一个简单的格点温度预报订正方法

格点气象要素预报是中国气象局目前的主推业务和未来天气预报的发展方向。本文基于欧洲中期数值预报中心ECMWF高分辨率模式2 m温度预报资料,在传统中央气象台站点温度指导预报SCMOC和回归方法建立的站点温度预报的基础上,提出"站点订正值向格点传递"的方法来订正格点温度预报。结果表明:(1)SCMOC站点最高、最低温度24~168 h预报误差2℃准确率分别平均高于ECMWF的10.0%和23.1%,ECMWF存在较大的系统性偏差,最低温度预报偏高,最高温度预报偏低。(2)"站点订正值向格点传递"方法能够订正模式格点温度预报的系统误差,且整体上不改变原ECMWF温度预报场的空间形态和原模式对地形的刻画特征。(3)利用研究区域内98个县级站SCMOC温度预报,订正ECMWF格点场,返回到区域内1289个乡镇站进行检验,结果24 h最低、最高温度1℃的准确率较ECMWF分别提高22.8%和11.9%,2℃的准确率则分别提高29.7%和17.4%。最低(高)温度绝对误差平均减小0.99℃(0.69℃),平均误差(ME)下降到0.7℃(-0.9℃)以内。(4)通过一元线性回归,得到98个县级站的温度预报,返回差值场来订正格点场,也能较好地订正ECMWF的系统性误差。对比两种方法,SCMOC差值传递在最低温度订正方面有较大的优势,而回归方法的最高温度订正效果较好。此外,回归方法能够较好地改善逐时温度预报效果。该方法已成功运用于陕西省精细化格点预报业务系统中。     

多级相似作温度精细化预报初探

利用2001—2004年欧洲中心数值预报产品等资料,按照预报员制作天气要素预报过程中的基本思路,从“形势分析→系统分析→要素预报”的一般步骤,通过“形势相似→系统相似→天气要素（温度）相似”等多级相似分析,计算制作温度格点预报,并在逐步实现天气要素预报的程序化、数字化、精细化方面进行了有益的探讨。     

"天气在线"网上气象站对郑州单点要素预报能力的检验

对"天气在线"网上气象站所预报的郑州市2004和2005年的汛期(6～8月)降水、最低气温、最高气温3项气象要素的准确率进行了检验与分析,结果表明"天气在线"对郑州市一般降水的预报准确率具有参考价值,对中雨及以上量级的降水预报能力比较差,尤其是对单站暴雨预报能力更弱;对郑州单点的温度预报能力很强,特别是晴天的情况下,不论是最高温度、最低温度还是高温天气都有很高的预报准确率.     

基于欧洲数值预报产品的遵义市温度预报模型

利用2016—2018年遵义国家气象站(57713)观测资料,分析晴天、阴雨、多云、雷雨等天气条件下的实况最高、最低温度与EC细网格850hPa 20时温度预报格点值的温差,统计出各种天气条件下的温度高、低差值。结果表明:通过将欧洲数值预报产品与本地天气相结合,统计得出本地的温度变化的订正值,能够较为准确地制作24～120 h的最高、最低温度预报;预报初始值24～48 h温度误差相对较小,预报越正确,随着时效的增长,数值预报初始值准确率逐渐下降,误差增大,从而导致预报准确率也逐渐下降。从近3 a的业务应用效果来看,遵义本地化最高、最低温度预报成绩排名在全省前列,因此该模型的预报方法可明显的提高温度预报准确率。     

T213模式对强冷空气短期预报能力的分析检验

利用T213模式的500hPa高度、地面气压、850hPa温度预报格点资料和客观分析实况格点资料，对2001—2002年冬半年我国出现的8次强冷空气天气过程的主要影响天气系统进行了预报能力的客观分析检验。所得结果有利于数值预报产品的释用及实时预报业务。     

长江上游流域面雨量预报系统

以T213数值预报产品降水格点为基础,采用权重方法和逐次订正法计算,然后根据统计、经验、模式等方法订正来预报单站降水,采用泰森多边形法计算长江上游流域面雨量的"四川省气象台长江上游流域面雨量预报系统".     

安顺地区温度、降水分县预报自动化系统

利用1995－1997年国家气象中心的T106格点场资料，通过因子组合，相关分析等手段，结合本地区天气系统的演变特征，构造出与降水，温度关系密切，有明确物理意义的，能反映本地天气系统的动力结构和发展机制的结构特征因子，采用ppM预报方法，建立了安顺地区6个站的温度和降水分级预报方程，提高了ppM预报方珠预报能力和适应性。系统从资料采集到结果输出均在微机上实现全自动化，预报结果客观、定量。     

气象要素场水平分布的统计预报方法(一)——长江中下游地区降水分布的预报

本文提出一个应用不规则格点上的车贝雪夫多项式预报长江中下游地区降水分布的统计预报方法。这一方法可以定量地报出降水分布,是对目前常用的单站预报方法的一个改进。     

用单站风、气压变化判别影响系统

一个大尺度天气系统所控制和影响的范围很大,在其不同的部位,天气变化也不相同。在单站,观测到的是天气系统在这一点上的反映,因此,准确运用单站要素的变化来分析和推断控制本地的天气系统的变化是提高单站预报准确率的措施之一。下面仅简单介绍一下在1973—1975年间利用本站风、气压变化判别影响系统交替的几点经验。     

T213资料在冰雹短期预报中的释用

基于MICAPS系统,利用T213数值预报格点资料和预报关键区域30个站点的高空天气图．以及市内7县(区)4个观测时次的气象要素等资料,从单站要素反映、天气形势分析、热力、动力、稳定度等参数计算,选取对冰雹天气具有明显物理意义的预报因子和消空指标,利用PP数值预报释用方法,建立了盛夏平凉市冰雹短期预报模型。经2003年7～8月份业务运行,基本报准了唯一出现的一次冰雹过程,空报率0．0％。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...