藏高原东北缘弧形构造带新生代地层沉积序列及年代学研究进展

青藏高原东北缘弧形构造带新生代的构造变形和沉积充填过程既受到了太平洋板块俯冲的远程效应影响,也受到了青藏高原北东向扩展的控制。确定新生代地层的沉积时代是深入理解青藏高原东北缘弧形构造带内构造变形和沉积充填过程的重要前提,但是目前弧形构造带内新生代地层序列和沉积时代仍存在诸多争议。文章系统研究了弧形构造带内古近纪至新近纪沉积序列和地层时代,结果显示弧形构造带内寺口子组、清水营组、彰恩堡组和干河沟组的沉积时代分别为中晚渐新世、晚渐新世—早中新世、中中新世—晚中新世和晚中新世—上新世。综合分析了古近纪至新近纪不整合界面的形成时代,重新厘定了古近纪—新近纪两期不整合及其大地构造意义,第一期不整合发育在清水营组与彰恩堡组之间,时代为早中新世,指示了青藏高原的北东向扩展到达弧形构造带;第二期不整合发育在彰恩堡组与干河沟组之间,时代为晚中新世,指示了青藏高原北东向扩展对弧形构造带的改造达到高峰。讨论了弧形构造带沉积充填过程与构造演化的耦合关系,新生代盆地的沉积演化过程主要经历了三个阶段:自中渐新世至早中新世,弧形构造带主要受控于早期的滨太平洋伸展构造体系域,处于伸展构造背景;早中新世至晚中新世,构造...     

西宁和贵德盆地新生代沉积物重矿物变化对构造活动的响应

位于青藏高原东北缘的西宁、贵德盆地的新生代沉积序列较完整的记录了盆地周围物源区构造变形过程。重矿物是碎屑物质的重要组成部分,是最直观、有效揭示源区母岩、构造-沉积过程的重要手段。通过重矿物的系统分析,结合沉积-构造变形,揭示出始新世-上新世末西宁-贵得盆地及其源区经历了几个构造活动阶段:古新世-始新世早期的隆升阶段、始新世中期-渐新世晚期的构造稳定阶段、渐新世末-中新世初的构造隆升阶段、中中新世构造稳定阶段和晚中新世以来的强烈隆升阶段。并结合特征矿物（绿泥石）及古水流分析,推断古近纪西宁-贵德盆地是东昆仑山前一个统一盆地。中新世早期青藏高原的扩张导致了拉脊山开始隆起,使原型盆地解体;约8.5 Ma以来拉脊山强烈隆升,两侧盆地逐渐转变为山间盆地。这为正确理解青藏高原东北缘盆山格局的形成和演化提供了重要依据。     

西昆仑山前和田-柯克亚挤压构造带新生代变形时序及其地质意义

受西昆仑山抬升挤压的影响,西昆仑山前东段发育褶皱冲断带,最新反射地震资料显示该地区发育了多套新生代的生长地层。本文利用这些生长地层数据分析了和田-柯克亚挤压构造带的变形时序,并且结合新生界的沉积形态探讨了西昆仑山的挤压隆升时间。研究结果表明,西昆仑山前和田-柯克亚挤压构造带西段的克里阳-甫沙构造发育三期前列式的生长地层:第一期在甫东构造东端始于中新世中期安居安期;第二期从上新世早期在柯克亚背斜后翼沉积;第三期在上新世晚期沉积于柯克亚背斜前翼,揭示柯克亚背斜变形时间,并且第三期构造变形将第二期生长地层旋转变形为"反向扇形"的形态,第二期生长地层形成由翼部向背斜顶部逐渐增厚、下部地层向上部产状变陡的奇怪现象。另一方面,和田南背斜的生长地层也从中新世中期开始沉积,因此西昆仑山前和田-柯克亚挤压构造带的变形时间始于中新世中期。结合西昆仑山前东段新生代褶皱冲断带区域剖面中显示的从中新世开始、向盆地内减薄的沉积楔形体,作者认为西昆仑山中新世中期开始,挤压隆升作用已经扩展到山前和田-柯克亚挤压构造带。     

青藏高原中段渐新世逆冲推覆构造

青藏高原中段渐新世发育大规模逆冲推覆构造,在地块边界与汇聚部位形成大型逆冲推覆构造体系,典型实例如东昆仑南部逆冲推覆构造系统、羌塘地块北侧逆冲推覆构造系统、伦坡拉—安多—索县逆冲推覆构造系统、冈底斯逆冲推覆构造系统、喜马拉雅山脉主中央逆冲系。大部分逆冲断层呈现叠瓦状排列,指示自北向南逆冲推覆构造运动方向,与印度大陆北向俯冲存在动力学成因联系。高精度同位素测年资料显示,喜马拉雅山脉主中央逆冲系与羌塘地块北侧风火山逆冲推覆构造初始发育时代均早于35 Ma,东昆仑南部逆冲推覆构造运动与风火山相关岩浆侵位年龄为28.8～26.5 Ma。青藏高原腹地强烈逆冲推覆构造运动结束于早中新世五道梁群湖相沉积之前。青藏高原渐新世逆冲推覆构造运动对地壳缩短增厚与均衡隆升具有重要贡献。     

