210Pb测年的“延年”与“折寿”

放射性同位素²¹⁰Pb适于百年尺度的定年和沉积速率计算，已经在冰芯、土壤、湖泊、水库、河口、潮滩、潟湖、海湾和浅海陆架等多种环境得到广泛应用。目前，²¹⁰Pb测年方法的应用有两种现象值得注意：一种是“延年”，即根据测算的沉积速率回溯定年的时间，有时回溯的时间跨度可达二、三百年；另一种是“折寿”，即根据测算的表观沉积速率计算得到的²¹⁰Pb本底层位之上的时间跨度不足百年。根据²¹⁰Pb测年的原理和有关仪器的检出限来分析，本文作者认为，²¹⁰Pb直接定年的上限以110 yr~155 yr为宜。因此，“延年”的运用有一定的前提条件，即研究区的沉积环境在回溯的数百年尺度内应该保持稳定，同时回溯的定年结果最好有其他独立的定年方法（如历史文献记录或生物标志物等）来印证、以增加其可靠性。对于²¹⁰Pb测年的“折寿”现象，可能的原因有四种。第一，沉积及取样的压实效应没有在分析和计算过程中得到校正。第二，²¹⁰Pb活度测量的精度和不确定度影响了对本底的判断；为稳妥起见，研究者选定的本底层位一般会比真实的本底年龄要年轻一些，导致定年结果的时间跨度缩小。第三，²¹⁰Pb定年计算模式决定了本底活度值的微小差异将带来计算出来的时间跨度产生显著差异。第四，沉积过程事实上发生了后期的侵蚀和迁移，导致保存在柱样中的沉积记录不完整。为了有效地减少²¹⁰Pb测年法的结果误差，可以采取减小²¹⁰Pb活度测量子样的间距、并同步测量²²⁶Ra活度等技术手段；另外，在计算时应该使用沉积通量而不是表观沉积速率。我们相信，²¹⁰Pb测年方法的正确运用和解译将对物源判断、沉降后的侵蚀和扰动等问题提供一些有益的信息。     

太湖THS孔现代沉积物137Cs和210Pb的分布及计年

太湖THS沉积物柱状岩心中存在3个明显的137Cs蓄积峰,高含水率和有机质含量是前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站核泄漏对应的137Cs蓄积峰向表层迁移的一个可能的原因。利用137Cs核素1963年和1975年对应的蓄积峰计算出沉积速率为0.34 cm/a。利用137Cs核素1963年对应的蓄积峰进行校正,采用210Pb计年的CRS模式获得不同时段的沉积速率,发现在80年代末沉积物堆积通量最高,达到0.6 g/(cm2.a)。两种计年方法的结合有助于认识沉积速率的变化情况。     

近百年来长江中游网湖沉积物粒度特征及其环境意义

通过放射性核素137Cs和210Pb精确计年,建立了长江中游原通江湖泊网湖近代沉积物年代序列。运用沉积物粒度指标分析了近100年来网湖沉积记录的环境特征,结果表明,近100多年来网湖沉积速率较大,平均约为0.56cm/a;沉积物粒度指标变化与流域降雨量、人类活动以及长江洪水密切相关,降水大的年份和大洪水时期沉积物粒径增大,分选性变差,峰态变宽。根据沉积物粒度指标特征,近100年来网湖沉积环境大致可分为两个阶段:(1)20世纪50年代以前,湖泊沉积主要受降水和洪水等自然因素控制,沉积物粒度组合变化相对较小,在湖泊水动力条件变化时沉积物粒度指标出现明显的波动,反映了流域降水及长江洪水对湖泊沉积环境的影响。(2)20世纪50年代以后,湖泊沉积物平均粒径较大且分选性差,与流域强烈的人类活动所引起的大量陆源碎屑进入湖泊有关,湖泊沉积粒度指标主要反映了流域工农业生产的快速发展、人口的持续增长以及水利工程建设等人类活动对湖泊沉积环境的影响。     

