面向对象的多尺度高分影像建筑物提取方法研究

近年来,随着航空航天事业的高速发展,带动了遥感对地观测技术的进步,为高分影像的获取奠定了基础。作为地物类别中的主要内容和地形图中的重要成图元素,建筑物的识别与提取,直接影响到地物提取的自动化水平。因此,高分辨率遥感影像中建筑物的提取是图像处理领域中的主要研究内容之一。为了提高城市建筑物信息提取精度,本文改进了常规的面向对象方法,以航空遥感影像和SPOT-6影像为对象针对其下垫面结构复杂的特性,采用多尺度分割和多规则结合的方法自动提取建筑物信息,并通过样本区进行了精度验证,将提取的结果与传统分类方法所得到的结果相互比较。研究结果表明,面向对象的多尺度分割对高分影像中建筑物的提取具有较好地效果,KIA精度达到了0.76,为城市建筑物信息提取的应用提供了新思路。     

面向对象的多源数据建筑物提取

建筑物是城市的重要标志之一,综合利用LiDAR数据和高分辨率遥感影像可以充分发挥不同数据源中提取建筑物的优势。本文基于面向对象分类理论,利用机载LiDAR数据和GeoEye高空间分辨率遥感影像,在多尺度分割的基础上对实验区分类并提取建筑物,进而对提取结果进行精度评价。实验表明,将LiDAR数据与高分辨率影像数据结合能够很好地提取建筑物,建筑物提取精度达89.28%。     

高分辨率影像分类的最优分割尺度计算

针对高分辨率遥感影像分类与信息提取中存在的难点,基于不同目标地物在高分辨率影像上具有对应最优分割尺度的基本思想,该文在分析现有最优分割尺度确定方法的基础上,提出了加权均值法结合最大面积的最优分割尺度的确定方法;利用该方法,进行了高分辨率影像分割实验,获取了对应典型地物的最优分割尺度数值范围,实现了典型地物的信息提取;并运用样本点检验的方法,计算并分析了分类的精度结果。结果表明:基于加权均值与最大面积相结合的最优分割尺度计算方法,应用于面向对象高分辨率影像信息的提取具有较为理想的精度。     

一种面向对象的高分辨率遥感影像信息提取方法

针对传统面向对象分类方法的不足,根据研究对象特征构建了一种改进的面向对象的高分辨率遥感影像信息提取分类方法.首先利用SLIC超像素算法对影像进行分割,并提取分割后影像的纹理、光谱和形状特征;再利用SVM分类器提取影像信息,区分相似性较高的耕地和道路;然后利用随机森林算法提取水体和人工表面;最后对不同地物信息的提取结果进行拼接,实现土地利用分类.结果表明,与传统的面向对象分类方法相比,该方法的分类精度更高.     

利用对象和支持向量机的遥感信息提取方法探讨

土地利用/覆被专题信息的快速、高效、准确提取是遥感图像处理研究的重要方向。传统的遥感分类方法常依靠像元的光谱值,未充分利用影像的空间信息。本文将面向对象影像分割和支持向量机方法相结合,复合光谱和纹理信息,建立了Object-SVM分类模型,并与面向对象的模糊函数和基于像元的SVM方法相比较,探寻区域尺度土地利用/覆被信息提取方法。结果显示,Object-SVM模型有效地提高了遥感图像的分类精度和分类效率,对于区域尺度影像的快速、准确、客观的信息提取具有实际意义。     

基于SPOT-5遥感影像的城市信息自动提取技术研究

城市信息的提取是城市动态监测和分析的基础,而城市动态监测对社会发展和人类生活具有重要意义。本文基于三峡地区的SPOT-5遥感影像,以城市绿地和建筑物为研究对象,用ENVI FX影像处理软件,对实验区的绿地和建筑物进行多尺度影像分割信息提取。结果表明,采用多尺度分割技术提取高分辨率影像中地物的提取精度更高,并有效地避免了"椒盐现象"。     

面向对象的多尺度无人机影像土地利用信息提取

选取面向对象的方法,对无人机影像进行土地利用信息提取.通过对获取的原始无人机影像进行预处理,选取合适的分割参数对实验区进行多尺度分割,找出不同地物最优分割尺度,建立多尺度分割分类的层次结构体系,然后依据地物分类特征差异,在各自最优分割尺度层建立地物特征提取规则,实现土地利用信息的提取.研究结果表明,针对无人机高分辨率影像,运用面向对象的多尺度分割影像信息提取技术,可充分利用影像中包含的纹理、形状、大小及其相互空间信息,快速、准确地进行土地利用信息提取.     

