Carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Zhubi coral reef lagoon of the South China Sea as revealed by 210Po and 210Pb

The radionuclides (210)Po and (210)Pb were examined to trace the cycling of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) in the Zhubi coral reef lagoon. The net export flux of POC to the open sea is 14 mg Cm(-2) d(-1). However, the net exchange of PON has not yet been observed. On average, the vertical export fluxes in the lagoon of POC and PON, as derived from (210)Po/(210)Pb disequilibria, are 43 mg Cm(-2) d(-1) and 13.8 mg Nm(-2) d(-1), respectively. The deficit of (210)Po relative to (210)Pb in particulate matter provides evidence for the degradation of particulate organic matter. According to the mass balance budgets, 310 mg Cm(-2) d(-1) and 121 mg Nm(-2) d(-1) were recycled into dissolved fractions. Based on a first-order kinetics model, the degradation rate constants of POC and PON are 0.28 and 0.30 m(-1), respectively. Thus, (210)Po and (210)Pb can quantify the cycling of carbon and nitrogen in this coral lagoon.     

1950～1990年中国地磁剩余场冠谐分析

根据中国1950、1960、1970、1980年和1990年地磁三分量绝对测量资料，使用球冠谐和分析方法，分别计算1950～1990年各个年代中国地磁剩余场冠谐模型. 球冠极点位于36°N和104°E，球冠半角为30°，冠谐模型的截断阶数为8. 地磁剩余场冠谐模型的均方偏差分别为：对于X分量，1950年为93.1 nT，1960年为128.9 nT，1970年为107.2 nT，1980年为107.6 nT，1990年为95.2 nT；对于Y分量，1950～1990年依次为74.8 nT，98.1 nT，89.2 nT，89.9 nT和84.0 nT；对于Z分量，分别为122.2 nT(1950年)，135.0 nT(1960年)，137.7 nT(1970年)，110.1 nT(1980年)和107.5 nT(1990年). 根据中国地磁剩余场冠谐模型和全球地磁场DGRF模型，得到中国地磁场的冠谐模型，并对冠谐模型的边界效应进行了分析和讨论.     

Earthquake behavior of variable rupture-scale on active faults and application of the cascade-rupturing model

IntroductionThe earlier concept of the characteristic earthquakes means those earthquakes recurring along the same portion of active fault zones, and having nearly the same size, displacement and rupture scale (Schwartz, Coppersmith, 1984). However, more and more evidences have suggested that the rupture(s scale of earthquakes recurred on an individual fault portion has variability (Thatcher, 1990). For instance, the rupture of the 1906 San Francisco, California, earthquake with magnitude 8.…     

Strong earthquake activity all over the world and strong-moderate earthquake activity within and near China (December, 2001～January, 2002)

Illustration All the data in this catalog are chosen from the Preliminary Seismological Report of Chinese Seismic Stations (Its abbreviation is Monthly Report). The catalog includes the events of M4.7 in and near China and M6 all over the world. The Monthly Report is monthly compiled by the Ninth Section of Institute of Geophysics, CSB. The origin times of earthquakes in the catalog adopt coordinated universal time (UTC) in accordance with international convention. The location of ev…     

Peroxymonosulfate Improves the Activity and Stability of Manganese Oxide for Oxidation of Arsenite to Arsenate

Manganese oxide has been widely investigated for oxidation of arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)) due to its high redox potential; however, it becomes extremely unstable after reuse. Here, As(III) oxidation activity and stability of manganese oxide in the presence of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is investigated. Batch experimental results reveal that manganese oxide/PMS exhibits high catalytic activity for As(III) oxidation compared to manganese oxide or PMS alone. Addition of PMS to manganese oxide not only reveals long‐term stability for As(III) oxidation, but also shows high As(III) oxidation activity in the presence of coexisting ions such as As(V) and phosphate. Quenching tests reveal that As(III) oxidation in the manganese oxide/PMS system is attributed to activation of PMS by manganese oxide at different oxidation states (Mn(III) and Mn(IV)), and the generation of sulfate radicals that are responsible for As(III) oxidation.     

