加强海区分局海洋行政管理的思考

一、海区海洋行政管理问题的产生 1964年2月11日,中共中央批复国家科委党组<关于建议成立国家海洋局的报告>,同意在国务院下成立直属的国家海洋局.7月22日,第二届全国人民代表大会第一百二十四次常务会议,批准在国务院下成立直属的国家海洋局.作为职权性海洋行政组织,国家海洋局与国务院其他直属机构和部委一样,代表国务院具体管理国家海洋事务.     

海区分局海洋事业发展“十一五”规划的思考

根据国家海洋局的统一部署,目前各海区海洋分局正在编制各海区的海洋事业发展“十一五”规划纲要。按照国务院关于全面推进依法行政的决定,依法履行国务院赋予海区分局的职能和职责,做好海区分局海洋事业发展“十一五”规划纲要,这是未来五年做好海区海洋行政管理的重要基础性工作。特发表此文,与各海区制定海洋分局海洋事业发展“十一五”规划纲要的各位专家讨论。     

认真组织编制海洋功能区划 贯彻实施海洋管理法律法规

海洋功能区划是我国政府在２０世纪８０年代末期提出并组织开展的一项海洋管理的基础性工作，其目的在于为海洋行政管理工作提供科学依据，为国民经济和社会发展提供用海保障。该项工作自提出以来，得到了全国人大、国务院和有关部门的高度重视，已经颁布实施的《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》、《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》等法律法规，明确了其在海洋管理工作中的法律地位和作用。与此同时，国家海洋局会同国务院有关部门和沿海地方政府于１９８９～１９９３年、１９９８～２００１年开展了两次大规模的海洋功能区划工作，其主要成…     

我国海洋经济发展五大制约因素及六项对策

建议将分散管理改为集中协调管理。在国务院成立有关部门参加的、由国务院领导挂帅的海洋委员会,承担综合协调工作。在现有国家海洋局的基础上组建国家海洋总局,直接对国务院负责,并作为国务院海洋委员会的日常办事机构。     

满怀信心 奋勇前行 全面开创北海区海洋事业发展新局面

2011年,充满着活力与希望,也满载．着机遇与挑战,是国家海洋局北海分局创新发展的关键一年。在“十二五”开局之年,北海分局将认真贯彻全国海洋厅局长暨党风廉政建设会议精神,按照国家海洋局“十二五”期间海洋工作“五个着力”的基本思路,落实刘赐贵局长关于提高“六个意识”、加强“六大能力”建设的指示,围绕国家海洋局2011~-海洋工作六项主要任务,从分局职能职责出发,牢牢把握服务经济社会发展这个中心,抓好海洋行政管理,做好科研调查和公益服务,搞好人才队伍建设、基础能力建设、科技支撑休系建设,以编制实施“十二五”规划为切入点,结合开展创先争优括动,全面扎实推进分局业务工作和党建思想政治、党风廉政建设工作。     

我国海域使用管理和海洋环境保护的依据──海洋功能区划

海洋功能区划是我国海洋管理部门在２０世纪 ８０年代末期提出并组织开展的一项海洋管理的基 础性工作,其目的在于加强海洋综合管理,协调解 决海洋开发利用和环境保护工作中出现的问题, 促进海洋经济持续、快速、健康发展。该项工作自 提出以来,已得到全国人大、国务院和有关部门的 高度重视,已经颁布实施的《中华人民共和国海洋 环境保护法》（以下简称《海洋环境保护法》）、《国 家海域使用管理暂行规定》和《中国２１世纪议程》 等一系列政策法规,明确了其在海洋管理工作中 的地位和作用。与此同时,国家海洋局会同沿海地 方人民…     

论区域管理局与“海洋经济发展规划”

根据国务院总理温家宝关于“国家海洋局要把工作重点放在规划、立法和管理上”的重要批示,国家组织力量先后进行了《全国海洋功能区划》和《全国海洋经济发展规划纲要》的制定工作。2002年8月22日,国务院批准了《全国海洋功能区划》。同年9月4日,经国务院同意,由国家海洋局发布了《全国海洋功能区划》。2003年5月9日,国务院批准了由国家发展和改革委员会、国土资源部和国家海洋局组织制定的《全国海洋经济发展规划纲要》。《全国海洋功能区划》和《全国海洋经济发展规划纲要》的颁布,是我国海洋事业发展里程碑的两件大事,具有重大的现实意义…     