国产高分辨率遥感数据城市绿地提取研究

针对国产高分辨率遥感数据在城市绿地信息提取中分割尺度选择问题,选取国产高分一号(GF-1)和中巴地球资源卫星04星(CBERS-04)遥感数据,在数据融合的基础上,采用控制变量法选取影像分割与合并尺度进行绿地信息提取,通过信息提取精度评价确定最优分割尺度。实验结果表明,对于GF-1和CBERS-04国产遥感数据,面向对象的方法均优于基于像元的方法,其中5m分辨率CBERS-04数据,面向对象方法绿地提取精度为90.53%,基于像元方法绿地提取精度为86.54%,推荐分割尺度与合并尺度为(25,70);2m分辨率GF-1数据,面向对象方法绿地提取精度为97.09%,基于像元方法绿地提取精度为83.49%,推荐分割尺度与合并尺度为(45,80)。研究结果能够为国产高分遥感数据城区绿地信息提取和地物分类过程中尺度选择提供借鉴和支持。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的建筑物快速提取

建筑物作为与人类生活密切相关的主要人工地物,是城市问题研究中的重要研究对象。介绍一种基于高分辨率遥感影像面向对象的建筑物快速提取技术,利用对影像多尺度逐级分割分层的方法来提取地物目标,并对遥感影像进行分类,从而提取建筑物信息。通过试验验证,该方法能较完整地提取整个试验区的建筑物,利用性高,具有一定的推广意义。     

遥感模式分类中的空间统计学应用——以面向对象的遥感影像农田提取为例

如何有效地从遥感图像中提取所需信息,是遥感图像处理和应用的关键,而尺度选择问题一直是影响遥感信息提取精度的关键问题之一。本文论述了利用空间统计学方法解决遥感影像模式分类中的尺度问题的理论基础。针对面向对象影像分析问题,将影响遥感影像多尺度分割的尺度分割参数概括为空间属性分割参数、光谱属性分割参数和影像对象面积阈值参数,并分别提出了基于统计学的尺度参数估计方法。以SPOT-5影像面向对象农田提取为例,基于变异函数方法进行了尺度优选试验,系列尺度分类试验结果表明基于空间统计学尺度估计得到的尺度分割结果进行分类能得到最高的精度,进而证明了基于空间统计学方法进行面向对象信息提取尺度估计的有效性。该方法是完全数据驱动的方法,基本不需要先验知识参与。不同于以往分割后评价的尺度选择方法会占用大量计算资源且耗费大量时间,本文提出的方法不仅能在一定程度上保证面向对象信息提取的精度,而且在一定程度上也提高了面向对象信息提取的效率和自动化程度。     

An Evaluation of Four Different Wavelet Decomposition Procedures for Spatial Feature Discrimination in Urban Areas

Texture or spatial arrangement of neighborhood objects and features plays an important role in the human visual system for pattern recognition and image classification. The traditional spectral–based image processing techniques have proven inadequate for urban land use and land cover mapping from images acquired by the current generation of fine–resolution satellites. This is because of the high frequency spatial arrangements or complex nature of urban features. There is a need for an effective algorithm to digitally classify urban land use and land cover categories using high–resolution image data. Recent studies using wavelet transforms for texture analysis have generally reported better accuracy. Based on a high–resolution ATLAS image, this study illustrates four different wavelet decomposition procedures – the standard, horizontal, vertical, and diagonal decompositions – for urban land use and land cover feature extraction with the use of 33×33 pixel samples. The standard decomposition approach was found to be the most efficient approach in urban texture analysis and classification. For comparison purposes and to better evaluate the accuracy of wavelet approaches in image classification, spatial autocorrelation techniques (Moran's I and Geary's C ) and the spatial co–occurrence matrix method were also examined. The results suggest that the wavelet transform approach is superior to all other approaches.     

