利用核密度与空间自相关进行城市设施兴趣点分布热点探测

城市设施兴趣点(POI)在局部地理空间下往往呈现聚集型分布特征(即热点),表达该特征的核密度法(kernel density estimation)是最常用到的可视化工具。考虑到核密度方法中缺少量化统计分析,提出了一种城市设施POI分布热点探测的新方法。首先基于"距离衰减效应"计算地理单元的属性值;然后采用GetisOrd G*i统计指数定量分析设施POI点的局部空间相关性特征。与传统基于样方法的空间自相关相比,核密度法由于顾及了地理学第一定律的区位影响,计算获得的地理单元属性值可保留空间的细节信息,热点的空间自相关分析结果可以反映设施服务影响的连续性特征。通过实际金融设施数据的自相关分析实验,表明该方法能有效提取POI基础设施在城市区域中的分布热点范围。     

利用样方分析小微地震空间分布模式

地震是一种危害很大的地质灾害,研究地震点的空间分布模式及发生规律已成为一个重要课题。本文在样方分析原理与显著性检验方法的基础上,选择河南省作为实验区,以2008年1月至2016年1月期间地震台监测数据作为实验数据,研究小微地震点的空间分布模式。以理论上的泊松随机分布统计结果为比较对象,对实验区小微地震点进行样方统计分析,K-S显著性检验结果显示:实验区小微地震点不是空间随机分布。结合样方统计数据和地质资料分析,河南省小微地震点的空间分布模式为聚集分布,且主要集中于豫北地区。实验结果表明,样方分析法不仅能够比较准确地判断出地震点的空间分布模式,帮助人们较快地识别出地震发生的热点区域,还可为分析热点区域地震成因和预报大地震提供支持。     

兰州市地质灾害群测群防点空间格局分布

针对地质灾害点空间格局分布定量性研究较少的问题,该文提出一种定量研究方法——空间扫描统计方法,以地质灾害群测群防点为基础数据库,分析兰州市地质灾害群测群防点空间格局分布。研究结果表明:(1)崩塌和不稳定斜坡聚集区相似,均在城关区呈现1类聚集,榆中县和永登县的部分乡镇呈2、3类聚集,4类聚集区均分布在红古区的部分街道;(2)滑坡和泥石流1类聚集区包括以西柳沟街道为中心的13个乡镇街道,4类聚集区都分布在红古区,而2、3类聚集区分布有较大的差异。该方法能定量表达各类型地质灾害点的空间聚集度。该文结论以期为兰州市地质灾害针对性地采取预防和控制手段。     

苏中苏南县域城镇居民收入时空演变

针对传统的统计学方法无法有效刻画居民收入空间格局演变的不足,该文提出了一种将数理统计与空间统计相结合的方法。采用探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)方法,研究了1989年—2011年苏中苏南地区县域单元城镇居民人均可支配收入的变化,较好地描述了收入差异的时序变化和空间格局演变特征。研究发现:县域单元的城镇居民人均可支配收入的绝对差异逐年增大,相对差异呈阶段性波动增大;同时,城镇居民人均可支配收入呈高度的空间自相关,收入水平相似的单元在空间上集聚,苏南处于高值簇,热点区聚集;苏中处于低值簇,冷点区聚集;此外,城镇居民人均可支配收入增长空间格局不稳定,冷热点区切换频繁,冷热点区呈高度集聚,其他类型区域的分布态势减弱。     

点模式与距离成本下长沙某医院服务范围分析

通过核密度法、标准差椭圆算法、中心点分析法、距离分位数法等空间分析方法可多角度全面地分析医院与其就诊患者之间的关系,得到医院的空间格局和服务范围分布特征。通过对长沙市某医院3个月就诊患者病例记录的处理与统计分析,明确了该医院的服务分布模型。由于"距离—衰减"规律和时间成本等的影响,该医院中心区域病例点密度最高,越向外扩散病例点分布越稀疏,最外层的区域仅有零星分布,实质服务半径在7.5 km以内;且以该医院为中心,患者呈西北—东南方向分布,向东南扩散。     