深化研究海洋发展战略努力推进海洋强国建设

2011年,《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》明确要求“制定和实施海洋发展战略”。国家海洋局刘赐贵局长在全国海洋工作会议上的工作报告中提出,2012年要认真贯彻落实“十二五”规划对海洋工作的战略部署。     

深化研究海洋发展战略 努力推进海洋强国建设

2011年,《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》明确要求“制定和实施海洋发展战略”。国家海洋局刘赐贵局长在全国海洋工作会议上的工作报告中提出,2012年要认真贯彻落实“十二五”规划对海洋工作的战略部署。     

海洋功能区划的意义和作用

海洋功能区是根据海区的地理位置、自然资源和环境状况,结合考虑海洋开发利用现状和社会经济发展需求,划分出具有特定主导功能、适应不同开发方式并能取得最佳综合效益区域的一项基础性工作。 （一） 国家海洋局从1989年开始,组织沿海 11个省、自治区、直辖市人民政府的海洋管理部门,以及部分高等院校和科研机构开展了全国海洋功能区划。在国务院有关部门的大力支持和协助下,经过长达4年的艰苦努力,在汇总各省（市、区）区划的基础上,完成了全国海洋功能区划工作,其成果包括《中国海洋功能区划报告》、《中国海洋功能区划登记表》和《中国海洋功能区划图集》及沿海11个省、市、自治区海洋功能区划报告、登记表和图件。通过功能区划工作,揭示了海区固有的自然属性及其与社会、经济发展因素的关系.为充分、合理地开发利用海洋空间和资源,有效保护海洋生态环境,加强     

Coupling winds to ocean surface currents over the global ocean

A Wind stress–Current Coupled System (WCCS) consisting of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and an improved wind stress algorithm based on Donelan et al. [Donelan, W.M., Drennan, Katsaros, K.B., 1997. The air–sea momentum flux in mixed wind sea and swell conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2087–2099] is developed by using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). The WCCS is applied to the global ocean to study the interactions between the wind stress and the ocean surface currents. In this study, the ocean surface current velocity is taken into consideration in the wind stress calculation and air–sea heat flux calculation. The wind stress that contains the effect of ocean surface current velocity will be used to force the HYCOM. The results indicate that the ocean surface velocity exerts an important influence on the wind stress, which, in turn, significantly affects the global ocean surface currents, air–sea heat fluxes, and the thickness of ocean surface boundary layer. Comparison with the TOGA TAO buoy data, the sea surface temperature from the wind–current coupled simulation showed noticeable improvement over the stand-alone HYCOM simulation.     

The regional approach to the ocean, the ocean regions, and ocean regionalisation—a post-modern dilemma

Essentially, this paper aims at considering how the ocean regionalisation may be implemented focusing on the principle of sustainable development, on the subsequent criteria designed by the inter-governmental organisation framework, and on the approaches from the scientific literature. In this respect, a model is proposed, according to which two main stages are identified: (i) the stage of the modern approach to the ocean, which was operated by the modern society and was supported by the culture of modernity; (ii) the stage of the post-modern approach, which has been triggered by the converging inputs from the changes in society and nature. The watershed between these two stages may be located in the 1970s. The investigation may be carried out considering a triangular relationship between (i) the changing ocean reality (ontological dimension), (ii) the representation of this reality (semiological dimension), and (iii) the building up of signified, consisting in theories, meta-theories and values (epistemological and ethical dimensions). In this framework, special relevance is attributed to the interaction between science and policy.Moving from this basis, how ocean regionalisation had been conceived by oceanography, geography and law is considered focusing on the implications that have arisen in terms of ocean management. Analysis is essentially focused on three questions: (i) how much the conceptual implications of the approach to the ocean regional scale have been underestimated, and how ample the political consequences have been; (ii) why the political designs referring to this spatial scale of the ocean, which have been carrying out since the 1970s, have been marked by a lack of consistency of the legal framework with the prospect of operating sustainable management programmes; (iii) whether, and what kind of, discrepancy has solidified between the legal framework, provided by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the ecosystem-oriented approach to the ocean, designed by the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).These considerations lead to identify three cardinal needs. First, the need to try lessons from the Regional Seas Programme of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by carrying out a critical analysis of the conceptual background and methodological endowment which it was based on, and of the subsequent political outcomes. Secondly, an increasing need for scientific approaches supported by the consideration of the ocean as a bi-modular system consisting in ecosystems and organisational patterns, being both modules subject to the impacts from global change and globalisation. Thirdly, a need to design and operate a more effective interaction between science and policy, and, as far as science in itself is concerned, the need to design a more epistemologically-sound interaction between natural and social disciplines.Moving from this discussion, it is proposed to distinguish the mere ocean area, where the organisational patterns have not yet created a real ocean system, from the ocean region, which differently has acquired the features of an ocean system. These two kinds of spaces may be found in the coastal milieu, extending up to the outer edge of the continental margin, in the deep-ocean, extending seawards from the continental margin, or they may extend across the continental margin and the deep-ocean. Where it is agreed that ocean reality may evolve on the basis of these two reference patterns, the following sequence of conceptual mises-au-point and statements may be considered.

