青藏高原冬季热状况对赤道太平洋纬向风异常的影响

用经过改进的CCM 1动力气候模式研究了冬季青藏高原上空大气热源汇异常对太平洋纬向风异常的影响, 发现: (1) 当青藏高原1~3月份大气冷源加强时, 在对流层低层出现围绕青藏高原的异常反气旋, 随后的月份在中国大陆沿海出现异常的北风, 西太平洋出现异常气旋. 随后, 西太平洋赤道出现异常西风并向东扩展到东太平洋; (2) 当青藏高原1~3月份大气冷源异常减弱时, 首先在低层出现一个围绕青藏高原的异常气旋, 随后在西太平洋出现异常反气旋, 并向西南移动, 引起赤道太平洋地区的异常东风, 并向东传播. 此外青藏高原冬季和初春冷源强弱还可以引起赤道印度洋的纬向风的异常变化, 因而冬季青藏高原大气冷热源异常可以作为亚洲冬季风和ENSO之间的桥梁.     

热带西太平洋纬向风异常对 ENSO 循环的动力作用

根据观测资料,分析了1982/1983,1986/1987,1991/1992和1997/1998年ElNino事件发展和衰减以及LaNino事件发生过程中赤道西太平洋对流层下层环流和纬向风异常及其作用.结果表明,在ElNino事件发展阶段前,在热带西太平洋上空对流层下层产生气旋性环流异常,从而使印度尼西亚和赤道西太平洋上空产生西风异常;而当ElNino事件发展到成熟阶段,在热带西太平洋上空对流层下层产生反气旋性环流异常,从而使印度尼西亚和赤道西太平洋上空产生东风异常.还利用一个简单的热带海洋动力学模式,计算了20世纪最强的1997/1998ENSO循环过程中赤道海洋波动对实际海表风应力距平的响应.结果表明,热带西太平洋海表附近的纬向风异常,通过激发Kelvin波与Rossby波对ElNino事件的发展与衰减和LaNino事件的发生起到重要的动力作用.     

热带太平洋海洋混合层水体振荡与ENSO循环

研究了热带太平洋温跃层和海面风应力年际变率主要模态及它们之间的相互作用, 探讨了ENSO循环的可能形成机制, 得到如下结果: (1)热带太平洋温跃层异常具以160°W为纵轴的东西向偶极子分布和以6~8°N为横轴的南北向跷跷板分布等两种主要模态, 两者(相位差90°)组合构成El Niño/La Niña循环, 表现为混合层水体(指温跃层界面之上海温垂直分布较均匀的上层海洋)在赤道与12°N之间的热带太平洋海盆内反时针三维振荡; (2)热带太平洋风应力异常具两种主要分布型, 第一特征向量场反映了热带太平洋信风异常导致的赤道太平洋异常纬向风应力及散度场与离赤道北太平洋异常越赤道风应力及反相散度场, 第二特征向量场反映了热带辐合带(ITCZ)异常导致的异常风应力及相应散度场; (3)信风异常对ENSO事件的形成、强度和相变都有决定性的作用, 它导致海面倾斜, 提供了混合层水体振荡初始位能, 同时造成赤道太平洋西部与东部之间和赤道太平洋与12°N北太平洋海盆之间温跃层同步反相位移, 限定了热带太平洋混合层水体振荡的振幅和路线. ITCZ异常主要对ENSO相变过程有一定影响; (4)热带西太平洋海洋热力异常导致海面风应力异常, 它伴随热带太平洋混合层水体振荡沿赤道由西向东扩展, 造成热带太平洋信风异常, 产生有利于水体振荡的异常风应力及散度场, 反过来进一步加强混合层水体振荡. 这一海气耦合过程与混合层水体振荡一起为ENSO循环提供了相变和年际记忆机制. 研究指出, ENSO循环实质上是由信风异常和海气耦合过程共同作用下产生的热带太平洋海洋混合层水体在赤道与12°N之间热带太平洋海盆内的惯性振荡. 海气耦合过程产生的作用力大于或等于水体运动阻力时, ENSO循环将加强或维持, 不足以克服水体运动阻力时, 水体振荡减小, ENSO循环将逐渐减弱, 直至中断.     

