滦平盆地大北沟组—大店子组沉积和地层格架及陆相层型意义

依据大量实测剖面资料初步建立了滦平盆地侏罗－白垩系大北沟－大店子组地层格架,证明盆地在两组沉积期为西南高、东北低的簸箕形,两组地层从西南向东北在地层厚度、沉积旋回组成、相序与环境和标志层的分布等方面均发生规律性变化。地层格架不仅有助于研究盆地形成演化、构造应力条件和火山活动,而且可以确定盆地沉降中心,确定建立地层层型的候选剖面。位于盆地沉降中心的张家沟剖面大北沟组－大店子组以扇三角洲前缘半深湖－深湖相深水沉积为主,由5个完整的沉积旋回（SDC）组成。旋回沉积相序大北沟组由滨浅湖相－前扇三角洲半深湖、深湖相－扇三角洲前缘相构成;大店子组明显水体加深,沉积环境相对单一,地层厚度增大,旋回相序由半深湖、深湖相泥页岩、粉砂岩夹砂岩组成,部分层位为扇三角洲前缘的砂、砾岩层。两组沉积较厚,达665m。并且排除了其它剖面上“蜂窝梁砾岩”（辫状河道－分流河道砾岩）对下伏层侵蚀造成的大北沟组顶部沉积间断,以及“玄武安山岩”喷发活动造成的大店子组顶部地层缺失。张家沟剖面沉积连续、暴露完全、化石极为丰富,是建立侏罗－白垩系临界阶陆相层型的研究界线划分的理想剖面。     

基于地震沉积学方法的沉积相研究--以涠西南凹陷涠洲组三段为例

探讨地震沉积学方法在陆相薄互层的沉积相研究思路。地震沉积学主要是利用三维高精度地震资料来研究沉积岩及其形成过程,提高分辨率处理和分频解释有利于建立高频层序地层格架,等时地层切片可以用来约束划分最小等时地层单元。90°相位转换使地震同相轴具有岩性意义,可以用来刻画薄层砂体的形态及分布特征。优选能反映砂体形态的属性与反射波形特征,并结合物源方向、沉积体系类型来编制精细的沉积相分布图。以涠西南凹陷古近系涠洲组三段地层为例,开展地震沉积学方法的沉积相研究。识别并确立了研究区内7砂组最小等时地层单元,利用东西方向物源特征及砂体形态、90度相位转换地震振幅属性、波形特征,准确的勾画出7砂组以东、西两侧向湖盆推进的辫状河三角洲为规律的沉积相图。     

北祁连造山带志留纪岩相古地理研究

奥陶纪—泥盆纪时期,受加里东构造活动的影响,北祁连洋盆经历了俯冲消亡至造山的复杂转换。其中,志留纪是记录了盆山转换的重要大地构造过渡阶段,然而北祁连造山带在该时期的盆地性质一直存在争议。本文对北祁连地区志留系沉积地层开展了详细的野外地质调查及室内测试分析,通过岩性、沉积构造和古生物化石组合等方面的研究,共识别出潮坪相、浅海陆棚相及半深海相三种沉积相类型。此外,基于前人的研究成果和本研究的新资料,编制了全新的北祁连地区志留纪沉积构造格架、沉积盆地类型及空间配置关系图。在此基础上,通过区域地层对比,以及岩相古地理编图研究,重建了北祁连造山带志留纪沉积盆地充填序列,并采用造山带岩相古地理编图方法编制了全新的研究区志留纪岩相古地理图。     

Lower carboniferous (Dinantian) stratigraphy and structure in the Kingscourt Outlier,Ireland