• The ocean area—This kind of ocean space may solidify in those areas where the ocean is frequented and used in the traditional ways without benefiting from a well-designed organisational pattern. Human presence and resource uses have brought about spatial differentiation but not such a real cohesion which may be only achieved by adopting an organisational plan.

• The ocean region—This occurs only where an ocean area is endowed with such an organisational framework that allows the pursuit of clearly pre-determined objectives in terms of environmental, resource management, and economic development. This is the product of an extensive human interaction with the ocean ecosystem, and of a substantial political approach to the ocean milieu.

Where it is agreed that ocean reality may evolve on the basis of these two reference patterns, the following sequence of conceptual mises-au-point and statements may be considered:

• The ocean region and regional strategy—At the present time, ocean regions may be found only in quite limited parts of the ocean world.

• The final objective—Where the decision-making centres conform their programmes and actions to the principles and guidelines from UNCED, the objective of each ocean region should be the pursuit of sustainable development on the regional scale.

• Sustainable region—This occurs where the regional organisation is primarily based on the protection of the ecosystem integrity, where economic development operates through the optimisation of resource usage, and where social equity, including the access to the natural and cultural heritage of the ocean environment, is guaranteed.

• Ocean regionalisation—When an individual ocean is subject to the organisational forces that lead to the creation of regions, it can be stated that an ocean regionalisation has occurred.

• Global change—Ocean regionalisation should be viewed as one of the most important consequences of the global, environmental and social change that characterises the present phase of society.

• Globalisation—The setting up of a transport and communication global network, together with the associated establishment of global production and consume patterns, of market strategies and social behaviour, may be regarded as the cardinal set of socio-economic factors, which ocean regionalisation is going to increasingly depend on.

• Enlargement of the geographical approach—The development of ocean regions encourages to set up effective inter-disciplinary approaches, that primarily should focus on: (i) the consistency of the regional organisation with the regional objectives; (ii) the consistency of the ocean resource use with the protection of the ecosystem, primarily the safeguard of its biodiversity, productivity and resilience; and (iii) the configuration and functions of the decision-making system in guiding regional organisation.

• Ocean region and ecosystem—The most desirable conditions in terms of optimal ocean organisation on the regional scale occur where the spatial extent of the ocean, which is encompassed by an individual regional management programme, fully coincides with the spatial extent of an ocean ecosystem, or with a set of contiguous ecosystems.

• Decision-making systems—The more the co-operative process between decision-making systems operating in contiguous ocean regions develops, the greater the potential for a holistic political approach to the oceans becomes. The spatial consequences deriving from the interaction between the decision-making centres are of peculiar interest.

Effects of the deep ocean circulation on the reservoir characteristics of the ocean

To examine the effects of the deep ocean circulation on the characteristics of the ocean as a reservoir, age distributions of the material whose source and sink are at the ocean surface are calculated using an idealized vertical two-dimensional model of the ocean. The results show that the large-scale vertical circulation of the deep water accelerates the renewal of deep water and reduces the average age of the material. It is also shown that the multi-layered structures of the deep circulation are more realistic than the one-layered structure and promote the renewal of the deep water.     