青藏高原古大湖与夷平面的关系及高原面形成演化过程

青藏高原经过古近纪挤压缩短和增厚地壳均衡隆升,晚新生代形成了以走滑和伸展为主的相对稳定构造环境。中新世早期与晚更新世分别发育巨型古大湖,上新世-早更新世发育很多规模较大的古湖泊,古大湖对夷平面形成演化具有重要的控制作用。中新世早期(（24.1±0.6） ~（14.5±0.5）Ma)以古大湖的湖面为侵蚀基准面,经过隆起区剥蚀夷平和长期湖相沉积,在高海拔环境下形成早期夷平面。中新世晚期-第四纪以湖面与五道梁群湖相沉积顶面为基准,在高海拔环境下继续发生剥蚀夷平和准平原化,逐步形成主夷平面或高原面。第四纪河流溯源侵蚀导致内外流水系分界线自东向西迁移,在青藏高原东部形成高山峡谷地貌。     

Facies analysis and depositional systems of Cenozoic sediments in the Hoh Xil basin, northern Tibet

A sedimentary succession more than 5800 m thick, including the Lower Eocene to Lower Oligocene Fenghuoshan Group, the Lower Oligocene Yaxicuo Group, and the Lower Miocene Wudaoliang Group, is widely distributed in the Hoh Xil piggyback basin, the largest Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the hinterland of the Tibetan plateau. The strata of the Fenghuoshan and Yaxicuo groups have undergone strong deformation, whereas only minor tilting has occurred in the Wudaoliang Group. We analyze their sedimentary facies and depositional systems to help characterize continental collision and early uplift of the Tibetan plateau. The results indicate fluvial, lacustrine, and fan-delta facies for the Fenghuoshan Group, fluvial and lacustrine facies for the Yaxicuo Group, and lacustrine facies for the Wudaoliang Group. Development of the Hoh Xil basin underwent three stages: (1) the Fenghuoshan Group was deposited mainly in the Fenghuoshan-Hantaishan sub-basin between 56.0 and 31.8 Ma ago; (2) the Yaxicuo Group was deposited mainly in the Wudaoliang and Zhuolai Lake sub-basins between 31.8 and 30.0 Ma ago; and (3) the Wudaoliang Group was deposited throughout the entire Hoh Xil basin during the Early Miocene. The Fenghuoshan and Yaxicuo groups were deposited in piggyback basins during the Early Eocene to Early Oligocene, whereas the Wudaoliang Group was deposited in a relatively stable large lake. The Hoh Xil basin underwent two periods of strong north–south shortening, which could have been produced by the collision between India and Asia and the early uplift of the Tibetan plateau. The study suggests the Hoh Xil region could reach a high elevation during the Late Oligocene and the diachronous uplift history for the Tibetan plateau from east to west.     

Tertiary crustal shortening and peneplanation in the Hoh Xil region: implications for the tectonic history of the northern Tibetan Plateau

The Hoh Xil Basin is the largest Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau. Tertiary sedimentary strata 5.8 km thick, comprising the Fenghuoshan, Yaxicuo and Wudaoliang groups, provide compelling evidence concerning the crustal shortening, erosion and peneplanation of the northern Tibetan Plateau. The basal Fenghuoshan and overlying Yaxicuo groups span the Eocene-Early Oligocene stratigraphically, and have been dated by magnetostratigraphy as 56–30 Ma old. Both groups are composed of terrigenous rocks. Provenance analysis of sandstones and conglomerates demonstrates that Permian and Triassic strata in the Tanggula Orogenic Zone in the south were the source for the Fenghuoshan Group. In contrast, the Carboniferous–Triassic strata in the Tanggula, Bairizhajia, and Heishishan-Gaoshan orogenic zones in the north, were the source for the Yaxicuo Group.During the Late Oligocene, northern Tibet underwent strong north–south crustal shortening (∼43%) and thickening. Extensive erosion, which occurred over the entire plateau surface near the end of the Oligocene, resulted in development of a peneplain surface. The latter is overlain by the Early Miocene Wudaoliang Group, composed of fresh water limestones. These are exposed both on summit surfaces, as well as on the valley floors, showing that a phase of differential uplift occurred after the deposition of the Wudaoliang Group. This post-Miocene differential uplift was due to regional extension, in a region of overall shortening. Even though we have not succeeded in obtaining conclusive data about the exact timing of phases of rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, it is most likely that the major phase of uplift occurred during the Late Oligocene.     