Logging of 55 recent boreholes, together with remapping, has resulted in a fundamental reassessment of the stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Dinantian Kingscourt Outlier. Despite the present isolated position of the outlier within the Longford-Down Massif, the Kingscourt rocks are an integral part of the Dublin Basin succession. The newly defined Ardagh Platform marks the most northerly limit to basinal sedimentation in the Dinantian Dublin Basin. The Courceyan is a typical but thinner, north Dublin Basin succession with two new formal units: the Rockfield Sandstone Member and the Kilbride Formation. The latter, a coarse-grained, well washed limestone of latest Courceyan to early Chadian (late Tournaisian) age is the shallow water equivalent of the Feltrim Formation (Waulsortian facies), which is absent in the outlier. The Courceyan interval in the north of the outlier is markedly attenuated. In the succeeding Chadian-Brigantian interval basinal facies predominate in the south, but on the Ardagh Platform an almost complete coeval Viséan shallow water sequence is found. A new platform unit (Deer Park Formation) of latest Asbian to Brigantian age is defined in the Ardagh area. The Dee Member (Chadian) is newly defined for the lower part of the basinal Tober Colleen Formation and the Altmush Shale Member is formally defined for the upper part of the Loughshinny Formation. Two major structures dominate the Kingscourt Outlier: the NE-SW trending Moynalty Syncline in the south and the N-S trending Kingscourt Fault. Both are Hercynian structures, but probably represent reactivated Caledonide basement-controlled structures. Dinantian syn-depositional faulting is indicated in both the Courceyan (‘Kingscourt Sag’) and Chadian-Asbian. The latter period of faulting in the Ardagh area separates platform facies in the north from basinal facies to the south. In the late Asbian, platform facies with carbonate build-ups prograded south into the basin as far south as Nobber, but in the latest Asbian to Brigantian, basinal facies extended northwards over the collapsed platform margin.     

Upper Mississippian to lower Pennsylvanian biostratigraphic correlation of the Sahara Platform successions on the northern margin of Gondwana (Morocco,Algeria, Libya)

Revision of several important Carboniferous stratigraphic successions in basins in the Saharan Platform allows us to propose distinct biostratigraphical boundaries for the upper Viséan, lower and upper Serpukhovian and lower Bashkirian, with the latter boundary separating upper Mississippian from lower Pennsylvanian strata. The boundaries are not only defined primarily by foraminifers but also incorporate ammonoid and conodont data. This study shows that the positioning of some boundaries differs significantly from previous studies in the region.For the studied interval, it can be recognized that two well-defined tectonic events were widespread in the entire Sahara Platform: a mostly late Viséan event and a latest Serpukhovian–early Bashkirian event. Both tectonic events show a marked tendency to become younger eastward, and they are compared to the intra-Viséan phase of the Variscan Orogeny and the main phase of this orogeny, respectively.     

Origin,evolution and anatomy of silt‐prone submarine external levées

Submarine external levées are constructional features that develop outside slope channel systems, and are a volumetrically significant component of continental margins. However, detailed observations of their process sedimentology and depositional architecture are rare. Extensive exposures of external levées at multiple stratigraphic intervals and well‐constrained palaeogeographic positions in the Fort Brown Formation, Karoo Basin, South Africa, have been calibrated with research boreholes. This integrated data set permits their origin, evolution and anatomy to be considered, including high‐resolution analysis of sedimentary facies distribution and characterization of depositional sub‐environments. An idealized model of the stratigraphic evolution and depositional architecture of external levées is presented, and variations can be attributed to allogenic (for example, sediment supply) and autogenic (for example, channel migration) factors. Initiation of external levée construction is commonly marked by deposition of a basal sand‐rich facies with sedimentary structures indicating rapid deposition from unconfined flows. These deposits are interpreted as frontal lobes. Propagation of the parent channel, and resultant flow confinement, lead to partial erosion of the frontal lobe and development of constructional relief (levées) by flow overspill and flow stripping. Overall fining‐upwards and thinning‐upwards profiles reflect increased flow confinement and/or waning flow magnitude through time. Identification of a hierarchy of levée elements is not possible due to the absence of internal bounding surfaces or sharp facies changes. The down‐slope taper in levée height and increasing channel sinuosity results in increasing numbers of crevasse lobe deposits, and is reflected by the increased occurrences of channel avulsion events down‐dip. External levées from the Fort Brown Formation are silt‐rich; however their stratigraphic evolution and the distribution of many components (such as sediment waves and crevasse lobe) share commonalities with mud‐rich external levées. This unique integrated data set has permitted the first high‐resolution characterization of external submarine levée systems.     

