Sedimentary facies analysis and seismic interpretation of deep-water reservoirs, “PAC” field,offshore depobelt,Niger Delta basin

A high-resolution study involving the integration of cores, wireline logs and reflection seismic dataset was used to unravel the facies assemblages, reservoir quality and hydrocarbon potential of E1 and H9 reservoirs in the “PAC” field, Offshore Niger Delta. Facies analysis of the cored PAC-14 well shows six lithofacies: massive mudstone, parallel-laminated mudstones with sideritic bands, fine-grained parallel-laminated sandstone, medium-grained parallel-laminated sandstone, fine-grained ripple laminated sandstone, and coarse massive sandstone. These lithofacies were grouped into five facies associations: channel story axis (CSA), channel story margin (CSM), inter-channel thin beds (ICTB), mud-rich thin beds (MRTB) and injectites (INJ). These facies associations are typical of a confined channel and basin floor fan deposit of a deep-water turbidite depositional environment. Reservoir unit E1 was dominated by the facies association CSA while the H9 reservoir consists mainly of the facies associations MRTB and INJ. The observed sand injectites are suggested to have formed due to overloading of compacted sands leading to upward remobilization of sand into the overlying shale. Seismic horizons and faults were mapped to understand the structures, trend and reflections within the study area. Results from petrophysical volumetrics estimated the net hydrocarbon pore volume for the E1 and H9 reservoirs as 456 MMBBL and 378 MMBBL, respectively. Exploration for deep-water reservoir mainly targets high amplitude and bright seismic reflectors and ignores the low amplitude reflectors (dim loops) which are typically interpreted as non-reservoir units. However, this study shows a low-amplitude reflector containing medium-grained sand injectite unit, which has high porosity (31.7%) and permeability (4472 mD) values, and contains recoverable hydrocarbon.     

基于地震沉积学方法的沉积相研究--以涠西南凹陷涠洲组三段为例

探讨地震沉积学方法在陆相薄互层的沉积相研究思路。地震沉积学主要是利用三维高精度地震资料来研究沉积岩及其形成过程,提高分辨率处理和分频解释有利于建立高频层序地层格架,等时地层切片可以用来约束划分最小等时地层单元。90°相位转换使地震同相轴具有岩性意义,可以用来刻画薄层砂体的形态及分布特征。优选能反映砂体形态的属性与反射波形特征,并结合物源方向、沉积体系类型来编制精细的沉积相分布图。以涠西南凹陷古近系涠洲组三段地层为例,开展地震沉积学方法的沉积相研究。识别并确立了研究区内7砂组最小等时地层单元,利用东西方向物源特征及砂体形态、90度相位转换地震振幅属性、波形特征,准确的勾画出7砂组以东、西两侧向湖盆推进的辫状河三角洲为规律的沉积相图。     

油砂储层非均质性的研究及对油气运移通道的预测 ——-以松辽盆地西部斜坡为例

以松辽盆地西部斜坡上白垩统油砂矿藏为例的研究表明,研究区主要发育三角洲前缘储集砂体,油砂储层存在严重的非均质性。与常规油气储层相比,层内非均质性要比平面和层间非均质性强,并且其控制因素也存在差异。在此基础上,以储层非均质性参数对油气运移通道进行预测,认为在断层不发育的构造简单斜坡油气运移的主要通道为水下分流河道下部和河口坝中的粗粒砂体,而远砂坝和席状砂砂体由于泥岩隔层、夹层、物性差和砂体层薄的原因不具备砂体连通或油气运移的条件。     

Continuous wavelet transforms of spectral decomposition analyses for fluvial reservoir characterization of Miano Gas Field,Indus Platform,Pakistan

Fluvial depositional systems constitute diverse host for the hydrocarbons all over the globe. Nevertheless, predicting the hydrocarbon sands within these assorted sand systems is a challenge for the prospect generation. We apply the continuous wavelet transform of spectral decomposition technique to a 3D seismic data of the Miano Gas Field in the Indus Platform, Pakistan. Full spectrum seismic attributes like the amplitude and root mean square (RMS) detect the reservoir sands down to a restricted reservoir compartment. Nonetheless, the continuous wavelet transforms can be advantageous in imaging and enactment of these clastic reservoirs within the whole reservoir zone. Rock physics reveal high-quality reservoir with an average porosity ～25% together with the discrimination of lithology/fluids, signifying the bright chances for ascertaining the potential stratigraphic reservoirs.     