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in the polluted Adyar River and estuary, SE India

We measured dissolved N(2)O, CH(4), O(2), NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-) and NO(2)(-) on 7 transects along the polluted Adyar River-estuary, SE India and estimated N(2)O and CH(4) emissions using a gas exchange relation and a floating chamber. High NO(2)(-) implied some nitrification of a large anthropogenic NH(4)(+) pool. In the lower catchment CH(4) was maximal (6.3+/-4.3 x 10(4)nM), exceeding the ebullition threshold, whereas strong undersaturation of N(2)O and O(2) implied intense denitrification. Emissions fluxes for the whole Adyar system approximately 2.5 x 10(8) g CH(4)yr(-1) and approximately 2.4 x 10(6)gN(2)O yr(-1) estimated with a gas exchange relation and approximately 2 x 10(9) g CH(4)yr(-1) derived with a floating chamber illustrate the importance of CH(4) ebullition. An equivalent CO(2) flux approximately 1-10 x 10(10)gy r(-1) derived using global warming potentials is equivalent to total Chennai motor vehicle CO(2) emissions in one month. Studies such as this may inform more effective waste management and future compliance with international emissions agreements.     

Lateral force distributions for the linear static analysis of base-isolated buildings

This paper presents a new approach for the evaluation of accurate lateral force distributions for the Linear Static Analysis (LSA) of Base Isolated (BI-) buildings. In essence, the proposed lateral force distributions depend on a factor measuring the degree of non- linearity of the Isolation System (IS) and on the ratio between the effective period of the BI-structure (T_is) and the fundamental period of the Fixed Based (FB-) structure (T_fb). The proposed approach is fully compatible with the Direct Displacement-Based Design (DDBD) method, recently developed by Priestley and co-workers. The proposed lateral force distributions have been derived from the results of a large number of Nonlinear Time-History Analyses (NTHA), carried out on six numerical models of multi-storey buildings, differing in storey number (3, 5 and 8, respectively) and fundamental period of vibration (from 0.25 to 0.8 s) in the fixed-base configuration. A great variety of Isolation Systems (ISs), characterised by either Elasto-Plastic with Hardening (EPH) or Flag-Shaped (FS) force-displacement behaviour, have been considered in the NTHA. The numerical parameters of the IS models have been varied in such a way as to reproduce the actual mechanical behaviour of the main currently used ISs, including: (i) Lead Rubber Bearings (LRB), (ii) High-Damping Rubber Bearings (HDRB), (iii) Friction Pendulum Bearings (FPB), (iv) combinations of flat Sliding Bearings (SB) and Low-Damping Rubber Bearings (LDRB) and (v) Combinations of flat SB and re-centring devices based on Shape Memory Alloys (SMA). Comparisons between the storey shear forces derived with the proposed method and those obtained from NTHA clearly show the great improvements in the accuracy of LSA predictions, when using the proposed lateral force distributions.     

Tilt梯度及其水平导数提取重磁源边界位置

探讨了用于探测异常源边界和形状的Tilt梯度及其水平导数的方法及其性质．通过模型试算,论证了Tilt梯度及其水平导数的有效性,并从理论上给予了证明．Tilt梯度及其水平导数的方法及其性质可广泛用于区域重磁异常的构造解释之中。     