亚洲-太平洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数的关系

通过对观测资料的分析, 初步探讨了夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacific Oscillation, APO)和西北太平洋热带气旋频数的关系, 发现APO强弱的年际变化与西北太平洋热带气旋频数多寡之间具有显著的正相关关系, 夏季APO偏强(弱)时, 西北太平洋热带气旋偏多(少). 研究进一步揭示, APO变化可导致西北太平洋区域主要大气环流系统出现异常, 而大气环流的这种异常变化正是APO与西北太平洋热带气旋频数相联系的原因. 当APO处于正位相时, 西太平洋副热带高压减弱, 位置偏东偏北; 西北太平洋地区高层大气异常辐散, 低层大气异常辐合; 纬向风垂直切变减弱. 这些变化均为西北太平洋热带气旋的形成提供了有利的大气环流条件, 因此, 西北太平洋热带气旋频数偏多. 反之亦然.     

北太平洋海温与广西前汛期降水的联系

利用1979—2019年全国160站逐月降水资料、Hadley中心海温资料、NOAA以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,结合相关分析、信息流以及合成分析方法,分析了北太平洋海温异常与广西前汛期降水的同期联系,并初步探讨了前者对后者的影响及可能机制,结果表明：北太平洋关键区海温是广西前汛期降水的显著影响源,海温正位相(负位相)的异常分布在一定程度上导致了广西前汛期降水增多(减少).北太平洋关键区海温变化可以独立于赤道中东太平洋影响前汛期降水,而赤道中东太平洋海温变化可以起到调制作用,增强两者联系.北太平洋为正位相海温异常时,大气为“+-+”的经向三极型位势高度异常响应.与此同时,海温异常激发了向下游中高纬传播的Rossby波列,引起东亚沿岸位势高度正异常和反气旋环流异常.在上述机制下,贝加尔湖高压脊和东亚大槽均显著增强,使得中高纬冷空气更易南下.赤道中东太平洋海温的调制作用体现在对中低纬环流的影响.关键区海温正位相对应于赤道中东太平洋海温偏暖,后者引起局地异常上升运动,减弱Walker环流进而导致赤道西太平洋出现下沉异常,抑制了对流活动,在西北太平洋强迫出异常反气旋,使得副高加强西伸.副高...     

不同分布型El Ni?o期间MJO活动的差异

利用Hadley中心的月平均海温资料、NCEP/NCAR和ERA-Interim逐日再分析大气环流数据等,详细对比了赤道大气季节内振荡(MJO)活动在东部型El Ni?o与中部型El Ni?o发展期间的异同点.结果表明,与传统的东部型El Ni?o发展前MJO明显偏强的特征相似,在中部型El Ni?o迅速发展前的春夏季,MJO动能亦较强且持续东传特征显著.这说明无论是东部型El Ni?o还是中部型El Ni?o,与MJO能量的突然增长相联系的低频纬向西风和低频对流活动的增强及其持续东传是激发El Ni?o的重要因素.但是,在中部型El Ni?o发展成熟的冬季至次年春季,热带中西太平洋MJO动能的强度突然再次增强,所占大气总扰动动能的比重也再次增大,热带MJO动能的逐日演变达到第二次峰值,且较第一次峰值更强;MJO从热带印度洋向赤道中东太平洋持续东传的特征也更为显著.这与在传统东部型El Ni?o盛期MJO能量和东传都明显减弱的特征表现出显著的差异.进一步分析指出,中部型El Ni?o成熟期海温正距平中心位置的西移以及由中部型El Ni?o激发的范围偏小、位置偏西的菲律宾附近异常反气旋环流可能是导致中部型El Ni?o盛期MJO活动显著增强的主要原因.     