Tectonics and Topography of the Tibetan Plateau in Early Miocene

Early Miocene stratigraphy, major structural systems, magmatic emplacement, volcanic eruption, vegetation change and paleo-elevation were analyzed for the Tibetan Plateau after regional geological mapping at a scale of 1:250,000 and related researches, revealing much more information for tectonic evolution and topographic change of the high plateau caused by Indian-Asian continental collision. Lacustrine deposits of dolostone, dolomite limestone, limestone, marl, sandstone and conglomerate of weak deformation formed extensively in the central Tibetan Plateau, indicating that vast lake complexes as large as 100,000–120,000 km2 existed in the central plateau during Early Miocene. Sporopollen assemblages contained in the lacustrine strata indicate the disappearance of most tropical-subtropical broad-leaved trees since Early Miocene and the flourishing of dark needleleaved trees during Early Miocene. Such vegetation changes adjusted for latitude and global climate variations demonstrate that the central Tibetan Plateau rose to ca. 4,000–4,500 m and the northeastern plateau uplifted to ca. 3,500–4,000 m before the Early Miocene. Intensive thrust and crustal thickening occurred in the areas surrounding central Tibetan Plateau in Early Miocene, formed Gangdise Thrust System(GTS) in the southern Lhasa block, Zedong-Renbu Thrust(ZRT) in the northern Himalaya block, Main Central Thrust(MCT) and Main Boundary Thrust(MBT) in the southern Himalaya block, and regional thrust systems in the Qaidam, Qilian, West Kunlun and Songpan-Ganzi blocks. Foreland basins formed in Early Miocene along major thrust systems, e.g. the Siwalik basin along MCT, Yalung-Zangbu Basin along GTS and ZRT, southwestern Tarim depression along West Kunlun Thrust, and large foreland basins along major thrust systems in the northeastern margin of the plateau. Intensive volcanic eruptions formed in the Qiangtang, Hoh-Xil and Kunlun blocks, porphyry granites and volcanic eruptions formed in the Nainqentanglha and Gangdise Mts., and leucogranites and granites formed in the Himalaya and Longmenshan Mts. in Early Miocene. The K2O weight percentages of Early Miocene magmatic rocks in the Gangdise and Himlayan Mts. are found to increase with distance from the MBT, indicating the genetic relationship between regional magmatism and subduction of Indian continental plate in Early Miocene.     

西藏中部尼玛—荣玛地区逆冲推覆构造特征

尼玛—荣玛地区位于羌塘盆地中段,发育大量的逆冲推覆构造体系。尼玛以北主要发育自北向南运动的逆冲推覆构造体系,导致中央隆起带和班公—怒江构造带的岩石地层组合、三叠系和侏罗系地层逆冲在红层之上,其中北羌塘盆地侏罗系地层越过中央隆起,在南羌塘盆地发育滑脱构造并形成薄皮逆冲推覆构造及大型逆冲岩席;尼玛以南主要发育自南向北运动的逆冲推覆构造体系,造成侏罗—白垩系、白垩系岩石组合逆冲在红层之上。逆冲推覆构造普遍控制了红层盆地的生长,并被中新世湖相沉积角度不整合覆盖。逆冲推覆构造活动时代为早白垩世晚期至古近纪,其中中央隆起和班公—怒江构造带最早经历了早白垩世晚期—晚白垩世的抬升,随后整个研究区经历了古近纪的构造抬升,分别与新特提斯洋板片的北向俯冲以及印度—拉萨地块陆陆碰撞存在动力学相关;中新世以来的东西向伸展构造则导致局部差异抬升。逆冲推覆构造破坏了早期油气成藏,但同时伴生的断褶系统也促进地层增厚和有机质成熟,为二次生烃提供了有利的构造圈闭条件,桑列勒以及尼玛一带背斜圈闭是有利的油气靶区。     