CT淋巴管成像对原发性乳糜尿患者诊断及分级的应用价值初探

目的:探讨CT淋巴管成像（CTL）对于原发性乳糜尿患者诊断及分级的应用价值。方法:回顾性收集确诊为原发性乳糜尿的79例患者的临床及CTL影像学资料,CTL指标主要包括:①肾脏受累侧别及肾内淋巴管分布范围:单肾、双肾、肾窦、肾实质及肾门上区、肾门下区;②腹膜后异常淋巴管分布情况:包括腹膜后、腰干区域、肾血管周、肾周脂肪囊、肾上腺区域等;③腹盆部及胸部扩张淋巴管分布及淋巴反流情况;④其他异常表现:包括腹盆部、胸部及骨骼等部位的淋巴管相关异常改变;⑤影像学分级:按照腹膜后累及区域范围进行影像学分级,将腹膜后区域分为左侧和右侧肾门上区、肾门下区、腰干区、肾血管旁区、肾周区等10个区域,累及5个及以内区域为轻度,累及6个及以上区域为重度。根据乳糜尿临床分级标准进行临床分级,对于原发性乳糜尿患者临床特点及CTL征象采用分类变量资料中的构成比进行统计描述,利用一致性Kappa检验评估原发性乳糜尿患者影像分级及临床分级的一致性。结果:79例CTL示肾内异常碘油沉积74例（93.7%）,单肾55例（69.6%）,双肾19例（24.1%）,肾窦74例（93.7%）,肾实质37例（46.8%）;肾门上区61例（77.2%）,其中单侧52例（65.8%）,双侧9例（11.4%）;肾门下区61例（77.2%）,其中单侧47例（59.5%）,双侧14例（17.7%）;腹膜后78例（98.7%）;腰干区域76例（96.2%）,其中单侧20例（25.3%）,双侧56例（70.9%）;肾血管周72例（91.1%）,其中单侧45例（57.0%）,双侧27例（34.2%）;肾周脂肪囊14例（17.7%）,其中单侧13例（16.5）,双侧1例（1.3%）;肾上腺区域12例（15.2%）;膀胱内31例（39.2%）,膀胱周12例（15.2%）,髂血管周73例（92.4%）,腹盆壁14例（17.7%）,会阴12例（15.2%）,直肠周14例（17.7%）,肠系膜26例（32.9%）,肠壁11例（13.9%）,肠管内5例（6.3%）,胰腺周15例（18.9%）,脾周2例（2.5%）,肝周7例（8.8%）;肺门1例（1.3%）,纵隔14例（17.7%）,心包1例（1.3%）,胸膜外25例（31.6%）,胸壁2例（2.5%）,骨骼2例（2.5%）,胸导管末端70例（88.6%）。79例原发性乳糜尿患者中,临床分级为轻度27例,重度52例,影像学分级为轻度40例,重度39例,两种分级的一致性中等。结论:CTL能够准确评价原发性乳糜尿患者的肾内及腹膜后扩张淋巴管分布及范围,评估胸腹盆部淋巴管及胸导管异常情况,为原发性乳糜尿的诊断、分级及治疗提供影像依据。      

CT淋巴管成像诊断原发性肺淋巴水肿的价值探讨

目的:探讨CT淋巴管成像在原发性肺淋巴水肿中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性收集经临床、影像及病理综合诊断为原发性肺淋巴水肿的患者52例,所有患者均行CT淋巴管成像检查。由两名影像科医师分别对其CT淋巴管成像的表现进行双盲阅片,观察胸部淋巴管异常表现及其他胸部病变的CT征象。结果:CT淋巴管成像表现:碘化油异常沉积的部位为胸导管末端38例（73.1%）,纵隔34例（65.4%）,肺门22例（42.3%）,胸膜18例（34.6%）,心包15例（28.8%）,横膈5例（9.6%）,肝门处9例（17.3%）,胰腺5例（9.6%）,腹膜后12例（23.1%）。常规胸部CT表现:①肺内腺泡样磨玻璃 19例（36.5%）,肺内斑片状磨玻璃密度23例（44.2%）,肺不张11例（21.2%）,肺结节3例（5.8%）;②中轴支气管血管束增粗和小叶间隔增厚各 43例（82.7%）,小叶内间质增厚4例（7.7%）,肺内“蛙卵征”7例（13.5%）;③纵隔异常改变 34例（65.4%）;④其他胸部异常包括肺内“铺路石征”2例（3.8%）,胸腔积液和心包积液各18例（34.6%）。结论:CT淋巴管成像可以通过显示对比剂异常沉积和分布间接推测淋巴管异常和有无淋巴反流,从而为诊断和治疗原发性肺淋巴水肿提供有价值的影像学依据。      