Stratimagic波形地震相分析在层序地层岩性分析中的应用

应用波阻抗反演以及常规地震属性预测储层时,在钻井资料较少、储层较薄的情况下多解性较强。Stratimagic波形地震相分析技术采用神经网络算法对某一层间的地震数据道进行逐道对比分类,细致刻画地震信号的横向变化,从而得到与地质相对应的地震相图,并以此用于储层砂体和地层岩性油藏的预测。以东营凹陷八面河地区滩坝砂体岩性油藏为例,说明应用该方法进行滩坝砂体和岩性油藏分布预测,是行之有效的。      

储层预测技术在苏里格气田开发评价中的应用

针对苏里格气田盒8岩性气藏储层横向变化大、非均质性强、储层预测难度大的特点,利用二维地震资料,通过AVO远近道集叠加振幅分析、波阻抗反演和属性分析方法,进行盒8储层岩性及含气性综合预测。根据预测结果优选的开发评价井钻井结果良好,对低渗透砂岩储层岩性及含气性预测,能够进一步提高储层含气性预测的可靠性和开发评价井的预测成功率。      

Genetic type,distribution patterns and controlling factors of beach and bars in the second member of the Shahejie formation in the Dawangbei Sag,Bohai Bay,China

As an important reservoir type in the Bohai Bay Basin, China, lacustrine beach and bar sands which refer to the shallow water complex deposited mainly by nearshore, delta‐rim and buried hill‐related beaches as well as longshore bars were developed in a particular stage in the evolution of those faulted Cenozoic continental depressions. In the Chezhen Depression, for example, the Second Member of the Oligocene Shehejie Formation (abbr. as Es2 hereafter) formed during the rifting‐to‐thermal subsidence transitional stage. Although well developed in Es2, beach and bar sands are difficult to recognize owing to their relative thinness. The paper summarizes sedimentary characteristics of lacustrine beach and bar sands on cores and logs. Low‐angle cross‐stratification, swash stratification, as well as occasional small‐scale hummocky cross‐stratification resulted from storms can be observed in beach and bar sands. The paper distinguishes bars and beaches from each other in Es2 mainly based on the grain‐size, bed thickness, facies succession and log responses. In order to predict the distribution of beach and bars, a chrono‐stratigraphic correlation framework of Es2 in the study strata is established using a high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic approach. Es2 strata are sub‐divided into six medium‐scale cycles and the mapping of the high‐frequency cycles allows the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of both beach and bar sands to be predicted. The study shows that beach and bars are better developed in times of base‐level fall than in base‐level rise. Factors such as lake‐level fluctuation, sediment supply, palaeogeomorphology and palaeowind direction have exerted control on the formation and distribution of beach and bar sands. Finally, the genetic pattern of beach and bar sands in the Es2 unit has been constructed, which provides a foundation for the prediction of beach and bars reservoir in continental basins in general. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

麻黄山西区块延安组河道砂体反射模式分析及应用

麻黄山西区块西部断裂复杂区以构造圈闭为主,东部稳定区以构造～岩性圈闭为主,由于延安组储层砂体薄,横向变化快,且二维地震资料品质差,储层预测较困难。为此运用地震地层学中储集体的地震反射结构原理,以二维模型分析为手段,通过对已知钻井地震反射结构的分析,总结出延安组河道砂体的反射模式,为该区延安组砂岩储层的综合预测奠定了地震技术基础。该成果在本区油气勘探开发井位建议中,发挥了重要的作用。     