Utility of image point cloud data towards generating enhanced multitemporal multisensor land cover maps

Multitemporal land cover classification over urban areas is challenging, especially when using heterogeneous data sources with variable quality attributes. A prominent challenge is that classes with similar spectral signatures (such as trees and grass) tend to be confused with one another. In this paper, we evaluate the efficacy of image point cloud (IPC) data combined with suitable Bayesian analysis based time-series rectification techniques to improve the classification accuracy in a multitemporal context. The proposed method uses hidden Markov models (HMMs) to rectify land covers that are initially classified by a random forest (RF) algorithm. This land cover classification method is tested using time series of remote sensing data from a heterogeneous and rapidly changing urban landscape (Kuopio city, Finland) observed from 2006 to 2014. The data consisted of aerial images (5 years), Landsat data (all 9 years) and airborne laser scanning data (1 year). The results of the study demonstrate that the addition of three-dimensional image point cloud data derived from aerial stereo images as predictor variables improved overall classification accuracy, around three percentage points. Additionally, HMM-based post processing reduces significantly the number of spurious year-to-year changes. Using a set of 240 validation points, we estimated that this step improved overall classification accuracy by around 3.0 percentage points, and up to 6 to 10 percentage points for some classes. The overall accuracy of the final product was 91% (kappa = 0.88). Our analysis shows that around 1.9% of the area around Kuopio city, representing a total area of approximately 0.61 km², experienced changes in land cover over the nine years considered.     

基于GEE的地表覆盖与气候状态关联研究

为探究地表覆盖与气候状态间的关联性,本文选取2019年的Landsat影像数据,结合温度、降水量、PM_2.5浓度3种气候指标,利用GEE平台,结合NDVI、MNDWI、NDBI,采用SVM、RF、CART方法进行地表覆盖分类,探究气候指标与地表覆盖类型分布的关联性;提出了使用3种气候指标构建分类特征进行地表覆盖分类的方法,并通过消融试验分析了气候指标对地表覆盖分类精度的影响。结果表明:①RF有较好的分类结果,总体精度为96.0%;②3种气候指标均能提高地表覆盖分类精度,其中PM_2.5浓度效果最好;③温度与植被、水体关联性较大,PM_2.5浓度与城区、植被关联性较大,降水量与耕地关联性较大。     

基于SVM的资源三号测绘卫星影像分类

以江苏省宜兴市为研究区,利用支持向量机(SVM)方法对资源三号测绘卫星影像进行了分类,其总分类精度为97.76%,Kappa精度为0.968 7。为了评价算法的适用性,同时应用最大似然法与最小距离法对同一影像进行分类测试,支持向量机分类法精度高于其他2种方法,可以满足土地覆盖分类调查需求。     

Object-based urban land cover classification using rule inheritance over very high-resolution multisensor and multitemporal data

Very high spatial and temporal resolution remote sensing data facilitate mapping highly complex and diverse urban environments. This study analyzed and demonstrated the usefulness of combined high-resolution aerial digital images and elevation data, and its processing using object-based image analysis for mapping urban land covers and quantifying buildings. It is observed that mapping heterogeneous features across large urban areas is time consuming and challenging. This study presents and demonstrates an approach for formulating an optimal land cover classification rule set over small representative training urban area image, and its subsequent transfer to the multisensor, multitemporal images. The classification results over the training area showed an overall accuracy of 96%, and the application of rule set to different sensor images of other test areas resulted in reduced accuracies of 91% for the same sensor, 90% and 86% for the different sensors temporal data. The comparison of reference and classified buildings showed ±4% detection errors. Classification through a transferred rule set reduced the classification accuracy by about 5%–10%. However, the trade-off for this accuracy drop was about a 75% reduction in processing time for performing classification in the training area. The factors influencing the classification accuracies were mainly the shadow and temporal changes in the class characteristics.     

多时相双极化合成孔径雷达干涉测量土地覆盖分类方法

综合采用时相、极化和干涉3种维度的SAR数据进行土地覆盖分类。以黑龙江省逊克县多时相ALOS PALSAR数据覆盖区为研究区,利用不同时相极化SAR、干涉SAR信号对地物特征的敏感性,结合后向散射强度和干涉相干的时变特征进行地物解译,发展了基于多时相、多极化、干涉SAR数据的SVM土地覆盖分类方法。研究结果表明,引入双极化SAR中不同极化(HH-HV)间的相干系数,并结合所选择的时相特征、极化特征以及干涉相干特征进行分类,可解决双极化SAR影像中林地与城市及建设用地的混分问题,得到更高精度的土地覆盖分类结果。     

Assessing the potential of integrated Landsat 8 thermal bands,with the traditional reflective bands and derived vegetation indices in classifying urban landscapes