江苏固城湖近代沉积210Pb、137Cs计年及其环境意义

对江苏固城湖沉积柱状岩心进行了210Pb、137Cs测定,以研究湖泊沉积过程和人类活动的关系。137Cs剖面显示的蓄积峰和1986年前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站核泄漏相对应,由此获得的沉积速率为0.066 cm/a;同时,利用210Pb计年的CRS模式计算了固城湖20世纪初以来不同时段的沉积速率,结果表明,在上世纪60年代初沉积物堆积速率最高,达到0.187 g/(cm2.a),80年代后沉积速率趋于稳定,约0.067 cm/a,与137Cs结果相一致。对比洪湖沉积钻孔210Pb、137Cs分布后发现,洪湖137Cs分布和固城湖相似。其人类围垦最强烈的时期正好是其137Cs峰值减弱或消失的时间段,同时也是沉积速率最高的时期。可见人类活动的影响会导致放射性核素在垂直剖面分布的不同。     

长江口泥质区18#柱样的现代沉积速率及其环境 指示意义

通过对长江口泥质区18#柱样进行137Cs和210Pb同位素测年分析,得到了柱样站点的现代沉积速率。结果表明,近50多年来沉积速率较大,且呈现阶段性差异：由137Cs时标计年法得到柱样1954—1964年的沉积速率为5.9 cm/yr,1964—2006年减小为 3.36 cm/yr;沉积柱样的210Pb剖面呈两段分布,由此得到沉积速率120～225 cm为5.47 cm/yr,对应于18～100 cm减小为4.58 cm/yr。对比分析两种方法得出沉积速率开始减小的时间为1968—1972年,并且采样点区域表层可能出现侵蚀现象,为研究长江口泥质区环境演变提供了依据。     

冬季台湾海峡210Po和210Pb的分布特征及颗粒物的输出

~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb are increasingly used to constrain particle dynamics in the open oceans, however they are less used in coastal waters. Here, distributions and partitions of ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb were examined in the Taiwan Strait, as well as their application to quantify particle sinking. Activity concentrations of dissolved ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb(0.6 μm)ranged from 1.21 to 7.63 dpm/(100 L) and from 1.07 to 6.33 dpm/(100 L), respectively. Activity concentrations of particulate ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb varied from 1.96 to 36.74 dpm/(100 L) and from 3.11 to 38.06 dpm/(100 L). Overall,particulate ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb accounted for the majority of the bulk ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb. 210 Po either in dissolved or particulate phases showed similar spatial patterns to 210 Pb, indicating similar mechanisms for controlling the distributions of ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb in the Taiwan Strait. The different fractionation coefficients indicated that particles in the Zhemin Coastal Current(ZCC) inclined to absorb 210 Po prior to 210 Pb while they showed an opposite effect in the Taiwan Warm Current(TWC). Based on the disequilibria between ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb, the sinking fluxes of total particulate matter(TPM) were estimated to range from –0.22 to 3.84 g/(m2·d), showing an overall comparable spatial distribution to previous reported sediment accumulation rates. However, our sinking fluxes were lower than the sedimentation rates, indicating a sediment resuspension in winter and horizontal transport of particulate matter from the Taiwan Strait to the East China Sea.     

太湖ZS孔沉积记录的近50年来营养盐沉积通量变化

通过对太湖北部竺山湾沉积物(ZS孔)钻探,测试ZS孔沉积物~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和粒度,研究近代太湖湖泊沉积物营养盐沉积通量变化。结果表明,ZS孔中~(137)Cs比活度较低(<15 Bq/kg),利用ZS孔~(137)Cs 1963年时标得到平均沉积速率为0.32 cm/a,与应用~(210)Pb的CRS模式获得的近50年来平均沉积速率一致,利用~(210)Pb的CRS模式计算出近50年来沉积通量为0.13～0.75 g·cm~(-2)·a~(-1)),结合沉积物中的TOC、TN和TP浓度,获取了营养盐沉积通量在垂向上的变化,结果显示,自20世纪80年代初以来,营养盐沉积通量明显增加,谊变化趋势与20世纪60年代以来的观测资料相符,有机磷的影响和人类活动被认为是造成近20年来TP沉积通量增加的原因。     