V-代约束的结构保持空间插值算法

针对现有空间插值方法对样点空间分布及结构约束考虑较少,难以保真原有空间数据的统计参量等问题,利用Voronoi和Delaunay的相互关系,建立了基于样点分布V-邻域结构的插值控制点自适应生成方法,构建了顾及样点分布结构与分布密度的结构保持空间插值方法。基于中国气象台站日均气温数据的方法验证与对比表明,相比于常用的空间插值算法,本文算法具有更好的结构自适应性,且对原始数据的空间统计特征具有更好的保持性。     

基于空间分析的徐州市居民点分布模式研究

居民点空间分布的研究是聚落地理学的主要内容之一,运用空间分析的方法研究居民点的分布能更准确地刻画出其空间分布的本质规律。本文根据2004年TM遥感图像和城市地图得到徐州市城乡居民点空间分布的信息,继而运用样方分析(QA)法、最近邻距离指数(NNI)、K(d)函数、热点探测技术(NNH)研究了徐州市居民点空间分布格局与模式。结果显示:徐州市居民点的空间分布具有明显的空间依赖性,总体上呈现出集聚分布的特点;随着研究尺度的变大,居民点空间分布的集聚性指数也增大;居民点空间分布的热点区域在微观尺度上具有空间随机性、在中观尺度上具有轴带延伸性、宏观尺度上具有面状集中性的特点。     

公共地图服务中访问热点区域的时空规律挖掘

公共地图服务的普及是人们步入数字生活、建设智慧城市的重要一步。如何准确地探测群体用户访问行为的时空聚集访问模式,将网络虚拟空间访问行为映射为现实世界行为,是提升公共地图服务和推动智慧城市建设的关键所在。探寻了群体用户访问公共地图服务产生的热点聚集区域的时间及空间规律,基于海量用户访问日志记录,结合分组分析、时间序列统计分析和时空三维图可视化方法,挖掘得出公共地图服务热点区域具有明显的以星期为单位的周期自相似特征,多数热点区域在周期内连续出现;基于箱形图和频率密度图的统计方法,分析得到热点区域间距在空间上呈“小间距多,大间距少”的聚集分布形态,且在不同的图层中热点区域间距分布迥异。公共地图服务用户访问时空规律揭示了用户行为意图,可将人类活动数字化,促进智慧城市建设中人地关系的发展。     

核密度估计法支持下的网络空间POI点可视化与分析

城市空间POI点的分布模式、分布密度在基础设施规划、城市空间分析中具有重要意义,表达该特征的核密度法(kernel density estimation)由于顾及了地理学第一定律的区位影响,比其他密度表达方法(如样方密度、基于Voronoi图密度)占优。然而,传统的核密度计算方法往往基于二维延展的欧氏空间,忽略了城市网络空间中设施点的服务功能及相互联系发生于网络路径距离而非欧氏距离的事实。本研究针对该缺陷,给出了网络空间核密度计算模型,分析了核密度方法在置入网络结构中受多种约束条件的扩展模式,讨论了衰减阈值及高度极值对核密度特征表达的影响。通过实际多种POI点分布模式(随机型、稀疏型、区域密集型、线状密集型)下的核密度分析试验,讨论了POI基础设施在城市区域中的分布特征、影响因素、服务功能。     

基于空间分析的区域地质灾害点的分布特征研究--以新疆为例

地质灾害点的空间分布是灾害领域研究的热点问题之一。从地质灾害点自身的规律出发,通过空间数据分析的方法来研究灾害点的空间分布可以准确、深刻的揭示其空间分布的形态特征。以新疆滑坡、泥石流和崩塌灾害点为例,引入标准差椭圆、Ripley’s K函数、核密度分析等空间数据分析方法,从不同角度对其空间聚集-离散的分布特征进行定性和定量的分析,实验结果表明:新疆灾害点呈现出"西南—东北分散,西北—东南聚集"的空间分布格局;滑坡、泥石流及崩塌的特征空间尺度依次为176km、72km和71km,特征空间尺度可为灾害多发地段的划分提供依据;不同规模的地质灾害在空间中的影响分布不同。     