分频解释技术及其在陆相砂岩地层地震勘探中的应用分析

利用分频解释原理沿着目的储层或固定时窗对地震反射成分中各种频率成分对应的调谐能量进行识别成像,并以此解释技术来识别砂体的空间展布形态、相对沉积厚度及薄互层叠置关系。某地区目的层—沙溪庙组以一套河流-三角洲沉积为主,且薄互层发育,单层厚度多在20 m以下,基于传统地震属性分析(振幅、相位等)的有效分辨率、检测极限的限制,为了能更精细刻画砂体边界和寻找相对有利储集相带,首次将分频解释技术加以运用,分析成像结果显示古河道、水下分流河道、三角洲前缘席状砂体等外形和边界异常清晰,相对沉积厚度关系明确,十米左右的薄层砂体均能得到很好的响应,与已知钻井情况吻合率达95%以上。     

海拉尔盆地查干诺尔凹陷下白垩统层序地层学研究

依据岩心、测井、录井和地震资料,以层序地层学理论为指导对海拉尔盆地查干诺尔凹陷下白垩统的扎赉诺尔群进行层序地层划分。扎赉诺尔群可划分为１个超层序,形成于凹陷断陷发育期,自下而上可划分为５个三级层序（Sq1、Sq2、Sq3、Sq4、Sq5）。进而在层序框架内对沉积体系和生、储、盖发育特征进行了分析,预测了储集层有利发育区带。指出各个断阶带、斜坡带沉积的冲积扇、扇三角洲砂体和超层序的退积型层序组（Sq2、Sq3）发育的湖底扇砂体是油气良好的储集场所,是有利的勘探目标。     

Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Sandstone Reservoirs with Low Porosity and Low Permeability in the Eastern Sulige Gas Field,China

In order to determine the genesis and the factors that control the low-porosity and low- permeability sandstone reservoirs in the eastern Sulige Gas Field in the Ordos Basin, systematic studies on the sedimentary facies and diagenesis were conducted by means of analysis of cores, thin sections, fluid inclusions, X-ray diffraction, cathode luminescence and scanning electron microscope. It was found that the sand bodies of the major gas reservoirs in the Shan1 section （P1S1） and the He8 section （P2H8） were formed during the Permian as sedimentary facies such as braided-channel bars, braided-river channels and point bars of a meandering river. Four types of diagenetic facies developed subsequently： in order from the best to the poorest properties these are type A （weak compaction, early calcite cement-chlorite film facies）, type B （moderate compaction, quartz overgrowth-feldspar corrosion-kaolinite filling facies）, type C （strong compaction, late calcite cement-quartz corrosion facies） and type D （matrix filling and strong compaction facies）. This diagenesis is undoubtedly the main reason for the poor reservoir properties of sandstone reservoirs, but the sedimentary facies are the underlying factors that greatly affect the diagenesis and thus the reservoir performance. Favorable diagenetic facies developed mainly in relatively small lithofacies such as braided-river channels, channel bars and point bars. The vertical distribution of the physical properties and the diagenetic facies of the reservoirs are related to the stratigraphic succession. Most of the sandstones between mudstones and thin beds of sandstone are unfavorable diagenetic facies. Analyses indicate that siliceous cementation can hardly be stopped by hydrocarbon filling. Authigenic chlorite could hardly protect the primary porosity. It not only occupies pore space, but also blocks pathways through sandstone reservoirs, so that it has significant influence on the permeability. Authigenic chlorite cannot be used as a marker for a     

楚雄盆地洒芷油砂地质特征及成藏模式

楚雄盆地洒芷油砂矿位于元谋隆起西部边缘洒芷背斜上。洒芷油砂充填在上三叠统舍资组-干海资组砂岩孔隙和裂隙中，油砂多层分布，厚度变化大。通过薄片分析确定，储集层砂岩有效面孔率为9．13％～12．66％，结构成熟度和成分成熟度中等，储层次生孔隙和裂缝发育。湖相三角洲平原分流河道和三角洲前缘河口坝砂体为有利储层。洒芷油砂是古油藏经历燕山期和喜山期多次强烈构造活动改造而形成，成藏模式可以概括为：成藏-抬升氧化-埋深再成藏-热变质-抬升再氧化。     