残留盆地沉积相研究方法 ——以济阳坳陷中生代盆地为例

对济阳坳陷中生代沉积特征的综合研究, 初步提出一套改造型残留盆地沉积相研究方法, 强调从野外露头、岩芯、岩屑录井、测井、人工地震和盆地结构6个方面进行沉积相综合研究, 并与研究区周围地层沉积特征、岩芯沉积相识别、沉积相垂向演化、测井相、地震相和沉积体系分布研究相结合。其中最核心的技术是平衡剖面及地震约束下的连井剖面沉积相纵横向研究。研究认为济阳坳陷在中生代由多个时而分割时而相连的湖盆组成, 主要发育冲积扇相、河流相、扇三角洲相、三角洲相、湖泊相及沼泽相。     

The upper Viséan–Serpukhovian in the type area for the Serpukhovian Stage (Moscow Basin,Russia): Part 1. Sequences,disconformities, and biostratigraphic summary

The upper Viséan–Serpukhovian strata in the type region for the Serpukhovian Stage is an epeiric‐sea succession ca. 90 m in thickness. The predominantly Viséan Oka Group (comprising the Aleksin, Mikhailov, and Venev formations) is dominated by photozoan packstones with fluvial siliciclastic wedges developed from the west. The Lower Serpukhovian Zaborie Group is composed of the Tarusa and Gurovo formations. The latter is a new name for the shale‐dominated unit of Steshevian Substage age in the studied area. The Zaborie Group is composed of limestones and marls in its lower (Tarusa and basal Gurovo) part and black smectitic to grey palygorskitic shales in the main part of the Gurovo Formation. The Gurovo Formation is capped by a thin limestone with oncoids and a palygorskitic–calcretic palaeosol. The Upper Serpukhovian is composed of a thin (3–12 m) Protva Limestone heavily karstified during a mid‐Carboniferous lowstand. The succession shows a number of unusual sedimentary features, such as a lack of high‐energy facies, shallow‐subtidal marine sediments penetrated by Stigmaria, the inferred atidal to microtidal regime, and palustrine beds composed of saponitic marls. The succession contains many subaerial disconformities characterized by profiles ranging from undercoal solution horizons to palaeokarsts. Incised fluvial channels are reported at two stratigraphic levels to the west of the study area. The deepest incisions developed from the Kholm Disconformity (top of the Mikhailov Formation). This disconformity also exhibits the deepest palaeokarst profile and represents the major hiatus in the Oka–Zaborie succession. The new sea‐level curve presented herein shows two major cycles separated by the Kholm Unconformity at the Mikhailov/Venev boundary. The Lower Serpukhovian transgression moved the base‐level away from falling below the seafloor so that the section becomes conformable above the Forino Disconformity (lower Tarusa). The maximum deepening is interpreted to occur in the lower dark‐shale part of the Gurovo Formation. The base of the Serpukhovian Stage is defined by FADs of the conodont Lochriea ziegleri and the foraminifer Janischewskina delicata in the middle of the sequence VN2. The Aleksinian–Mikhailovian interval is provisionally correlated with the Asbian (Lower–Middle Warnantian) in Western Europe. Based on FODs of Janischewskina typica and first representatives of Climacammina, the Venevian is correlated with the Brigantian in Western Europe. The Tarusian–Protvian interval contains diverse fusulinid and conodont assemblages, but few forms suitable for international correlation. FADs of the zonal conodont species Adetognathus unicornis and Gnathodus bollandensis at several metres above the Protvian base suggest correlation of the entire Zaborie Group and may be the basal Protvian to the Pendleian. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stratigraphic Correlation of Middle Triassic Sequences among Different Paleogeographic Sedimentary Facies in South China

INTRODUCTIONIn South China,the marine Middle Triassic is distributedmainly over the Yangtze region along the present YangtzeRiver,where the Hercynian orogeny did not happen but thesubsequent Indosinian m ovement greatly changed thepaleogeographic pattern and depositional history.The TriassicIndosinian movement troansfered most parts of the Yangtzeplatform from marine to terrestrial in early or late MiddleTriassic (Table 1) and finally ended the marine history of theseareas.The first …     