长江口水下三角洲现代沉积速率

长江口水下三角洲采集的两个柱状样放射性核素137Cs分析表明,长江口水下三角洲137Cs剖面中均存在清晰的最大蓄积峰,与1963年的137Cs散落沉降相对应,剖面中同时存在可对应于1959年的较清晰的次级蓄积峰,由此计算得到1959—1964年长江口水下三角洲的平均沉积速率为2.4~4.8 cm/a,1964—2006年减小到1.4~1.8 cm/a。反映出长江口水下三角洲整体淤积速率有很大程度的减小,很可能是三峡蓄水导致流域来沙量大幅度减小所致。虽长江口水下三角洲各处淤积速率减小程度不同,但降低的速度很快,表明长江三角洲发育已出现重大变化,水下三角洲局部地区已观察到侵蚀现象。     

Behaviors of 210Pb and 210Po around hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough

Vertical profiles for the uranium-series radioisotopes 210Pb and 210Po were obtained at thetwo hydrothermal vent sites, the Iheya Ridge and the Minami-Ensei Knoll, in the Mid-Okinawa Trough in 1993 and 1994, respectively. In 1995, both radioisotopes were measured at the Minami-Ensei Knoll a-gain. At the Iheya Ridge, where the hydrothermal activity is not active as reflected by the CH_4, and 222Rn data, both the total 210Pb and 210Po activities show deficiency relative to their parents, and the mean residence time of 210Pb and 210Po is approximately equal to 20 and 2-5 a, respectively. At the Minami-Ensei Knoll, which is characterized by black smokers, the total 210Pb(0.167 × 10~(-3)-2.5 × 10~(-3)_ Bq/kg) around the plumes is deficient relative to 226Ra but the total 210Po activities (1.83 × 10 ~(-3) - 2.83 × 10~(-3) Bq/kg) are in excess relative to 210Pb. The 210Po activities are higher than those in the East China Sea and the Okinawa Trough and excess 210Po has been found. The 210Pb/226Ra and 210Po/     

辽河口海岸带沉积物中137Cs的分布特征及来源

选取辽河口海岸带沉积物作为研究对象,通过测定沉积物中~(137)Cs比活度,来分析沉积物中~(137)Cs比活度、蓄积总量的分布特征及影响因素,并基于~(137)Cs的测年原理估算该区域的沉积速率。结果表明:辽河口海岸带表层沉积物中~(137)Cs比活度的变化范围为(1.03±1.01)～(15.68±1.13)Bq/kg,平均值为5.09±0.34Bq/kg(n=17),变化幅度较大;在空间上呈现出由陆地向潮滩、由西向东逐渐降低的趋势。该区域沉积物柱样中~(137)Cs比活度的垂直分布主要呈现出单峰型、双峰型和不规则曲线的分布态势。采用~(137)Cs起始层位法与最大峰值法计算辽河口海岸带沉积物的沉积速率,均发现辽河口海岸带沉积物的沉积速率呈现出从北到南(从陆地到海洋)逐渐增大的趋势。沉积物中~(137)Cs蓄积总量范围为(980±46)～(6094±92)Bq/m2,平均值为2278±42Bq/m2,高于研究区~(137)Cs的全球大气沉降通量值1310Bq/m2(衰变校正到2015年);全球大气沉降的~(137)Cs约占该区域~(137)Cs蓄积总量约57.5%,表明该区域沉积物中~(137)Cs的主要来源是全球大气直接沉降。     