热带气旋与多尺度气候变异:2018年西北太平洋台风季概况

2018年是西北太平洋热带气旋异常活跃的一年,该年台风季(6~11月)共有26个热带气旋生成,远超气候平均的22个,是近20年来第二活跃的台风季.2018年,热带气旋多形成于西北太平洋东部和南海北部,台风活动区域偏东北,移动路径多由西北行转为偏北行登陆,造成了中国大陆重大经济损失(约697.3亿元).这一年,多尺度气候变异共同作用引起了西北太平洋季风槽的增强和副热带高压减弱,从而导致了热带气旋异常活跃.在此过程中,年际气候背景条件起了主导作用,而年代际气候变异仅起到了弱的抑制作用.在年际尺度上,一个发展的中太平洋厄尔尼诺事件和正相位的太平洋经向模态(PMM)共同作用形成了2018年有利于热带气旋活动的大尺度环流背景条件.进一步研究表明,中太平洋海温强迫在西北太平洋热带气旋活动中起到了关键调节作用,而PMM通过中太平洋海温间接影响西北太平洋热带气旋活动.在中太平洋厄尔尼诺年,中太平洋海温增暖引起的对流异常通过大气的Gill型-罗斯贝波响应导致了西北太平洋上异常气旋性环流,这使得西北太平洋上副热带高压减弱、季风槽增强东北移,有利于热带气旋在此形成和发展.短期气候及天气变化,如季节内振荡(ISO)和天气尺度扰动(SSD)的活动,与增强的季风槽相互作用,加剧了2018年异常的西北太平洋热带气旋的活动.     

夏季西北太平洋大气环流异常及其与热带印度洋-太平洋海温变化的关系

本文分析了夏季西北太平洋大气环流异常特征及其与海温变化的关系,发现夏季西北太平洋异常反气旋/气旋(WNPAC/WNPC)是西北太平洋地区对流层中低层存在的重要大气环流异常现象,与东亚-西北太平洋低纬度至高纬度的经向PJ波列及欧亚中高纬度东西纬向波列的变化有关,通过与中高纬度环流变化的联系,对东亚及欧亚中高纬度气候有重要影响.夏季WNPAC/WNPC与热带海温变化的关系存在明显的不对称性,显著的WNPAC一般出现在El Niño衰减年夏季,与前期El Niño成熟年冬季的赤道东太平洋暖海温异常和El Niño衰减年春夏季印度洋海盆尺度的暖海温异常有明显的正相关关系,进一步表明了WNPAC在El Niño事件影响夏季气候中的重要桥梁作用;而夏季显著的WNPC与前期和同期热带海温变化的关系存在明显的不确定性,主要与夏季热带印度洋和赤道中东太平洋之间东暖西冷的热力差异异常引起的孟加拉湾-赤道西太平洋西风异常有关.进一步分析WNPAC/WNPC与海温变化关系不对称的可能原因,发现El Niño和La Niña衰减年夏季热带印度洋和太平洋海温变化所引起的印-太之间海温(热力)差异的一致性特征可能是导致WNPAC/WNPC与海温变化关系不对称的主要原因.     

厄尔尼诺/南方涛动与赤道远西太平洋准两年周期振荡之间相互作用的概念模式

建立了一个反映厄尔尼诺/南方涛动(ENSO)与热带远西太平洋准两年振荡(QBOWP)相互作用最基本物理过程的新概念模式. 在此概念模式中, QBOWP对ENSO的影响通过两种途径: (1) 沿赤道太平洋海洋Kelvin波和 (2) 大气的Walker环流; 而ENSO对QBOWP的影响则可通过大气的Walker环流异常来实现. 对该模式结果的分析诊断表明: 在ENSO与QBOWP相互作用过程中, 大气桥(Walker环流)的作用比海洋桥(沿赤道太平洋的Kelvin波)更重要; 通过QBOWP与ENSO的相互作用, 一个3~5年周期的ENSO振荡可以变为准两年振荡, 而赤道远西太平洋年际变化的主要周期也会变长; 热带太平洋大气-海洋耦合系统的多时间尺度的年际变化可以通过ENSO与QBOWP的相互作用来实现.     