Using weights of evidence in the spatial relation between infected snails and geographic factors

Schistosomiasis is a serious public health problem in the middle-lower Yangtze River Basin in China. Study of spatial variation of snail distribution that is related to microgeographic factors can help to choose pertinent measures for snail extinguishment and environment rebuilding. This paper studied the theoretical architecture of weights-of-evidence approach. The case study was made for spatial relation between the occurrence of infected snails and geographic factor combinations in Waijiazhou marshland of Poyang Lake region in China. The multievidence data came from the geographical factor combinations by crossing operation of vegetation coverage grade layer, cattle route distance grade layer, and special environment layer (181 combinations in total) in GIS. The calculation of weight contrast index shows that high vegetation coverage, cattle route distance of <45 meters, and special geographic factor “ground depression” had direct spatial relation with the occurrence of infected snails. The verification by crossing operation in GIS indicated 72.45% of the infected snails concentrated on the areas of positive weight contrast index (sequenced in an order of weight contrast index from high to low), demonstrating the high efficiency of the model established in finding infected snails according to the geographic factor combinations that can be explicitly discerned in the study area.     

运用证据权重法进行阳性钉螺-地理因子的空间关系研究(英文)

Schistosomiasis is a serious public health problem in the middle-lower Yangtze River Basin in China. Study of spatial variation of snail distribution that is related to microgeographic factors can help to choose pertinent measures for snail extinguishment and environment rebuilding. This paper studied the theoretical architecture of weights-of-evidence approach. The case study was made for spatial relation between the occurrence of infected snails and geographic factor combinations in Waijiazhou marshland of Poyang Lake region in China. The multievidence data came from the geographical factor combinations by crossing operation of vegetation coverage grade layer, cattle route distance grade layer, and special environment layer (181 combinations in total) in GIS. The calculation of weight contrast index shows that high vegetation coverage, cattle route distance of <45 meters, and special geographic factor “ground depression” had direct spatial relation with the occurrence of infected snails. The verification by crossing operation in GIS indicated 72.45% of the infected snails concentrated on the areas of positive weight contrast index (sequenced in an order of weight contrast index from high to low), demonstrating the high efficiency of the model established in finding infected snails according to the geographic factor combinations that can be explicitly discerned in the study area. Supported by a the National Natural Science Fundation of China (No. 30590370), the Research Project “Spatial Simulation of Schistosomiasis Susceptible Areas in the Poyang Lake Region” Sponsored by Science Research Plan 2007 of Jiangxi Normal University (Natural Science Category).     

基于智能体的鄱阳湖区钉螺生长模型及其模拟研究

基于复杂自适应系统理论,采用自下而上的基于智能体的建模分析方法,模拟了自然环境与钉螺生长相互作用导致的钉螺生长的主要行为特征、生命状态和数量变化,开发实现了模拟模型,同时输入实测数据进行实例模拟,结果表明该模型能够作为血吸虫病防控工作中钉螺数量估测的一种辅助实验方法和工具.     

基于BP网络与空间统计分析的山东人口空间分布模式预测研究

运用BP网络对山东省17地市未来人口总量进行预测,在预测数据的基础上运用空间自相关方法对未来人口的空间分布模式进行分析。研究表明:2005-2010年山东省人口密度的空间分布模式总体呈现"西南-东北"模式,存在着空间集聚现象;2006-2010年17地市局部空间关联类型基本没有发生变化,西部和南部8个地区存在着明显的"高-高"集聚;北部5个地区存在着明显的"低-低"集聚;淄博和青岛存在着两个"高-低"关联的孤立点。     

Spatial analysis of public health facilities in Riyadh Governorate,Saudi Arabia: a GIS-based study to assess geographic variations of service provision and accessibility

