阳坡里隧道纵穿滑坡体段变形破坏机制与加固效应研究

以武罐高速公路阳坡里隧道为依托,深入探讨了隧道纵向穿越滑坡体情况下隧道与滑坡的相互作用机制及变形破坏模式。在理论分析的基础上提出了针对性的综合工程防治设计方案,并采用强度折减有限元法与极限平衡法对隧道穿越滑坡段的开挖加固效应进行了分析研究,对开挖加固前、后滑坡的稳定性进行了对比分析。结果表明：在隧道开挖条件下,滑坡的稳定性满足规范要求,目前该工程正在施工中,安全稳定性良好。另外,研究表明：纵穿滑坡体段的隧道结构对滑坡体来讲是一个重要的“抗滑结构体”,由于受滑坡推力作用隧道衬砌结构所受主应力发生明显偏转,当进入基岩后,随着隧道拱顶距基岩与覆盖层接触面距离的增加,衬砌所受各主应力逐渐转变为正常状态。提出的隧道纵穿滑坡段的分析思路和综合防治方案对类似工程有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

隧道正交穿越深厚滑坡体的相互影响分析与应对措施

在我国西南山区修建公路隧道时,常常需穿越滑坡等不良地质灾害体,而其中最复杂的组合便是隧道正交穿越滑坡,这一复杂组合耦合了上覆厚度巨大的滑坡体和隧道开挖揭穿滑坡滑面两个不利条件,将会引发滑坡和隧道的强烈相互作用,从而诱发滑坡体和隧道的强烈开裂、变形。以西南山区某高速公路隧道正交穿越厚度超过60 m的老滑坡为背景,对这类隧道–滑坡体系的相互作用而引发的工程病害的机制进行了深入的分析和研究,并采用数值分析方法对坡体、隧道的应力、变形等进行了详细计算分析,同时与规范推荐的传递系数法的计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,数值分析方法对这种复杂体系作用下的坡体与隧道的相互影响所进行的分析更为合理,基于应力变形控制理论所确定的最终处治方案具有明显技术合理性和经济优势。目前该隧道已成功穿越滑坡体并通车,这种复杂条件下的隧道-滑坡体系的成功处治在国内外亦是非常少见的,其设计分析思路和应对措施可供今后类似工程参考和借鉴。     

滑坡内隧道变形模式与荷载计算方法

近年来,运营期铁路隧道发生病害的比例逐年提高,其中以位于滑坡体内隧道的破坏最为严重,对铁路的安全运营造成了严重的威胁,然而我国目前对位于滑体内隧道的设计还没有形成统一的认识和标准,没有完整的计算理论。本文以隧道-滑坡中隧道穿越滑体为研究对象,从运营隧道的病害特征入手,通过对工程中的具体隧道-滑坡实例进行调查、归纳、总结,建立相应的工程地质模型。然后对该类模型在围岩压力和滑坡推力作用下的受力变形情况进行分析,将上部坡体作用于隧道上的滑坡推力与围岩压力进行叠加,得出隧道在滑坡推力作用下的受力图示和荷载计算公式,从而为滑坡地段隧道的设计提供参考。 更多还原     

穿越古滑坡川主寺隧道施工地质问题及整治措施

由于在勘察设计阶段对地质条件的认识不足,或者因改善公路线型的要求,穿越大型古滑坡体的隧道工程难以避免。川主寺隧道即是一个穿越了大型古滑坡体的公路隧道。文章以该隧道赋存的地质条件为基础,初步讨论了古滑坡的基本特征,通过现场调研分析了穿越该古滑坡隧道建设中出现的洞口滑坡以及碎裂围岩坍塌等地质问题。并提出相应的整治措施。其研究成果对于穿越古滑坡隧道的修建具有重要的指导意义。     

喀斯特地貌区隧道与隐伏充填溶洞临界安全距离分析

当隧道施工穿越喀斯特地貌发育区时,隧道应与溶洞保持一定的距离,确保隧道围岩及支护的稳定性。为探究隧道与岩溶的临界安全距离,综合采用理论计算与数值试验方法,基于强度理论,建立不同部位充填溶洞（顶部、底部、侧部）临界安全距离的计算模型,推导出隧道与环向不同位置溶洞临界安全距离计算公式;采用FLAC 3D软件建立环向不同位置溶洞与隧道间的临界安全距离数值模型,基于正交试验设计方法,分析了围岩级别、溶洞水压、溶洞尺寸对临界安全距离的影响规律和显著性。结果表明：隧道与环向不同部位溶洞间的临界安全距离均随围岩级别、溶洞水压及溶洞尺寸的增大而增大,综合影响程度从大到小可排序为围岩级别>溶洞水压>溶洞尺寸;结合试验结果的非线性多元回归分析建立了临界安全距离预测公式;最后将研究成果应用于阳宗隧道项目来验证临界安全距离预测模型的合理性及适用性。     