“常么阶”沉积相及微相的研究与对比

研究、对比了广西宜山、隆林常么及贵州紫云扁平剖面常么阶的沉积相及微相类型。多元统计分析及碳酸盐岩岩石学的研究表明，这一地区常么阶至少有台前斜坡、台缘生物礁、礁后湖、台缘生物滩、开阔台地、局限台地及蒸发台地等７种沉积相类型及１２种具有不同环境意义的微相类型。古地理位置、水动力条件、循环状况是控制各剖面沉积过程及生物分布的主要环境因素；某些生物（如藻类）的繁盛可以对局部环境进行改造，并进而造成其它生物在种类和数量上的差异。西南地区常么阶代表了马平期与栖霞期之间海退序列的沉积，这一时期的环境变化对有关古生物类群的地理分布产生了重要影响     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区奥陶纪岩相古地理

库鲁克塔格地区在西北地层区划上属塔里木地层区的库鲁克塔格地层分区。其沉积特点受塔里木盆地的影响，但是又不同于塔里木盆地，区内研究程度低。依据野外露头资料，本地区奥陶系南北分区明显，北区岩性为碳酸盐岩建造，生物以三叶虫、头足类、腕足类及珊瑚等浅海生物为主；南区岩性为复理石建造，生物以深海相笔石为主。从岩性、古生物、沉积构造、沉积序列、指相矿物等沉积特征可以看出，本地区奥陶纪古地貌具南低北高的特点。本地区奥陶系发育台地海相、广海陆棚相、盆地边缘斜坡相、深海盆地相、半深海相和浅海相等类型。依据各时期沉积相及其展布特征，总结出４种沉积相模式，即①台地海-广海陆棚沉积相模式；②盆地边缘海陆棚-深海盆地沉积相模式；③海陆过渡-浅海沉积相模式；④冲积扇-三角洲沉积相模式。本次研究对鲁克塔格地库区进一步的研究及找油工作打下了理论基础。     

Biostratigraphy,sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Tournaisian–Viséan transitional strata in South China (Guangxi)

The biostratigraphy and sedimentological evolution of the Tournaisian–Viséan (T–V) transitional strata in South China (Guangxi) have been investigated. The sediments were deposited on a carbonate platform and in slope and basinal environments. In the T–V transitional strata, six foraminiferal associations have been distinguished which allow correlation between the shallow and deep water deposits. A careful examination of the evolutionary stages of the foraminifer Eoparastaffella provides a more accurate criterion for the definition of the T–V boundary, but does not significantly modify the historical one. The distinction of two morphotypes is based on the elevation of the last whorl and the peripheral outline. Tournaisian specimens of Eoparastaffella have a well rounded periphery (morphotype 1) contrasting with the subangular periphery of younger Viséan specimens (morphotype 2). A coefficient can be deduced from simple biometric measurements for more precisely defining the T–V boundary. The sequence stratigraphy of the T–V strata in South China has been reconstructed by combining biostratigraphical and sedimentological data. It allowed the correlation of the T–V transitional strata between the platform area and the slope and basinal locations. Late Tournaisian strata were deposited during a highstand systems tract. Near the end of the Tournaisian, a major drop in relative sea-level led to the development of an unconformity in the platform area. Lowstand deposits formed during latest Tournaisian time in the basin where a detailed biostratigraphic framework has been devised. Sediments deposited during the ensuing transgressive systems tract overlie the late Tournaisian highstand sediments in the platform area and the latest Tournaisian lowstand deposits in the basin. A major drop in relative sea-level near the end of the Tournaisian has been recognized worldwide. Therefore, the possibility of using the sequence stratigraphy of the T–V strata in South China for worldwide correlations should be investigated. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Orbital calibration of the Early Kimmeridgian (southeastern France): implications for geochronology and sequence stratigraphy

