基于嫦娥二号卫星微波辐射计亮温数据反演月壤介电常数

月壤介电常数是当前月球微波遥感探测的基础, 是月壤厚度、成分等信息提取不可或缺的参数.为了实现全月介电常数反演, 通过对嫦娥二号卫星微波辐射计亮温数据进行时角校正, 得到同一时角的全月微波亮温图.全月微波亮温表现出随月球地形、月壤成分及纬度变化的特征.基于校正后的微波辐射亮温, 结合辐射传输模型, 通过解算相关参数, 反演得到3GHz频率下全月介电常数分布.其中, 月海地区的介电常数实部高于月陆地区, 且月球极地区域介电常数实部偏低; 而介电常数虚部则在月海区域和艾肯盆地较高.通过模拟月表介电常数实验对反演结果进行温度校正, 得到22℃下全月介电常数.将反演结果和月壤真实样品的介电常数测量值进行比较评价.结果表明介电常数实部相对误差都低于11%;虚部相对误差偏大, 但其差值最大仅为0.02.因此, 基于嫦娥二号卫星微波辐射计亮温数据反演月表介电常数的方法是可行的.      

非均匀月壤介质的被动微波辐射传输模拟

基于非均匀月壤物理模型和辐射传输方程,模拟月壤介质中的微波辐射传输特性,探讨频率、月壤厚度等与月表亮温的关系。结果表明:在低频段,月壤微波辐射亮温的动态变化范围较大,可探测的月壤厚度大,3 GHz时的最大可探测月壤厚度达12.4 m;在高频段对应的可探测月壤厚度较小,特别是从50GHz往后的频率段内,最大可探测月壤厚度均小于2 m。不同频率的亮温-厚度变化曲线没有交叉点,且频率越高,所能探测的月壤厚度越小。根据模拟结果,建立了月壤厚度与亮温的查找表。基于查找表,利用单个波段的亮温数据即可得到月壤厚度信息。     

Microwave brightness temperature imaging and dielectric properties of lunar soil

Among many scientific objectives of lunar exploration, investigations on lunar soil become attractive due to the existence of He³ and ilmenite in the lunar soil and their possible utilization as nuclear fuel for power generation. Although the composition of the lunar surface soil can be determined by optical and γ/X-ray spectrometers, etc., the evaluation of the total reserves of He³ and ilmenite within the regolith and in the lunar interior are still not available. In this paper, we give a rough analysis of the microwave brightness temperature images of the lunar disc observed using the NRAO 12 meter Telescope and Siberian Solar Radio Telescope. We also present the results of the microwave dielectric properties of terrestrial analogues of lunar soil and, discuss some basic relations between the microwave brightness temperature and lunar soil properties.     

基于FDTD的月壤分层雷达探测正演模拟

“嫦娥三号”巡视器上搭载的测月雷达通过500 MHz频率的天线,对巡视路线上的月壳浅层结构进行剖面式观测,能探测到月球地底下30 m深土壤层的结构。为了更好地分析测月雷达的探测结果,文中对月壤分层进行正演模拟,月岩层的介电常数采用与“嫦娥三号”登月点位置最近的Apollo 15的电性参数近似代替,月壤的介电常数是一个和密度相关的值且随深度的变化而变化。根据以上参数建立模型,基于时域有限差分（FDTD）原理,利用GprMax对月壤分层结构进行模拟,建立的模型包括月表介电常数随深度变化二层模型和月岩层存在下界面三层模型,并对其波形特征进行分析,找到月壤层次划分的一般规律,对“嫦娥三号”测月雷达数据的分析提供理论依据。     

月球探测中月面热环境影响的研究现状

在月球探测中,多光谱、热红外、被动微波辐射等探测技术被广泛应用于月表物质组分和物理特性的探测,也积累了大量探测数据。月球太阳辐照、月球表面温度、地球反照和内部热流等月面热环境的变化,改变了月表物质反射率、热发射率以及其他电磁学等基本性质,制约了探测数据的准确解译;同时,大幅度的太阳辐射强度和月面温度变化也直接威胁月面探测中巡视探测器和宇航员的安全。但是,目前月球表面热环境对探测活动的影响认识还比较欠缺,月面热环境的时空变化规律认识还不够充分,在实验研究不足的情况下对各种探测方式的影响缺乏系统的理解。结合月球探测的发展,进一步立足实验手段和探测结果,通过开展不同地形条件下月面太阳辐射和物理温度的时间变化和空间分布规律研究、探测数据与月面热环境参数时空匹配问题研究、建设具备类似物质组成和月面热环境特征的实验场地以及开展系统的热环境影响模拟实验研究,全面认识月面热环境参数的时空变化规律,探讨月面热环境对不同探测方式的影响将是月面热环境研究的重要内容。     