准噶尔盆地车排子地区侏罗系八道湾组沉积古地貌及岩性分布*

利用三维地震资料,对准噶尔盆地车排子地区侏罗系八道湾组各岩性段精细井震标定与构造解释,厘定出各岩性段在车排子地区的尖灭线位置和尖灭线类型,分析古地貌差异程度对尖灭线形成的控制作用。采用地层厚度法和地震层拉平法研究八道湾组各段沉积古地貌特征,分析断裂对古地貌形成的控制作用,结合构造演化剖面分析古地貌演化和被改造后的特征,开展地震属性、储集层地震反演和沉积相分析,重点分析古地貌对沉积和岩性的控制作用,再现了该地区沉积相及储集层段岩性分布特征。车排子地区八道湾组沉积古地貌起伏明显,呈坡—隆—凹组合特征,斜坡的陡缓程度对沉积相的类型和岩性及其沉积物的粗细具有重要控制作用。八道湾组不同沉积时期低隆起的形态和隆起幅度都存在较大的差别,且隆起幅度越高其聚砂特点越明显,沟谷既是输砂通道,也是聚砂的重要场所,现今砂体的分布与沟谷展布方向关系密切。     

The role of wave reworking on the architecture of storm sandstone facies, Bell Island Group (Lower Ordovician), eastern Newfoundland

Stacked shallow marine cycles in the Lower Ordovician, Bell Island Group, of Bell Island, Newfoundland, show upward thickening and upward coarsening sequences which were deposited on a storm-affected shelf. In the Beach Formation each cycle has a facies sequence comprised, from base to top, of dark grey mudstones, light grey mudstones, tabular sandstones and mudstones, lenticular sandstones and mudstones, and thick bedded lenticular sandstones, reflecting a progressive increase of wave orbital velocities at the sediment surface. The mudstones and tabular sandstones reflect an environment in which the sea floor lay in the lower part of the wave orbital velocity field and in which tempestites were deposited as widespread sheets from weak combined flow currents. The lenticular sandstones in the succeeding facies are wave reworked sands, commonly lying in erosional hollows and having erosional tops and internal hummocky cross-stratification. Planar lamination is relatively uncommon and sole marks are mainly absent. In this facies oscillatory currents were dominant and accumulated sand in patches generally 10–30 m in diameter. The facies formed on the inner shelf where the oscillatory currents generated by storm waves had powerful erosional effects and also determined the depositional bedforms. Mud partings and second-order set boundaries within sandstone beds are believed to separate the products of individual storms so that many lenticular sandstone beds represent the amalgamation of several event beds. This interpretation has important implications for attempts to estimate event frequency by counting sandstone beds within a sequence and for estimates of sand budgets during storm events. The thick bedded lenticular facies appears to have been formed by erosion of the mud beds between the lenticular sands, leading to nearly complete amalgamation of several lenticular sand bodies except for residual mud partings. In the overlying Redmans Formation the process of amalgamation progressed even further so that nearly all the mud partings were removed, resulting in the formation of thick bedded tabular sandstones. Sequence stratigraphic analysis of the cyclical sequence suggests that the cycles were eustatically controlled. The rising limb of the sea level curve produced only the dark grey mudstone part of the cycle while the remainder of the cycle was deposited on the falling limb. There is a gradational but rapid facies transition from the tabular to the lenticular sandstone facies which is interpreted as occurring at the inflexion point on the falling limb. The thick bedded facies of the Beach Formation and the thick bedded tabular facies of the Redmans Formation represent periods of maximum sea level fall. The stacked cycles in the Beach Formation are interpreted as an aggradational, high frequency sequence or parasequence set bounded at the top by a sequence boundary and succeeded by the three aggradational parasequences of the Redmans Formation. The recognition of storm facies with sandstone beds of very different bed length has important implications for the reservoir modelling of such facies.     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷深层区域成岩规律和成岩作用对致密储层含气性的控制