Classic stratigraphic methods rarely provide high‐resolution correlations between intrabasinal sedimentary sequences, which are important to understand the origin of sedimentation process and its environmental change. In this study, we investigate high‐resolution cyclostratigraphic correlation from magnetic susceptibility in two Early Kimmeridgian pelagic marl‐limestone successions, at La Méouge and Châteauneuf‐d'Oze, southeastern France. Spectral analysis reveals the complete suite of orbital frequencies (precession, obliquity, and eccentricity) with the marl‐limestone couplets being primarily precession‐driven. Frequencies detected by the spectral analysis are similar between the sections, but their relative amplitudes are somewhat different, linked to the palaeoenvironmental position and the completeness of the sections. High‐resolution correlation reveals two significant hiatuses at Châteauneuf‐d’Oze. Early Kimmeridgian Platynota, Hypselocyclum, and Divisum ammonite zones were orbitally calibrated for an ultra‐high resolution assessment of geological time. Finally, strong 405‐kyr eccentricity cycles are recorded as third‐order depositional sequences.     

Biostratigraphy,sedimentology and palaeobathymetry of Waulsortian buildups and peri-Waulsortian rocks during the late Tournaisian regression,Dinant area,Belgium

Recent revision of the biostratigraphy allows the recognition of a stratigraphic entity (here termed Freyrian) between the base of the Moliniacian stage and the base of the Viséan and simplifies sedimentological interpretation of late Tournaisian events around Dinant, in Belgium. Petrographic analysis of Freyrian rocks in Waulsortian buildups and peri-Waulsortian facies reveals a pattern of carbonate sedimentation related to the submarine topography developed by the buildups, and to sea-level changes. Graded beds and thin layers of grainstone in the predominantly fine-grained peri-Waulsortian sediments represent influxes derived mainly from nearby buildups during a period of shallowing. Using the sequence of foraminiferan assemblages which colonized the buildups as a stratigraphic scale, the earlier influxes are shown to have occurred only close to the presumed source, whereas later influxes extended further and marked the culmination of the shallowing phase. Deposition during the latter part of the Freyrian appears to have occurred in rather deeper, less disturbed water. The Moliniacian and Viséan boundary stratotypes, both in peri-Waulsortian facies, are critically assessed because almost all the stratigraphically useful foraminiferans occur in the rare grainstones resulting from sediment influxes. Tetrataxis was one of the few foraminiferans to colonize proximal peri-Waulsortian areas and appears to have ranged to a water depth of about 200 m. Downslope diachronism of colonization is interpreted as evidence of a sea-level fall of about 140 m and is used to draw a sea-level curve for this late Tournaisian regression. Using the same depth scale, microbial coating extended to about 300 m and its development appears to have been related to low sedimentation rates rather than photic conditions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sedimentary formations of the Cretaceous Sakhalin Basin (Far East Asia)

The marine sedimentary formations of the Middle Albian to Maastrichtian in the Cretaceous Sakhalin Basin (CSB) were investigated. These successions of strata consist of interbedded sandy, clayey and calcareous rocks which are underlain by heterogeneous metamorphosed (up to greenschist facies) Paleozoic to Mesozoic (pre-Aptian) rocks. The studied sections display several different facies reflecting geological settings ranging from an inner shelf to a continental slope. Three depositional complexes bound by regional subaerial unconformities are recognized within the marine successions. Since the Albian, the CSB has been a rapidly subsiding marginal part of the Okhotsk Sea plate. The Naiba Valley succession, corresponding to a sublittoral zone, shows extremely high sedimentation rates up to 190 m/Ma. The stratigraphic distribution of lithofacies indicates that the CSB became shallower from the Middle Albian to the Maastrichtian.     

广西桂中坳陷东缘早石炭世斜坡相层序地层研究

本文以桂中坳陷东缘斜坡相区早石炭世象州崖脚、运江剖面为主要研究对象,开展了桂中坳陷东缘斜坡相区早石炭世层序地层的划分和对比研究。根据斜坡相区三级层序的发育特点,将巴平组划分为5个三级层序(CSQ1~5),5个三级层序构成石炭系下部的二级层序。斜坡相区与台地相区早石炭世层序地层的划分基本一致,可实现相互对比。通过区内沉积层序的对比,建立了桂中坳陷东缘层序地层格架,探讨了该区下石炭统的海平面变化规律。     

A contribution to regional stratigraphic correlations of the Afro-Brazilian depression – The Dom João Stage (Brotas Group and equivalent units – Late Jurassic) in Northeastern Brazilian sedimentary basins