基于辐射传输方程的低损耗介质微波介电常数反演

微波介电常数是分析和研究微波与介质之间相互作用的重要基础参数之一。笔者设计了一种针对低损耗介质微波介电常数的反演方法。引入并改进了辐射传输方程,将介质介电常数的实部和虚部与其微波亮温相关联。在温度均匀分布且表面光滑的条件下,利用改进的辐射传输方程,构造了低损耗介质微波介电常数的反演模型。基于模拟月壤物质,进行了反演模型的验证。结果表明,反演的介电常数的实部与北京师范大学提供的检测结果吻合良好,虚部与阿波罗14号月壤样品的平均测量值吻合良好。     

月球表面的环境特征

本文通过对月球探测资料和研究结果的系统分析,认为月球体积小、质量轻、离太阳较近(温度高)等因素是月球只有极为稀薄大气层的原因;论证了月球极地阴影区存在水冰的证据,并计算出水资源量约为66亿吨。研究了月壤中氦-3的含量与月壤颗粒大小、矿物组成、元素成分和结构特征的关系,并估算了氦-3的资源量;探讨了月球表面的反射率;综合分析了月球区域性磁场的形成机制。     

CAS-1模拟月壤

模拟月壤是与月球月壤具有相似的矿物组成、化学成分和物理力学性质的地球物质，是月球样品的地球化学复制品。长白山龙岗火山群金龙顶子火山喷发的四海火山渣具有与阿波罗14号采集的月球样品相似的化学和矿物组成，并含有20％～40％的玻璃物质。以四海火山渣为初始物质，研制成功CAS-1模拟月壤，并测量了CAS-1模拟月壤的主量和微量元素组成、矿物组成、密度、颗粒形态、粒度分布、抗剪性和复介电常数等参数。结果表明，CAS-1模拟月壤与Apollo 14号采集的月球样品具有相似的化学成分、矿物组成和物理力学性质，是一种理想的低钛玄武岩质模拟月壤。     

基于Hapke辐射传输模型的月壤光谱模拟

由于月球采样点较少,月壤真实数据稀缺,限制了对月球科学问题的进一步研究。较全面系统地采集月壤样品在近期很难完成,开展月壤光谱模拟工作是月壤实测光谱的必要有益补充,可以为研究月壤光谱特征提供大量数据。基于Hapke模型,我们选取RELAB光谱库的斜长石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石、橄榄石、单质铁、钛铁矿、火山玻璃、熔融玻璃等典型月壤矿物,运用牛顿插值和最小二乘优化的方法,模拟了LSCC月壤数据的一定粒径、单质铁含量、观测条件及矿物混合比例下的混合光谱。模拟光谱与实测光谱拟合较好,相关系数均大于0.99,均方根误差在10-3数量级;模拟矿物丰度与实测矿物丰度基本一致;模拟SMFe含量与相对成熟度指数Is/FeO线性关系明显;模拟粒径基本落在实测粒径组范围内。最后,文中讨论了光谱吸收中心波长、吸收面积等光谱特征参数的模拟精度,以及高精度模拟光谱时光学常数的计算方法。     

用于月面车辆力学试验的模拟月壤研究

研究月面环境下的车辆地面力学,对保证月球探测车辆的正常工作具有重要意义,而用于月面车辆力学试验的模拟月壤则影响其结果的准确度与可信度。用于月面车辆力学试验的模拟月壤,以月壤样本与JSC-1模拟月壤为参考标准,以吉林辉南县火山灰为主要原料、赤铁矿砂为辅料,通过调整试样的粒径分布与赤铁矿砂含量,使模拟月壤的比重、内摩擦角、凝聚力、承压特性、粒径分布、颗粒形态、矿物组成等参数接近JSC-1模拟月壤,并在月壤样本的参数变化范围之内,表明该模拟月壤可用于月面车辆力学试验研究。     

月壤中的稀有气体

月球极度亏损挥发分,但是月壤中赋存有大量的稀有气体,主要来源于太阳风注入、宇宙射线作用和放射性同位素衰变等过程。月岩和月壤样品的稀有气体研究,不仅是获取月球表面形成和演化历史、近地空间小行星撞击历史等的重要内容,更是解译40亿年以来太阳风演化的惟一可行途径。本文主要介绍月岩和月壤中的太阳风记录、宇宙射线暴露年龄、Ar-Ar定年以及稀有气体测试技术等方面研究的进展。     