Reliable and up-to-date urban land cover information is valuable in urban planning and policy development. Due to the increasing demand for reliable land cover information there has been a growing need for robust methods and datasets to improve the classification accuracy from remotely sensed imagery. This study sought to assess the potential of the newly launched Landsat 8 sensor’s thermal bands and derived vegetation indices in improving land cover classification in a complex urban landscape using the support vector machine classifier. This study compared the individual and combined performance of Landsat 8’s reflective, thermal bands and vegetation indices in classifying urban land use-land cover. The integration of Landsat 8 reflective bands, derived vegetation indices and thermal bands overall produced significantly higher accuracy classification results than using traditional bands as standalone (i.e. overall, user and producer accuracies). An overall accuracy above 89.33% and a kappa index of 0.86, significantly higher than the one obtained with the use of the traditional reflective bands as a standalone data-set and other analysis stages. On average, the results also indicate high producer and user accuracies (i.e. above 80%) for most of the classes with a McNemar’s Z score of 9.00 at 95% confidence interval showing significant improvement compared with classification using reflective bands as standalone. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the integration of the Landsat 8’s OLI and TIR data presents an invaluable potential for accurate and robust land cover classification in a complex urban landscape, especially in areas where the availability of high resolution datasets remains a challenge.     

A Bayesian characterization of urban land use configurations from VHR remote sensing images

The composition and arrangement of spatial entities, i.e., land cover objects, play a key role in distinguishing land use types from very high resolution (VHR) remote sensing images, in particular in urban environments. This paper presents a new method to characterize the spatial arrangement for urban land use extraction using VHR images. We derive an adjacency unit matrix to represent the spatial arrangement of land cover objects obtained from a VHR image, and use a graph convolutional network to quantify the spatial arrangement by extracting hidden features from adjacency unit matrices. The distribution of the spatial arrangement variables, i.e., hidden features, and the spatial composition variables, i.e., widely used land use indicators, are then estimated. We use a Bayesian method to integrate the variables of spatial arrangement and composition for urban land use extraction. Experiments were conducted using three VHR images acquired in two urban areas: a Pleiades image in Wuhan in 2013, a Superview image in Wuhan in 2019, and a GeoEye image in Oklahoma City in 2012. Our results show that the proposed method provides an effective means to characterize the spatial arrangement of land cover objects, and produces urban land use extractions with overall accuracies (i.e., 86% and 93%) higher than existing methods (i.e., 83% and 88%) that use spatial arrangement information based on building types on the Pleiades and GeoEye datasets. Moreover, it is unnecessary to further categorize the dominant land cover type into finer types for the characterization of spatial arrangement. We conclude that the proposed method has a high potential for the characterization of urban structure using different VHR images, and for the extraction of urban land use in different urban areas.     

A rule-based parameter aided with object-based classification approach for extraction of building and roads from WorldView-2 images

Roads and buildings constitute a significant proportion of urban areas. Considerable amount of research has been done on the road and building extraction from remotely sensed imagery. However, a few of them have been concentrating on using only spectral information. This study presents a comparison between three object-based models for urban features’ classification, specifically roads and buildings, from WorldView-2 satellite imagery. The three applied algorithms are support vector machines (SVMs), nearest neighbour (NN) and proposed rule-based system. The results indicated that the proposed rules in this study, despite the spectral complexity of land cover types, performed a satisfactory output with an overall accuracy of 92.92%. The advantages offered by the proposed rules were not provided by other two applied algorithms and it revealed the highest accuracy compared to SVM and NN. The overall accuracy for SVM was 76.76%, which is almost similar to the result achieved by NN (77.3%).     

An Analysis of Texture Measures in PCA-Based Unsupervised Classification of SAR Images

In single-band single-polarized SAR images, intensity and texture are the information source available for unsupervised land cover classification. Every textural feature measure identifies texture patterns by different approaches. For efficient land cover classification, textural measures have to be chosen suitably. Therefore, in this letter, the role of various intensity and textural measures is analyzed for their discriminative ability for unsupervised SAR image classification into various land cover types like water, urban, and vegetation areas. To make the algorithm adaptable, these textural features are fused using principal component analysis (PCA), and principal components are used for classification purposes. To highlight the effectiveness of PCA, the difference between PCA- and non-PCA-based classifications is also analyzed. Analysis of the role of texture measures for unsupervised classification of real-world SAR data with application of PCA is presented in this letter. The analysis of how every individual feature measure contributes for classification process is presented, and then, textural measures for a feature set are chosen according to their role in improving classification accuracy. By analysis, it is observed that the feature set comprising mean, variance, wavelet components, semivariogram, lacunarity, and weighted rank fill ratio provides good classification accuracy of up to 90.4% than by using individual textural measures, and this increased accuracy justifies the complexity involved in the process.