厄尔尼诺持续时间与大气环流异常形势

针对不同持续时间的El Nio事件,进行了大尺度大气环流及其演变的合成分析研究.其结果清楚地表明,不同持续时间的El Nio事件的发生、发展和消亡过程,对流层低层风场和对流层高层速度势场的距平都有极为显著差异.分析得到了对El Nio事件的发生和消亡起着重要作用的大气环流异常形势.还发现对于持续时间较长的El Nio事件,东北太平洋上850hPa异常气旋性环流减弱和西北太平洋上异常反气旋性环流增强较慢,因此赤道太平洋异常西风维持的时间也较长,而与澳大利亚冬季风加强相关联的南半球西太平洋的速度势正距平的维持,对El Nio的持续也起一定作用;对应持续时间较短的El Nio事件,西太平洋上200hPa速度势正距平的迅速东移,对El Nio的迅速消亡起重要作用.     

Dynamical effect of the zonal wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific on ENSO cycles

The circulation and zonal wind anomalies in the lower troposphere over the equatorial western Pacific and their roles in the developing and decaying processes of the 1982–1983, 1986 –1987, 1991–1992 and 1997–1998 El Ni?o events and the occurrence of La Ni?a events are analyzed by using the observed data in this paper. The results show that before the developing stage of these El Ni?o events, there were cyclonic circulation anomalies in the lower troposphere over the tropical western Pacific, and the anomalies brought the westerly anomalies over the Indonesia and the tropical western Pacific. However, when the El Ni?o events developed to their mature phase, there were anticyclonic circulation anomalies in the lower troposphere over the tropical western Pacific, and the anomalies made the easterly anomalies appear over the tropical western Pacific. A simple, dynamical model of tropical ocean is used to calculate the response of the equatorial oceanic waves to the observed anomalies of wind stress near the sea surface of the equatorial Pacific during the 1997/98 ENSO cycle, which was the strongest one in the 20th century. It is shown that the zonal wind stress anomalies have an important dynamical effect on the devel-opment and decay of this El Ni?o event and the occurrence of the following La Ni?a event.     

北半球夏季副热带西风急流变异及其对东亚夏季风气候异常的影响

探讨了东亚地区副热带西风急流(EAJS)位置的年际 变化特征、影响及其可能机制. EAJS南北变动的影响主要集中在亚澳季风区和气候平均的北 半球副热带西风急流轴的南北两侧,这与SOI或ENSO相联系的大气环流响应很不相同,后者的 影响主要表现在中、东太平洋上. 北半球副热带西风急流存在着两个显著不同的模态,其中 一个模态反映的是亚太尤其是东亚地区的西风急流的南北变异,另一个模态出现在150°E～1 20°W的中、东太平洋上. 它们分别联系着不同的太平洋海温异常分布,但都能对夏季200hPa 南亚高压的强度产生影响,尤其是南亚高压的东部,从而可以对我国东部夏季旱涝灾害的形成 产生作用.     

青藏高原春季积雪在南海夏季风爆发过程中的作用

本文应用欧洲中期预报中心（ECMWF,European Centre for Medium\|Range Weather Forecasts—ERA\|40）资料和美国国家环境预测中心和国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR, National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research)资料,研究了青藏高原雪深变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响和ENSO对青藏高原降雪的影响.结果表明：（1）ECMWF的雪深资料是可信的,可以用来研究青藏高原雪深变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响;（2）青藏高原的积雪异常影响到500 hPa以上的温度异常和印度洋与大陆间的气温对比,一方面使上层的南亚高压移动速度发生变化,另一方面也影响到低层大气的运动和东西向风异常,在青藏高原少雪年,东印度洋产生西风异常和一个气旋对,而在青藏高原多雪年,东印度洋产生东风异常和一个反气旋对;（3）ENSO与青藏高原春季积雪关系密切.东太平洋SST正异常时,东印度洋和南海气压偏高,从而导致该区海陆经向压强梯度增强和西风异常.另外,此时青藏高原北部气压偏高,北风偏强,副热带锋面增强,同时,印度洋的SST偏高,为青藏高原降雪提供了水汽保障,这些都有利于青藏高原的降雪.     