Evaluation of weather forecast systems for storm surge modeling in the Chesapeake Bay

Accurate forecast of sea-level heights in coastal areas depends, among other factors, upon a reliable coupling of a meteorological forecast system to a hydrodynamic and wave system. This study evaluates the predictive skills of the coupled circulation and wind-wave model system (ADCIRC+SWAN) for simulating storm tides in the Chesapeake Bay, forced by six different products: (1) Global Forecast System (GFS), (2) Climate Forecast System (CFS) version 2, (3) North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM), (4) Rapid Refresh (RAP), (5) European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and (6) the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2). This evaluation is based on the hindcasting of four events: Irene (2011), Sandy (2012), Joaquin (2015), and Jonas (2016). By comparing the simulated water levels to observations at 13 monitoring stations, we have found that the ADCIR+SWAN System forced by the following: (1) the HURDAT2-based system exhibited the weakest statistical skills owing to a noteworthy overprediction of the simulated wind speed; (2) the ECMWF, RAP, and NAM products captured the moment of the peak and moderately its magnitude during all storms, with a correlation coefficient ranging between 0.98 and 0.77; (3) the CFS system exhibited the worst averaged root-mean-square difference (excepting HURDAT2); (4) the GFS system (the lowest horizontal resolution product tested) resulted in a clear underprediction of the maximum water elevation. Overall, the simulations forced by NAM and ECMWF systems induced the most accurate results best accuracy to support water level forecasting in the Chesapeake Bay during both tropical and extra-tropical storms.     

Stable isotope-guided analysis of biomagnification profiles of arsenic species in a tropical mangrove ecosystem

We performed stable carbon and nitrogen-guided analyses of biomagnification profiles of arsenic (As) species, including total As, lipid-soluble As, eight water-soluble As compounds (arsenobetaine (AB), arsenocholine (AC), tetramethylarsonium ion (TETRA), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), arsenate (As[V]), and arsenite (As[III])), and non-extracted As in a tropical mangrove ecosystem in the Ba Ria Vung Tau, South Vietnam. Arsenobetaine was the predominant As species (65-96% of water-soluble As). Simple linear regression slopes of log-transformed concentrations of total As, As fractions or individual As compounds on stable nitrogen isotopic ratio (δ15N) values are regarded as indices of biomagnification. In this ecosystem, lipid-soluble As (slope, 0.130) and AB (slope, 0.108) were significantly biomagnified through the food web; total As and other water-soluble As compounds were not. To our knowledge, this is one of the first reports on biomagnification profiles of As compounds from a tropical mangrove ecosystem.     

Depth-related influences on biodegradation rates of phenanthrene in polluted marine sediments of Puget Sound, WA

A whole-core injection method was used to determine depth-related rates of microbial mineralization of (14)C-phenanthrene added to both contaminated and clean marine sediments of Puget Sound, WA. For 26-day incubations under micro-aerobic conditions, conversions of (14)C-phenanthrene to (14)CO(2) in heavily PAH-contaminated sediments from two sites in Eagle Harbor were much higher (up to 30%) than those in clean sediments from nearby Blakely Harbor (<3%). The averaged (14)C-phenanthrene degradation rates in the surface sediment horizons (0-3 cm) were more rapid (2-3 times) than in the deeper sediment horizons examined (>6 cm), especially in the most PAH polluted EH9 site. Differences in mineralization were associated with properties of the sediments as a function of sediment depth, including grain-size distribution, PAH concentration, total organic matter and total bacterial abundance. When strictly anaerobic incubations (in N(2)/H(2)/CO(2) atmosphere) were used, the phenanthrene biodegradation rates at all sediment depths were two times slower than under micro-aerobic conditions, with methanogenesis observed after 24 days. The main rate-limiting factor for phenanthrene degradation under anaerobic conditions appeared to be the availability of suitable electron acceptors. Addition of calcium sulfate enhanced the first order rate coefficient (k(1) increased from 0.003 to 0.006 day(-1)), whereas addition of soluble nitrate, even at very low concentration (<0.5 mM), inhibited mineralization. Long-term storage of heavily polluted Eagle Harbor sediment as intact cores under micro-aerobic conditions also appeared to enhance anaerobic biodegradation rates (k(1) up to 0.11 day(-1)).     