为了研究松辽盆地徐家围子断陷深层的区域成岩规律及其影响因素和成岩作用对致密储层含气性的控制,本文进一步细分了成岩阶段,并分别研究了各构造单元的成岩特征,应用流体包裹体均一温度、镜质组反射率、孢粉颜色指数、热解分析、有机酸、X-衍射分析、普通薄片、扫描电镜、铸体薄片等资料分别划分了各构造单元的成岩阶段。结果表明,徐家围子断陷深层的成岩作用具有"隆起区较强、坳陷区较弱"的成岩规律,断陷中部的隆起区抬升剥蚀幅度大、地温梯度高、时代相对较老,成岩作用强;断陷两侧的坳陷区抬升剥蚀幅度小、地温梯度低、时代相对较新,成岩作用弱。储层的成岩作用对致密储层的含油气性具有明显的控制作用,砂岩、砾岩工业气层的勘探下限分别为中成岩阶段B1亚期和晚成岩阶段A期对应的深度。     

阿尔及利亚韦德迈阿次盆地438B区块泥盆纪层序-岩相古地理特征

泥盆系是富含油气的阿尔及利亚韦德迈阿次盆地西北部438B区块重要的含油层位之一,可划分出2个三级层序,仅下部的SQ1层序保存较完整;泥盆系属于快速海侵缓慢海退的沉积旋回,由海侵、早期高位和晚期高位3个体系域叠加组成。在SQ1层序中相当体系域级别的地层单元在区域上具有良好的等时性,仅在研究区东、南部外侧构造隆起区明显变薄或局部缺失海侵体系域地层。各体系域中,早期高位体系域的障壁砂坝在纵向上具有更好的可比性,反映该体系域障壁砂坝砂体的发育层位和沉积厚度更稳定,砂体连通性和储集性更好,但上部的SQ2为仅保存部分海侵体系域沉积记录的残余层序。选择SQ1层序各体系域为等时地层单元编制层序-岩相古地理图,编图结果表明：438B区块泥盆纪具备向南东方向弧突的,由浅海陆棚、障壁岛、潟湖、潮坪组成的海湾地貌和分带性沉积格局;在各体系域继承性发展演化的分带性沉积格局中,以早期高位系域中的障壁砂坝和冲溢扇为最有利储层发育的层位、相带和部位。     

辽中凹陷旅大16油田东三段层序地层及沉积充填

渤海湾盆地辽中凹陷旅大16油田东营组东三段是目前勘探开发的主力含油层系。综合三维地震资料、录井、测井及岩心资料,在井—震结合、层序地层学研究基础上,利用古地貌研究、岩心相、测井相、地震相和振幅属性切片分析,明确了东营组层序格架内沉积相类型、沉积展布特征及沉积演化规律。应用Vail的经典层序地层学理论,将东三段划分为一个三级层序,其中可识别出低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域。低位体系域沉积期,辽西低凸起大面积暴露遭受剥蚀,为研究区提供碎屑沉积物,发育近源的扇三角洲及重力流沉积体系。扇三角洲砂体以灰色中砂岩和细砂岩为主,河床滞留沉积、波状层理和生物扰动构造十分发育;高位体系域时期,辽西低凸起被淹没,供源能力减弱,研究区发育较远源的辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,且伴生重力流沉积。其中辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体以细—中砂岩为主,见块状构造和楔状交错层理。重力流沉积体系主要为滑塌湖底扇及砂质碎屑流沉积,岩心观察可见细砂岩中发育滑塌变形构造,及漂浮状的砾石和泥岩撕裂屑。研究区沉积演化过程与地貌演化密切相关,且断裂体系对砂体展布具有控制作用,重力流沉积发育于断裂坡折前方。显然,明确沉积相类型、沉积展布特征及沉积演化规律,可为进一步油气勘探开发提供地质依据。     

济阳坳陷沾化凹陷古近系沙河街组二段潜山周缘滩坝及物性特征

以高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,通过岩心、录井和测井分析,对济阳坳陷沾化凹陷沙二段进行划分和对比。在识别和划分不同沉积相的基础上,结合古地理、古水深、物性和油气显示资料,着重对碎屑岩滩坝和生物滩沉积特征和储集层物性进行分析,结果表明:①生物滩和砂滩分布于平坦、开阔环境中,单层厚度薄,分布面积广;砂坝形成于有一定坡度和地形起伏的环境中,单层厚度大,分布局限。②古地貌和基准面旋回是断陷盆地潜山周缘滩坝储集层物性的主控因素。③潜山西侧生物滩物性最好,面积广、厚度薄,物性最有利;其次为东侧砂坝和砂滩,面积局限,厚度大,物性次之;北侧生物滩和砂滩物性较差,面积较广,厚度较大。     