Particulate organic carbon in the global ocean derived from SeaWiFS ocean color

Satellite remote sensing offers new means of quantifying particulate organic carbon, POC, concentration over large oceanic areas. From SeaWiFS ocean color, we derived 10-year data of POC concentration in the surface waters of the global ocean. The 10-year time series of the global and basin scale average surface POC concentration do not display any significant long-term trends. The annual mean surface POC concentration and its seasonal amplitude are highest in the North Atlantic and lowest in the South Pacific, when compared to other ocean basins. POC anomalies in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and global concentrations seem to be inversely correlated with El Niño index, but longer time series are needed to confirm this relationship. Quantitative estimates of POC reservoir in the oceanic surface layer depend on the choice of what should represent this layer. Global average POC biomass is 1.34 g m^?2 if integrated over one optical depth, 3.62 g m^?2 if integrated over mixed layer depth, and up to 6.41 g m^?2 if integrated over 200-m layer depth (when assumed POC concentration below MLD is 20 mg m^?3). The global estimate of total POC reservoir in the surface 200-m layer of the ocean is 228.61×10¹³ g. We expect that future estimates of POC reservoir may be even larger, when more precise calculations account for deep-water organic-matter maxima in oligotrophic regions, and POC biomass located just below the seasonal mixed layer in spring and summer in the temperate regions.     

Turbulent dispersion in the ocean

The mathematical framework for turbulent transport in the ocean is reasonably well established. It may be applied to large-scale fields of scalars in the ocean and to the instantaneous or continuous discharge from a point. The theory and its physical basis can also provide an interpretation of passive scalar spectra. Spatial variations in the rate of turbulent transfer can be related to the movement of the center of mass of a scalar and to a formulation in terms of entrainment. The relative dispersion of a scalar with respect to its center of mass and the streakiness of the concentration field within the relative dispersion domain need to be considered. In many of these problems it is valuable to think in terms of simple models for individual streaks, as well as overall statistical properties.     

Lagrangian fronts in the ocean

We introduce the concept of Lagrangian fronts (LFs) in the ocean and describe their importance for analyzing water mixing and transport and the specific features and differences from hydrological fronts. A method of calculating LFs in a given velocity field is proposed. Based on altimeter velocity fields from AVISO data in the northwestern Pacific, we calculate the Lagrangian synoptic maps and identify LFs of different spatial and temporal scales. Using statistical analysis of saury catches in different years according to the Goskomrybolovstvo (State Fisheries Committee of the Russian Federation), we show that LFs can serve as good indicators of places that are favorable for fishing.     

海洋观测方法之研究

本文讨论了海洋观测技术的定义，厘清了其与海洋探测技术和海洋监测技术的关系，并在认识海洋观测数据本质的基础上，从技术性、实时性、经济性和适用性等4个方面，来讨论海洋观测方法。本文研究表明，抓着观测数据的本质保障观测数据的质量；观测手段特别是平台技术决定观测技术的实时性；实时性反映海洋观测任务的需要及观测技术的水平；经济性决定观测技术的选用；适用性进一步决定海洋观测技术的最佳形式，甚至衍生出新的观测技术。     

Geodetic measurements in the ocean

This paper covers the topic of marine geodesy, its goals, and applications. Specifically discussed are position determination and establishment of geodetic control on the ocean bottom, ocean surface, and subsurface, and the determination of the geoid, a vertical reference surface. The various techniques used in position determination (including satellite, airborne, radio, inertial and acoustic techniques) are assessed in terms of accuracy, coverage, and contribution to the solution of specific problems associated with position and control. The results of several marine geodetic control experiments are presented. Classical techniques for the determination of the geoid are discussed and assessed, as are new techniques such as satellite altimetry. The outlook for marine geodetic measurements in the ocean is outlined in terms of what is being planned or considered for the next decade, and several recommendations are made.     

CABARET in the ocean gyres

A new high-resolution Eulerian numerical method is proposed for modelling quasigeostrophic ocean dynamics in eddying regimes. The method is based on a novel, second-order non-dissipative and low-dispersive conservative advection scheme called CABARET. The properties of the new method are compared with those of several high-resolution Eulerian methods for linear advection and gas dynamics. Then, the CABARET method is applied to the classical model of the double-gyre ocean circulation and its performance is contrasted against that of the common vorticity-preserving Arakawa method. In turbulent regimes, the new method permits credible numerical simulations on much coarser computational grids.     

Renewable energy from the ocean

Growing concern over the threat of global climate change has led to an increased interest in research and development of renewable energy technologies. The ocean provides a vast source of potential energy resources, and as renewable energy technology develops, investment in ocean energy is likely to grow. Research in ocean thermal energy conversion, wave energy, tidal energy, and offshore wind energy has led to promising technologies and in some cases, commercial deployment. These sources have the potential to help alleviate the global climate change threat, but the ocean environment should be protected while these technologies are developed. Renewable energy sources from the ocean may be exploited without harming the marine environment if projects are sited and scaled appropriately and environmental guidelines are followed.