Mixed-layer water oscillations in tropical Pacific for ENSO cycle

The main modes of interannal variabilities of thermocline and sea surface wind stress in the tropical Pacific and their interactions are investigated,which show the following results.(1) The thermocline anomalies in the tropical Pacific have a zonal dipole pattern with 160°W as its axis and a meridional seesaw pattern with 6-8°N as its transverse axis.The meridional oscillation has a phase lag of about 90° to the zonal oscillation,both oscillations get together to form the El Ni?o/La Ni?a cycle,which be-haves as a mixed layer water oscillates anticlockwise within the tropical Pacific basin between equator and 12°N.(2) There are two main patterns of wind stress anomalies in the tropical Pacific,of which the first component caused by trade wind anomaly is characterized by the zonal wind stress anomalies and its corresponding divergences field in the equatorial Pacific,and the abnormal cross-equatorial flow wind stress and its corresponding divergence field,which has a sign opposite to that of the equatorial region,in the off-equator of the tropical North Pacific,and the second component represents the wind stress anomalies and corresponding divergences caused by the ITCZ anomaly.(3) The trade winds anomaly plays a decisive role in the strength and phase transition of the ENSO cycle,which results in the sea level tilting,provides an initial potential energy to the mixed layer water oscillation,and causes the opposite thermocline displacement between the west side and east side of the equator and also between the equator and 12°N of the North Pacific basin,therefore determines the amplitude and route for ENSO cycle.The ITCZ anomaly has some effects on the phase transition.(4) The thermal anomaly of the tropical western Pacific causes the wind stress anomaly and extends eastward along the equator accompanied with the mixed layer water oscillation in the equatorial Pacific,which causes the trade winds anomaly and produces the anomalous wind stress and the corresponding divergence in favor to conduce the oscillation,which in turn intensifies the oscillation.The coupled system of ocean-atmo-sphere interactions and the inertia gravity of the mixed layer water oscillation provide together a phase-switching mechanism and interannual memory for the ENSO cycle.In conclusion,the ENSO cycle essentially is an inertial oscillation of the mixed layer water induced by both the trade winds anomaly and the coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction in the tropical Pacific basin between the equator and 12°N.When the force produced by the coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction is larger than or equal to the resistance caused by the mixed layer water oscillation,the oscillation will be stronger or maintain as it is,while when the force is less than the resistance,the oscillation will be weaker,even break.     

风应力桥梁作用下热带太平洋和热带大西洋相互作用的数值试验

利用中等复杂程度热带大气和海洋模式研究了热带太平洋和大西洋SST通过风应力桥梁的相互作用.利用1958～1998年NCEP分析的海表面温度场（SST）强迫大气模式得到的表面风应力与NCEP分析的同期热通量共同驱动海洋模式,作为控制试验;和控制试验平行,但强迫大气模式的SST在某一海盆取为多年气候平均值的试验作为敏感性试验;比较控制试验与敏感性试验模拟,则可反映风应力桥梁作用下热带某海盆SST异常对其他海盆的影响.结果表明,热带某一海盆SST暖（冷）异常总是引起局地海盆表面西部西（东）风异常和东部东（西）风异常;热带太平洋SST暖（冷）异常导致的该海盆东部表面东（西）风异常可以扩展到热带大西洋,从而导致热带大西洋SST冷（暖）异常;热带大西洋SST暖（冷）异常导致的该海盆西部表面西（东）风异常可以扩展到热带太平洋,从而导致热带太平洋SST暖（冷）异常.     

Conceptual model about the interaction between El Ni(n)o/ Southern Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific

Interaction between the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific (QBOWP) and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is studied using a new conceptual model. In this conceptual model, the QBOWP effects on ENSO are achieved through two ways: (1) the oceanic Kelvin wave along equatorial Pacific, and (2) the Atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly, while ENSO effects on QBOWP can be accomplished by the atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly. Diagnosis analysis of the model results shows that the Atmospheric bridge (Walker circulation) plays a more important role in interaction between the ENSO and QBOWP than the oceanic bridge (oceanic Kelvin wave along equatorial Pacific); It is found that by the interaction of the ENSO and QBOWP, a free ENSO oscillation with 3-5 years period could be substituted by a oscillation with the quasi-biennial period, and the dominant period of SST anomaly and wind anomaly in the far west equatorial Pacific tends to be prolonged with enhanced ENSO forcing. Generally, the multi-period variability in the coupled Atmosphere-Ocean System in the Tropical Pacific can be achieved through the interaction between ENSO and QBOWP.     