穿越公路偏压小净距隧道施工方法探讨

西康高速公路长哨小净距隧道地形复杂特殊,尤其在出口段存在浅埋、偏压现象,且左隧道覆盖层上部为陕西省S102省道,隧道开挖期间,省道正常开通。为研究隧道开挖方式对省道路面沉降及洞室开挖后围岩稳定性的影响,通过建立符合实际地形的三维模型,分别针对上下台阶法、留核心土法、侧壁导坑法3种开挖方法进行了数值模拟,对不同开挖方式隧道不同位置的塑性区、围岩变形及地表沉降进行了分析,提出了符合实际的开挖施工方案,并同实际现场监测数据进行了比较。研究结果表明,采用上下台阶开挖法实现省道下的小净距隧道穿越方式,可保证施工期间省道的正常运行及隧道围岩的稳定性。     

岩溶隧道处治结构物稳定性监测分析

桩-承台-单边支撑墙-联系梁的处治方式在岩溶隧道施工开挖中发挥着重要作用.笔者结合白须公特大溶洞隧道的施工,以隧道开挖中处治结构和围岩稳定性为研究对象,对处治结构和围岩进行了监测.根据现场测试结果分析了处治结构在隧道开挖过程中的受力特性以及围岩在隧道开挖过程中的位移,以评价处治结构的安全可靠性.所得的数据和结论可为隧道穿越大型溶洞提供设计和施工方面的借鉴和参考,对隧道施工和安全运营有重要意义.     

穿越古滑坡的浅埋偏压连拱隧道动态施工响应规律

复杂地质条件下地下工程围岩稳定性问题,一直是地质工程界备受关注的热门议题。文中针对云南思茅-小勐养高速公路曼歇4号连拱隧道的特殊复杂地质结构,通过数值模拟对穿越古滑坡的浅埋偏压连拱隧道施工过程围岩应力场、位移场和塑性区变化规律进行了数值分析,从而有效揭示出施工各阶段围岩应力集中位置和潜在塑性破坏区,不仅为隧道的安全顺利施工提供了预警信息和直接指导,同时为连拱隧道的优化设计提供可靠的理论依据。在穿越古滑坡的浅埋偏压连拱隧道施工中,应高度重视古滑坡的彻底治理和中隔墙的支护加固,从而确保整座连拱隧道的围岩稳定和安全运营。     

穿越古堰塞湖相沉积地层隧道围岩质量分级与稳定性控制

古堰塞湖相沉积地层是川西地区公路建设过程中易遇到的软弱地层。本文以川主寺隧道进口段为典型工程实例,对穿越这一特殊地层隧道围岩失稳问题及稳定性控制技术开展系统研究:基于可拓学理论对古堰塞湖相沉积地层围岩等级进行了精确划分,并通过数值模拟手段探讨了川主寺隧道进口段围岩失稳破坏机理,在此基础上,提出了可行的开挖支护方案建议。本文研究方法及主要结论对于指导穿越古堰塞湖相沉积地层隧道建设具有重要的现实意义。     

滑坡作用下既有隧道锚索加固的物理模型试验与数值模拟研究

工程实践中有些隧道不可避免的需要穿越滑坡变形区,在后期地质演变作用及施工扰动荷载作用下原来没有明显变形的斜坡会出现较大变形,甚至发展成滑坡,对既有隧道结构产生不同程度的病害。国内外多数学者针对隧道开挖引起的滑坡体变形影响研究较多,针对滑坡体作用下既有隧道结构的受力变形及加固措施效果研究较少。为研究山体滑坡区域既有隧道锚索加固措施下的系统力学机制,首先建立地质力学模型试验,研究不同数量锚索加固后滑坡体与隧道结构的相互作用规律,并与无锚索加固措施工况进行对比,发现增加锚索加固后滑坡体沉降、隧道弯矩、滑坡体与隧道表面接触力明显减小,而不同数量加固锚索工况下上述观测值变化不大。此外,建立了相应工况的数值模型,与物理试验结果进行了对比得到较好一致性。研究成果可为山体滑坡区域隧道锚索加固方法改进提供一定的理论依据。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.