我国月球探测的总体科学目标与发展战略

在简述月球探测的历程与趋势的基础上,强调当代月球探测的总体目标为：①研究月球与地月系的起源和演化,特别是月球大气层与磁场的消失,矿物与岩石的分布和形成环境、月壤和内部层圈结构的形成以及月球演化的历程;②探测月球的资源、能源和特殊环境的开发利用及对人类社会长期可持续发展的支撑。我国不载人月球探测划分为绕、落、回三个阶段。为了全球性、整体性重新认识月球,绕月卫星探测的科学目标是为了获取全月面三维影像,探测14种有用元素的全球分布与丰度,探测月壤厚度并估算氦 3资源量以及太阳活动对空间环境的影响。"落"为月球探测器软着陆就位探测和月球车巡视探测,建立月基光学、低频射电和极紫外天文观测平台。"回"为月球探测器软着陆就位探测和取样返回地面。     

Microscopic contact model of lunar regolith for high efficiency discrete element analyses

The grains of lunar regolith are characterized with rough surfaces, angular shapes and mutual adhesions due to short-range interactions. These features control the macroscopic mechanical behavior of lunar regolith but have not been completely captured by contact models in previous Discrete Element Method (DEM) analyses. In this paper, a simplified two-dimensional microscopic contact model is proposed for high efficiency DEM analyses of lunar regolith. The model consists of three components in the normal, tangential and rolling directions respectively, plus two new parameters. A shape parameter is used to control the rolling resistance ability at the contact area between two particles to capture the features of grain shape and interlocking. The second parameter, micro-separation, which denotes the nominal minimum distance between the molecules of the two contacting particles, is introduced to account for van der Waals force as the major component of the short-range interactions that contribute to the adhesion of regolith grains in lunar environment conditions. The novel model has been implemented in a two-dimensional DEM code for numerical simulations of biaxial compression tests on lunar regolith. The effects of interparticle friction, grain shape, lunar environment conditions and void ratio on the strength of lunar regolith were numerically investigated. The results show that soils in the simulated lunar environment exhibit greater strength and more apparent strain-softening and shear dilatancy than on the Earth. The proposed model can capture the main features of the mechanical behavior of lunar regolith (apparent cohesion and high peak friction angle) and a wide range of strength indices can be obtained by the contact model.     

月壤厚度的研究方法与进展

月壤厚度的研究对未来月球探测、登月与月球资源开发均具有十分重要的意义。它是恢复月球起源和演化历史的重要参数,也是估算月球3He资源量的必要前提。本文将月壤厚度的研究方法归纳为直接和间接两类,直接方法主要是利用月震数据对月壤厚度进行推算,间接方法包括基于撞击坑形态、分布以及地基雷达遥感数据估算月壤厚度两种。随着定量微波遥感的发展,结合我国嫦娥探月工程的实施,利用高分辨率被动微波遥感亮温反演月壤厚度为月壤厚度的研究指出一个新的方向。     

月壤的物理和机械性质

月壤是在O2、水、风和生命活动都不存在的情况下，由陨石和微陨石撞击、宇宙射线和太阳风轰击、月表温差导致岩石热胀冷缩破碎等因素的共同作用下形成的。月壤独特的形成过程，加上独特的月表环境，使月壤在粒度分布、颗粒形态、颗粒比重、孔隙比和孔隙率、电性和电磁性质、压缩性、抗剪性、承载力等方面均与地球土壤存在较大差异，这些参数的平均值和最佳估计值，可以作为月表机械设计和操作、宇航员装备设计、月球着陆场选址的主要依据，对月球资源开发和利用以及月球基地建设具有极其重要的意义。     

Lunar-A mission: Outline and current status

The scientific objective of the Lunar-A, Japanese Penetrator Mission, is to explore the lunar interior by seismic and heat-flow experiments. Two penetrators containing two seismometers (horizontal and vertical components) and heat-flow probes will be deployed from a spacecraft onto the lunar surface, one on the near-side and the other on the far-side of the moon. The data obtained by the penetrators will be transmitted to the earth station via the Lunar-A mother spacecraft orbiting at an altitude of about 200 km. The spacecraft of a cylindrical shape, 2.2 m in maximum diameter and 1.7 m in height, is designed to be spin-stabilized. The spacecraft will be inserted into an elliptic lunar orbit, after about a half-year cruise during which complex manoeuvering is made using the lunar-solar gravity assist. After lunar orbit insertion, two penetrators will be separated from the spacecraft near perilune, one by one, and will be landed on the lunar surface. The final impact velocity of the penetrator will be about 285 m/sec; it will encounter a shock of about 8000 G at impact on the lunar surface. According to numerous experimental impact tests using model penetrators and a lunar-regolith analog target, each penetrator is predicted to penetrate to a depth between l and 3 m, depending on the hardness and/or particle-size distribution of the lunar regolith. The penetration depth is important for ensuring the temperature stability of the instruments in the penetrator and heat flow measurements. According to the results of the Apollo heat flow experiment, an insulating regolith blanket of only 30 cm is sufficient to dampen out about 280 K lunar surface temperature fluctuation to < 3 K variation. The seismic observations are expected to provide key data on the size of the lunar core, as well as data on deep lunar mantle structure. The heat flow measurements at two penetrator-landing sites will also provide important data on the thermal structure and bulk concentrations of heat-generating elements in the Moon. These data will provide much stronger geophysical constraints on the origin and evolution of the Moon than has been obtained so far. Currently, the Lunar-A system is being reviewed and a more robust system for communication between the penetrators and spacecraft is being implemented according to the lessons learned from Beagle-2 and DS-2 failures. More impact tests for penetrators onto a lunar regolith analogue target will be undertaken before its launch.     