Conceptual model about the interaction between El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific

Interaction between the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific (QBOWP) and the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is studied using a new conceptual model. In this conceptual model, the QBOWP effects on ENSO are achieved through two ways: (1) the oceanic Kelvin wave along equatorial Pacific, and (2) the Atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly, while ENSO effects on QBOWP can be accomplished by the atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly. Diagnosis analysis of the model results shows that the Atmospheric bridge (Walker circulation) plays a more important role in interaction between the ENSO and QBOWP than the oceanic bridge (oceanic Kelvin wave along equatorial Pacific); It is found that by the interaction of the ENSO and QBOWP, a free ENSO oscillation with 3–5 years period could be substituted by a oscillation with the quasi-biennial period, and the dominant period of SST anomaly and wind anomaly in the far west equatorial Pacific tends to be prolonged with enhanced ENSO forcing. Generally, the multi-period variability in the coupled Atmosphere-Ocean System in the Tropical Pacific can be achieved through the interaction between ENSO and QBOWP.     

Two modes of dipole events in tropical Indian Ocean

By analyzing the distributions of subsurface temperature and the surface wind stress anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans during the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events, two major modes of the IOD and their formation mechanisms are revealed. (1) The subsurface temperature anomaly (STA) in the tropical Indian Ocean during the IOD events can be described as a “<” -shaped and west-east-oriented dipole pattern; in the east side of the “<” pattern, a notable tongue-like STA extends westward along the equator in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean; while in the west side of the “<” pattern, the STA has opposite sign with two centers (the southern one is stronger than the northern one in intensity) being of rough symmetry about the equator in the tropical mid-western Indian Ocean. (2) The IOD events are composed of two modes, which have similar spatial pattern but different temporal variabilities due to the large scale air-sea interactions within two independent systems. The first mode of the IOD event originates from the air-sea interaction on a scale of the tropical Pacific-Indian Ocean and coexists with ENSO. The second mode originates from the air-sea interaction on a scale of the tropical Indian Ocean and is closely associated with changes in the position and intensity of the Mascarene high pressure. The strong IOD event occurs when the two modes are in phase, and the IOD event weakens or disappears when the two modes are out of phase. Besides, the IOD events are normally strong when either of the two modes is strong. (3) The IOD event is caused by the abnormal wind stress forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean, which results in vertical transports, leading to the upwelling and pileup of seawater. This is the main dynamic processes resulting in the STA. When the anomalous easterly exists over the equatorial Indian Ocean, the cold waters upwell in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean while the warm waters pileup in the tropical western Indian Ocean, hence the thermocline in the tropical Indian Ocean is shallowed in the east and deepened in the west. The off-equator component due to the Coriolis force in the equatorial area causes the upwelling of cold waters and the shallowing of the equatorial India Ocean thermocline. On the other hand, the anomalous anticyclonic circulations and their curl fields located on both sides of the equator, cause the pileup of warm waters in the central area of their curl fields and the deepening of the equatorial Indian Ocean thermocline off the equator. The above three factors lead to the occurrence of positive phase IOD events. When anomalous westerly dominates over the tropical Indian Ocean, the dynamic processes are reversed, and the negative-phase IOD event occurs. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40776013), National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB403601) and the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX-SW-222)     

Conceptual model about the interaction between El Nio/Southern Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific

In the tropical Pacific region, El Ni?o/Southern Os- (COADS SST from 1945 to 1993) in the eastern cillation (ENSO) and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in (150°W-90°W, 5°S-5°N) and the observed SST far west equatorial Pacific (QBOWP) are two most and zonal wind in the far western equatorial Pacific prominent interannual variation phenomena. The for- (120°-140°E, 0°-10°N) (Fig.1), in the eastern Pa- mer is characterized by coupled SST-wind variability cific the period of S…