西藏色林错及邻区古近纪沉积凹陷对地壳增厚的响应

青藏高原中部古近纪发育伦坡拉盆地、色林错盆地、尼玛盆地,组成伦坡拉-色林错-尼玛沉积凹陷,总体呈近东西走向,长超过250km,宽30~50km;凹陷中心古近系河湖相沉积地层厚度达5~6km,下部为古新统-始新统牛堡组砾岩、砂岩、泥岩、泥灰岩,上部为渐新统丁青湖组泥岩、页岩、粉砂岩夹油页岩,顶部被新近系河湖相沉积不整合覆盖。凹陷南部发育尼玛-色林错逆冲推覆构造,凹陷北侧发育赛布错-扎加藏布逆冲推覆构造,伦坡拉盆地北部发育薄皮推覆构造,伴有不同规模的褶皱变形。地壳深部不同深度发育多重逆冲推覆构造,羌塘地块南部自北向南逆冲推覆,拉萨地块北部自南向北逆冲推覆;两者对冲部位地壳厚度发生显著变化,地表形成古近纪沉积凹陷。根据深地震反射及构造解释,结合Airy均衡分析,表明不同深度逆冲推覆及对冲构造运动导致地壳缩短增厚,增厚地壳均衡隆升及密度差异对古近纪沉积凹陷及盆地演化具有重要控制作用。色林错凹陷及邻区古近纪沉积记录对青藏高原地壳增厚与隆升过程具有重要指示意义。     

The Cretaceous crustal shortening and thickening of the South Qiangtang Terrane and implications for proto-Tibetan Plateau formation

The timing and magnitude of deformation across the central Tibetan Plateau, including the South Qiangtang Terrane (SQT), are poorly constrained but feature prominently in geodynamic models of the Tibetan Plateau formation. The Ejiu fold and thrust belt (EFTB), which is located in the SQT, provides valuable records of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic deformation history of the central Tibetan Plateau. Here we integrate geochronology of volcanic rocks, low-temperature thermochronology, geologic mapping and a balanced cross section to resolve the deformation history of the SQT. Geochronologic data suggest that major deformation that initiated in the early Cretaceous continued until at least 80 Ma and ceased by ∼40 Ma. The balanced cross section resolves ∼66 km upper crustal shortening (34%) mainly during the Cretaceous Qiangtang-Lhasa collision. However, the Cenozoic crustal shortening is not well constrained because of a lack of successive Cenozoic strata. We also discussed whether the observed crustal shortening can account for the modern crustal thickness and elevation in the SQT. Our observations indicate that crustal shortening and thickening within the central Tibetan Plateau was mostly accomplished during the Cretaceous Lhasa-Qiangtang collision. A thick crust could be maintained since the Cretaceous due to slow erosion rates since ∼40 Ma. Minor Late Cenozoic shortening also contributed to a small amount of crustal thickening in the central Tibetan Plateau. However, close to modern >4700 m elevation was finally attained by lithospheric mantle foundering in the Qiangtang Terrane at ∼25 Ma.     

平衡剖面方法恢复柴达木盆地新生代地层缩短及其意义

柴达木盆地为一中-新生代盆地,位于青藏高原北缘,盆内中-新生代地层发育,很好地记录了印度板块与欧亚板块自距今55Ma以来碰撞传播到高原北缘的地质事件。本文以最新的高精度磁性地层和年代地层为约束,通过盆地内部一条北东——南西向地震大剖面,用平衡剖面方法恢复新生代以来盆地因两大板块碰撞而引起的北东——南西向地壳缩短量,揭示盆地的性质和变形历史。结果表明:柴达木盆地在印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的早期就开始变形,呈现弱的挤压状态,至始新世中——晚期变形明显增强,然后略为减弱,从中新世中-晚期尤其更新世以来地壳缩短速率快速增加,反映此时挤压变形最强烈,高原北部快速隆升。     

青藏高原中-南部新生代构造演化的热年代学制约

青藏高原新生代以来的隆升过程及特征长期以来广存争议.岩体中不同单矿物所记录的中低温热年代学信息适用于揭示较新年代地质体的隆升过程,可以为之提供有效制约.在青藏高原部分岩浆岩与变质岩露头区原位采集15块样品,利用锆石与磷灰石裂变径迹等热年代学结果为青藏高原中生代末期以来的隆升过程提供约束.其中,所获10块样品的锆石裂变径迹数据年龄范围为182~33 Ma,分别记录了渐新世之前青藏高原内不同块体间相互碰撞及高原内不同地区的构造热事件.特别是沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布的3个样品,锆石裂变径迹年龄结果一致显示始新世末期-渐新世早期该带存在一期显著的构造热事件.该构造热事件暗示在约36~33 Ma沿雅江缝合带发生过强烈的陆-陆硬碰撞.所获14块样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄范围为70.4~5.0 Ma,综合热史反演结果显示青藏高原南部中新世中晚期以来存在整体性隆升,特别是从上新世开始隆升速率显著加快.磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在空间分布上具有向高原东南部变年轻的趋势,表明青藏高原东南部在上新世以来的构造隆升较其他地区要强烈,暗示印度-亚洲板块碰撞驱动机制对该时期的高原隆升具有控制作用.此外,青藏高原中部在白垩纪末期-始新世可能即已隆升至相当高度,此后至今保持了相当低的剥蚀速率.