The Dom João Stage comprises an interval with variable thickness between 100 and 1200 m, composed of fluvial, eolian and lacustrine deposits of Late Jurassic age, based mainly on the lacustrine ostracod fauna (although the top deposits may extend into the Early Cretaceous). These deposits comprise the so-called Afro-Brazilian Depression, initially characterized as containing the Brotas Group of the Recôncavo Basin (which includes the Aliança and the Sergi Formations) and subsequently extended into the Tucano, Jatobá, Camamu, Almada, Sergipe, Alagoas and Araripe Basins in northeastern Brazil, encompassing the study area of this paper. The large occurrence area of the Dom João Stage gives rise to discussions about the depositional connectivity between the basins, and the real extension of sedimentation. In the first studies of this stratigraphic interval, the Dom João Stage was strictly associated with the rift phase, as an initial stage (decades of 1960–70), but subsequent analyses considered the Dom João as an intracratonic basin or pre-rift phase – without any relation to the active mechanics of a tectonic syn-rift phase (decades of 1980–2000). The present work developed an evolutionary stratigraphic and tectonic model, based on the characterization of depositional sequences, internal flooding surfaces, depositional systems arrangement and paleoflow directions. Several outcrops on the onshore basins were used to build composite sections of each basin, comprising facies, architectural elements, depositional systems, stratigraphic and lithostratigraphic frameworks, and paleocurrents. In addition to that, over a hundred onshore and offshore exploration wells were used (only 21 of which are showed) to map the depositional sequences and generate correlation sections. These show the characteristics and relations of the Dom João Stage in each studied basin, and they were also extended to the Gabon Basin. The results indicate that there were two main phases during the Dom João Stage, in which distinctive sedimentary environments were developed, reflecting depositional system arrangements, paleoflow directions were diverse, and continuous or compartmented basins were developed.     

Foraminifers and conodonts from the late Viséan to early Bashkirian succession in the Saharan Tindouf Basin (southern Morocco): biostratigraphic refinements and implications for correlations in the western Palaeotethys

The Carboniferous succession in the Tindouf Basin of southern Morocco, North Africa, displays Mississippian to Early Pennsylvanian marine beds, followed by Pennsylvanian continental deposits. The marine beds comprise a shallow water cyclic platform sequence, dominated by shales and fine‐grained sandstones with thin but laterally persistent limestone/dolostone beds. Foraminiferal assemblages have been studied in the limestone beds in several sections from the Djebel Ouarkziz range in the northern limb of the Tindouf Syncline; they indicate that the age of the limestones range from late Asbian (late Viséan) to Krasnopolyanian (early Bashkirian). The foraminiferal assemblages are abundant and diverse, and much richer in diversity than those suggested by previous studies in the region, as well as for other areas of the western Palaeotethys. The richest assemblages are recorded in the Serpukhovian but, unusually, they contain several taxa which appear much earlier in Western European basins (in the latest Viséan). In contrast, conodont assemblages are scarce due to the shallow‐water facies, although some important taxa are recorded in the youngest limestones. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The criteria for the biogeneicity of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in Archean and younger, sandy deposits

The identification of fossils or biogenic sedimentary structures in rocks of Archean age is difficult, because similar lithological features could rise from purely physical or chemical processes alone. Therefore it is important to define criteria that serve the secure definition of a fossil or structure in question as of biological origin. Such criteria have been established for stromatolites and microfossils.This contribution discusses the 6 criteria of biogeneicity of ‘microbially induced sedimentary structures’ (MISS). Those structures are found in sandy deposits of early Archean age to the present, and rise from the interaction of benthic microbiota with physical sediment dynamics. The six criteria for their biogeneicity are: (i) MISS occur in rocks of not more than lower greenschist facies; (ii) in stratigraphic sections, MISS correlate with turning points of regression–trangressions; (iii), MISS correlate with a characteristic depositional facies that enhances the development and the preservation of microbial mats; (iv), the distribution of MISS correlates with the ancient average hydraulic pattern; (v), the geometries and dimensions of fossil MISS correspond to that of the modern ones; (vi), the MISS include at least one of 9 specific microtextures.