Mechanical characteristics of a lunar regolith simulant at low confining pressure

Manned lunar exploration has recently attracted renewed interest. This includes the NASA Constellation program to return humans to the Moon by 2020, the ESA Aurora program which may use the Moon as a way station to prepare for major interplanetary exploration by 2025, and the PRC program to send a human to the Moon by 2030 and build a temporary manned lunar base by 2040. One of the problems demanding a solution is the stresses on the mechanical characteristics of the lunar regolith under the microgravity environment. The gravity on the Moon is about 1/6 that on Earth. The regolith is subject to very low confining stresses under a microgravity environment and the mechanical properties can change correspondingly. Because of the limited amount of lunar regolith brought back to Earth by the Apollo missions, a lunar regolith simulant was developed using silicon carbide to investigate the properties of the lunar regolith. Based on triaxial tests, this study analyzed the mechanical properties of the lunar regolith simulant at low stresses including the shear strength, peak strength and dilatation angle. The research results provide useful information on lunar regolith characteristics for astronauts returning to the Moon and for building a temporary manned lunar base.     

Lunar regolith can allow the synthesis of cement materials with near-zero water consumption

With the continuous development of science and technology and the human understanding of the moon, many scientists have planned the creation of a space station on the moon using lunar building materials. Environmental factors mainly include large temperature differentials, and the presence of a hard vacuum on the surface of the moon is a huge challenge for the performance of lunar building materials. Geopolymer materials have the following properties: approximately zero water consumption, resistance to high- and low-temperature cycling, vacuum stability and good mechanical properties. Additionally, they meet most of the requirements for use in the lunar environment. Here, we present a potential lunar cement material that was fabricated using volcanic ash and sodium hydroxide solution as activator, based on geopolymer technology. The compressive strengths of the volcanic ash geopolymer specimens processed for 24 h under vacuum conditions and 30 freeze-thaw cycles in liquid nitrogen are 45.53 and 44.95 MPa, respectively. Additionally, 98.61% of water could be recycled, in consistence with the water recycling-simulated lunar environment in the lab. Although volcanic ash is not equivalent to the lunar soil, we speculate that the alkali activation of lunar soil could be very close to that of volcanic ash because of their similar chemical and mineralogical composition. In summary, this study provides a feasible approach for the development of near-zero water consumption lunar cement materials based on geopolymer technology.     

模拟月壤研究进展及CUG-1A模拟月壤

利用我国东北部吉林省辉南县新生代火山岩为初始原料,初步研制了模拟月壤CUG-1A.在研究CUG-1A的化学性质的同时,重点研究了其物理力学性质.数据分析表明,CUG-1A与Apollo14采样点的月壤样品有着相似的化学成分、矿物组成和物理力学性质,是一种理想的低钛型月海月壤的模拟样品.     

Apollo16登月区Hapke模型参数反演及模型敏感性分析

月表光度行为描述了月表物质反射的太阳光随入射、出射和太阳相角的变化,其反射率的不同取决于月壤颗粒大小、粒子形状、透明度、孔隙度、表面粗糙度等因素。为了分析月表光度行为,了解区域反射率差异原因,本文以Apollo16登月区为例,使用M³（moon mineralogy mapper）数据反演Hapke模型物理参数,并分析了Hapke模型光度参数对二向性反射率的影响程度。反演结果显示,本文研究区域光度参数b、h_S变化很小,光度参数w有一定的变化;表明本文研究区域反射率不同主要是w的差异造成的。研究区域月壤中各类矿物颗粒的前向散射占主导地位,月壤结构和粒径总体相近,但在孔隙度、风化层填充物状态及表面粗糙度等因素中至少有一种因素存在差异。