Much attention has been given to address public health policy in Saudi Arabia, particularly for the management, quality, and coverage issues. However, assessment of spatial patterns, distribution, and provision of public health services has been neglected. This paper analyzes the availability and accessibility of public health facilities across Riyadh Governorate, Saudi Arabia at the subnational level. Spatial and attribute data of public health facilities potentially have been analyzed using GIS to produce accurate measure of accessibility. The spatial pattern of service distribution was examined using average nearest neighbor. Distances from demand points (populations) to providers (facilities) were calculated for each district using near analysis. In addition, the ratios of public health facility to population were calculated to identify underserved and overserved areas. The findings clearly indicate that the spatial pattern of the distribution of public health facilities was significantly clustered (p value < 0.001) with Z-score of ?10.9. Several districts within the central parts of the governorate were identified as having a higher density of facilities, while most of districts that are located in the marginal parts exhibit very low density of health facilities. Overall, there was a considerable variation in the average distance from district centroids to health facilities. Substantially, less than half of the population (45.4%) living in 61 districts has access to public health facility within less than 1-km distance. In contrast, the greatest increase in distances was observed for 6% of population living in 38 districts. People that live in such districts need to travel long distances for public health care. The output of this analysis can assist policy-makers and authorities of Riyadh Governorate in planning public health delivery.     

人口统计数据的空间分布化研究

分析了传统的人口空间分布密度衰减函数－指数型和Gauss型，指出了其应用的局限性，对于有两个中心以上的城市，提出了将人口统计数据空间分布化的思路和方法。     

山东省人口空间分布模式及其影响因素分析

基于2010年《山东统计年鉴》和全国第六次人口普查数据,本文以县域为研究单元,通过空间自相关分析人口的空间分布模式,运用因子分析和Pearson相关分析探究人口空间分布模式的影响因素。研究结果表明:山东省人口分布呈现"东北-西南"的空间分布模式,人口空间分布整体上呈现显著的空间集聚,主要集中在青岛市的中心城区;经济增长因素和地形条件是山东省人口空间分布模式形成的主要推动力。     

利用优化的DenStream算法进行空间数据流聚类

为了有效解决DenStream算法在空间数据流聚类应用中存在的密度空间分布不均的问题,本文提出使用相对密度比代替密度作为聚类参数,通过考虑微簇周围密度环境,降低密度分布不均对聚类的影响。同时,使用空间格网索引,方便查找周围的微簇与数据点,进而提高算法效率。最后,通过使用真实数据对优化前后的算法进行对比,验证了优化后的算法在继承DenStream算法优点的基础上,有效地避免了密度空间分布不均的问题。     

Discovering spatial and temporal patterns from taxi-based Floating Car Data: a case study from Nanjing

Floating Car Data (FCD) refers to the trajectories of vehicles equipped with Global Positioning System-enabled devices that automatically record location-related data within a short time interval. As taxies in Chinese cities continually drive along the streets seeking passengers, FCD can easily traverse the entire street network in a city on a daily basis. Taking advantage of this situation, this study extracted passenger pickup and drop-off locations from FCD sourced from 6445 taxis over a 2-week period in Nanjing, China to discover human behavioral patterns and the dynamics behind them. In this study, road nodes are converted to the points, based on which Thiessen polygons are generated to divide the study area into small areas with the goal of exploring the spatial distribution of pickup and drop-off locations. Moran’s I index is used to calculate the spatial autocorrelation of the spatial distribution of pickup and drop-off locations, and hot spot analysis is used to identify statistically significant spatial clusters of hot and cold spots. The spatial and temporal patterns of FCD in the study area are investigated, and the results show that: (1) the temporal patterns show a strong daily rhythm, (2) the spatial patterns show that the number of pickup and drop-off locations gradually diminish from the downtown areas to the outer suburbs, (3) the spatiotemporal patterns exhibit large differences over time, and (4) the driving forces explored by regression models indicate that population density and transportation density are consistent with the population distribution, but per capita disposable income is not consistent with the population distribution.     

顾及控制点空间分布的坐标转换模型研究

针对目前坐标转换中公共点选取缺乏依据、坐标转换精度难以保证的问题,研究了基于控制点空间分布的坐标转换模型.?提出了控制点均匀度的概念,研究了控制点均匀度和密度的表达方法,分析了公共点均匀度和密度对坐标转换模型精度的影响,构建了顾及控制点空间分布的坐标转换模型,探讨了地方坐标系与CGCS2000的坐标转换流程,并结合实例...