囊腔型肺癌的临床病理与CT表现分析

目的：囊腔型肺癌是一种少见的、具有特殊形态学表现的肺癌,在影像学上尚未被充分认识,本研究通过分析其CT特征及临床病理,以提高对该类特殊类型肺癌的认识及诊断能力。方法：回顾性总结分析本院2015年1月至2021年6月期间确诊的囊腔型肺癌患者的临床信息、病理类型及CT图像特征。结果：病理类型：腺癌44例（86.27%）,其中微浸润性腺癌7例（1 3.7 3%）,浸润性腺癌3 5例（6 8.6 3%）（组织学类型：贴壁为主型1 1例（21.57%）、乳头状为主型8例（15.69%）、腺泡为主型15例（29.41%）且其中2例（3.92%）含微乳头成分占比大于20%,1例（1.96%）未分型）,1例（1.96%）化疗后手术病理提示腺癌,1例（1.96%）淋巴结穿刺活检提示肺转移性腺癌;鳞癌5例（9.80%）,其中角化性鳞状细胞癌3例（5.89%）,非角化性鳞状细胞癌2例（3.92%）;大细胞癌1例（1.96%）,高级别粘液表皮样癌1例（1.96%）。病灶以外周分布为主40例（80.30%）;平均直径为（4.7±2.7）cm,主体成分：囊腔伴磨玻璃成分20例（39.22%）、囊腔伴实性成分22例...     

Mycorrhizal Colonization Affects the Survival of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Grown in Water Containing As(III)

The presence of arsenic (As) in water is of great public concern. Arsenic exists in three common valence states viz., As(0) metalloid arsenic, As(III) (arsenite) and As(V) (arsenate). Arsenite [As(III)] is the most toxic form among arsenicals which, predominates in anaerobic conditions, generally in flooded soils and in the water with high BOD. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of As(III) on the mycorrhization in vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) grass in hydroponics. Studies showed significant alteration in the mycorrhizal colonization in the roots of vetiver exposed to higher concentrations of As(III) starting from 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 to 5.0 mg/L prepared in 5% Hoagland nutrient solution without addition of phosphate ions. Considerable reduction in the mycorrhizal intensity (M) was observed in all the treatment sets as compared to the control suggesting a negative impact of the As(III) on the mycorrhizal association. Simultaneously, the study also showed that, As(III) is toxic to the vetiver plants having mycorrhizal association however plants with non‐mycorrhizal (cleansed) roots were found to be able to survive for a longer period exposed to As(III).     

The effects of mariculture activities on the adsorption/desorption and chemical fractionations of mercury on sediments

The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of mariculture activities on inorganic mercury (Hg(2+)) adsorption/desorption on sediments and the distributions of newly adsorbed Hg(2+) on different chemical fractionations. The adsorption amount and binding energy of Hg(2+) on mariculture sediment (MS) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than reference sediment (RS). This may be explained by the strong complexation role that exists between Hg(2+) and organic matter (OM), which derived from unconsumed fish feed and fish metabolites. The reducible Hg(2+) in MS was significantly lower (p<0.01) than RS, which may have been caused by the decreasing amount of iron and manganese hydroxide in MS, lead to the decrease of Hg(2+) bound to them. On the contrary, the residual Hg(2+) was significantly higher (p<0.01) in MS than RS, which suggests that newly adsorbed Hg(2+) was more stable in MS than RS.     