Turbidites and iron formations, Beardmore-Geraldton, Ontario: application of a combined ramp/fan model to Archaean clastic and chemical sedimentation

Sandy turbidites, grain flows, conglomeratic mass-flows and oxide-facies iron formation are present in the late Archaean Beardmore-Geraldton terrain, a metasedimentary belt which extends for at least 80 km in an E-W direction. The marine portion of this basin contains four lithofacies associations (LA): (1) Thinbedded, iron formation-clastic sediment association. This association represents a continuum of deposit types containing iron formation; subtypes are defined on the basis of bedding attributes and the proportion of iron formation to sand/silt. (2) Thin-bedded, turbidite-dominated association. These sediments consist mostly of silt/sand beds which either show no vertical trends, or thin and fine upwards over a few metres. (3) Medium-bedded, turbidite-dominated association. Most of these sediments are medium to coarsegrained, vertically unstructured sand sequences with occasional structured intervals. (4) Thick-bedded association. This is dominated by poorly graded sands up to 7–8 m in thickness. Sand beds are characterised by a thin basal zone of coarse sand and pebbles, a large central interval containing a mixture of medium and coarse sand, and a thin upper zone of fine sand/silt. The overall depositional system was initiated by transport of sediment by braided streams to the strand area where it accumulated in distributary mouth bars. We infer a nearshore break in slope, locally with large channels (LA 4) extending from close to the strand line across deltaic surfaces to the deeper portions of submarine fans (structured portions of LA 3). However, many deltaic surfaces probably were not tapped by major channels, but merged downslope into a submarine ramp. Sediment was transported across the ramp by slump events and sheet-like grain flows (unstructured portions of LA 3). Iron formation and LA 2 sediments probably accumulated both in upper-mid ramp areas with low sediment delivery rates, and distal to fan-ramp successions. As major streams on the braid plain changed position, associated submarine channels and slump-fed ramp deposits also would have shifted laterally. This produced overlap of different facies associations in both the fan and ramp environments, which may explain why observed vertical trends in bedding are limited to several metres. We suggest that on narrow, active Archaean cratonic margins, additional non-regular processes such as variations in sediment supply related to periods of heightened pyroclastic activity, and seismic activity associated with the arc, also contributed to the lack of vertically structured sequences. Turbidite sequences in such environments in general may contain important contributions from both submarine ramp and submarine fan sedimentation.     

Wavy lamination in a mixed sand and gravel foreshore facies of the Pleistocene Hosoya Sandstone, Aichi, central Japan

Although sandy foreshore facies are generally characterized by parallel lamination, wavy lamination is predominant in the mixed sand and gravel foreshore facies of the Pleistocene Hosoya Sandstone, which crops out along the Pacific coast of the Atsumi Peninsula, Aichi, central Japan. The foreshore facies consists of three sedimentary subfacies; interbeds of gravel and parallel laminated sand of the lower foreshore facies, parallel laminated fine to medium sand beds containing scattered pebbles and cobbles of the middle foreshore facies, and wavy laminated fine to medium sand beds containing scattered pebbles and cobbles of the upper foreshore facies. A lack of erosional surfaces in the middle foreshore facies indicates the continuous accumulation of sand in flat beds under upper plane bed flow. The wavy laminated sands of the upper foreshore facies exhibit erosional surfaces indicative of repeated deposition and erosion. The erosional surfaces are undulatory, with depressions (10 cm wide and 3 cm deep) that contain scattered pebbles and cobbles. These depressions reflect backwash erosion of sand around and below the pebbles and cobbles. Sand draping over the undulating erosional surfaces forms the wavy lamination. The wavy laminated sand with scattered pebbles and cobbles is a key facies of an upper foreshore or swash zone, and is a good sea-level marker.