Simulation of the time-space evolution of an extratropical cyclonic precipitation field over USA

The time-space evolution of an extratropical cyclonic precipitation field over U S A is simulated in a stochastic setting as outlined in Kavvas et al. (1988). The birth of a cyclonic storm is characterized by the simultaneous birth of a cyclone center and births of subsynoptic precipitation areas (SPA) at preferred locations around the cyclone center. The precipitation cores and cells which are used as the fundamental building blocks of the SPAs are approximated by circular precipitation areas (CPA) of different sizes. The time space evolution of the precipitation field after the birth is governed by (1) the movement of the synoptic cyclone described by the cyclone center trajectory, (2) independent nonidentically distributed random velocities of the individual CPAs relative to the cyclone center, (3) the births of new CPAs in time and space relative to the cyclone center, (4) the independent evolution in time of the individual spatially uniform intensities of the existing CPAs, (5) the expansion and shrinkage of the existing CPAs in the course of movement and (6) the dissipation (death) of a random number of existing CPAs within the cyclonic system. The computer simulation, the results of which are presented in this paper, successfully reproduced the general mesoscale and synoptic scale features of the radar detected cyclonic rain fields as observed by Austin and Houze (1972), Houze et al. (1976), Hobbs (1978), Hobbs and Locatelli (1978), Houze (1981), Houze and Hobbs (1982) and others.     

Multivariate statistical methods and GIS based evaluation of the health risk potential and water quality due to arsenic pollution in the Kızılırmak River

The K?z?l?rmak River is Turkey's longest (1,355 km) river and it is important since it constitutes the drinking and irrigation water source of the Central Anatolia Region. In the current study, the spatial distribution, effect on irrigation water quality, environmental pollution status, ecotoxicological and health risks as well as possible sources of 12 potential toxic elements' (PTEs) (manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) concentrations from surface water samples in the K?z?l?rmak River were analyzed by using geographical information systems (GIS) software, ecotoxicological indices, and multivariate statistical analysis. As a result of the current study, it was determined that the As concentration is above the World Health Organization (WHO) limit values, and, in terms of the 12 PTEs, there is slight heavy metal contamination in the river according to the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) values and there is a low level of pollution. The Hazard Quotient for ingestion (HQ_ingestion) and Hazard Index (HI) values indicate that non-carcinogenic effects may occur. Exposure to river water is likely to result in a low level of carcinogenic risk (CR) in adults, mainly due to the As concentration. The water at Sampling Station S3 (131.79) cannot be used for drinking and is not suitable for consumption. According to the sodium percentage (Na%), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), and Magnesium Hazard (MH) index results, river water is suitable for agricultural use.     

Assessment of heavy metals/metalloid (As,Pb, Cd,Ni, Zn,Cr, Cu,Mn) concentrations in edible fish species tissue in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China

The major aim of this study was to investigate heavy metal content of edible fish in the PRD. Eleven species of fish (consisting of 711 individuals) [catfish (Clarias fuscus), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), mandarin fish (Siniperca kneri), snakehead (Channa asiatiea), black bass (Micropterus salmoides), mangrove snapper (Lutjanus griseus), star snapper (Lutjanu stellatus), snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii) and orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)] were collected for the analyses of heavy metals. Overall concentrations (mg/kg, ww) in the fish muscles were: As (0.03–1.53), Pb (0.03–8.62), Cd (0.02–0.06), Ni (0.44–9.75), Zn (15.7–29.5), Cr (0.22–0.65), Cu (0.79–2.26), Mn (0.82–6.91). Significant level of Pb were found in tilapia at all locations. It is recommended that heavy metal concentrations in different fish species must be determined on a regular basis in the future so as to reduce human health risks from acute and chronic food intoxication.