Recent volumetric changes in salt marsh soils

Salt marsh sediment volume decreases from organic decomposition, compaction of solids, and de-watering, and each of these processes may change with age. Variability in the vertical accretion rate within the upper 2 m was determined by assembling results from concurrent application of the ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb dating techniques used to estimate sediment age since 1963/1964, and 0 to ca 100+ years before present (yBP), respectively. The relationship between ²¹⁰Pb and the ¹³⁷Cs dated accretion rates (Sed₂₁₀ and Sed₁₃₇, respectively) was linear for 45 salt marsh and mangrove environments. Sed₂₁₀ averaged 75% of Sed₁₃₇ suggesting that vertical accretion over the last 100+ years is driven by soil organic matter accumulation, as shown for the pre ¹³⁷Cs dated horizon. The ratio of Sed₂₁₀/Sed₁₃₇ declines with increasing mineral content. A linear multiple regression equation that includes bulk density and Sed₁₃₇ to predict Sed₂₁₀ described 97% of the variance in Sed₂₁₀. Sediments from Connecticut, Delaware and Louisiana coastal environments dated with ¹⁴C indicate a relatively constant sediment accretion rate of 0.13 cm year⁻¹ for 1000–7000 yBP, which occurs within 2 m of today's marsh surface and equals modern sea level rise rates. Soil subsidence is not shown to be distinctly different in these vastly different coastal settings. The major reason why the Sed₁₃₇ measurements indicate higher accretion rates than do the Sed₂₁₀ measurements is because the former apply to younger sediments where the effects of root growth and decomposition are greater than in the latter. The most intense rates of change in soil volume in organic-rich salt marshes sediments is, therefore, neither in deep or old sediments (>4 m; >1000 years), but within the first several hundreds of years after accumulation. The average changes in organic and inorganic constituents downcore are nearly equal for 58 dated sediment cores from the northern Gulf of Mexico. These parallel changes downcore are best described as resulting from compaction, rather than from organic matter decomposition. Thus most of the volumetric changes in these salt marsh sediments occurs in the upper 2 m, and declines quickly with depth. Extrapolation forwards or backwards, using results from the ²¹⁰Pb and the ¹³⁷Cs dating technique appear to be warranted for the types of samples from the environments described here.     

南极长城站附近企鹅栖息地粪土沉积地层放射性核素210Pb定年

用γ谱方法测定了南极长城站附近特有生物群落栖息地沉积物中放射性核素含量,地表沉积物中40K,137Cs,210Pb,226Ra,228Ra,228Th.和238U平均比活度,分别为143,7.56,24.1,3.65,5.36,4.15和6.5Bq/kg.同时测试了阿德雷岛企鹅栖息地粪土沉积地层中放射性核素含量,利用其中的210Pb比活度,210Pb_ex垂向变化特征,推演沉积物的沉积速率和地质历史年代:其中AD1-a柱样时间跨度约为74a(1928~2002年),据此计算了沉积速率为0.063mm/a(r=0.794),并讨论了在南极特定条件下,放射性核素示踪对定年影响以及与区域现代气候环境变化的内在联系.     

Pb and Cs in sediments from Sagami Bay, Japan: sedimentation rates and inventories

Profiles of the radioisotopes ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs were determined in 15 sediment cores collected from Sagami Bay, Japan. The activities of ²¹⁰Pb_ex (unsupported) in core top sediments increased with water depth from 25 dpm g⁻¹ on the upper continental slope off the mouth of Tokyo Bay to an average of 283 dpm g⁻¹ at the deep-sea station SB. The high ²¹⁰Pb trapping efficiency of settling particles expected from the results of the sediment trap experiment near the SB site suggests that effective ²¹⁰Pb enrichment in surface sediments may occur during resuspension and lateral transportation of particles via the benthic nepheloid layer on the continental slope. In several cores, ¹³⁷Cs profiles showed an increase, a distinct peak, and then a decrease to an undetectable level downcore. These profiles can be compared with the temporal change of bomb-produced ¹³⁷Cs fallout.The mean sedimentation rates estimated by the ²¹⁰Pb_ex inventory method, rather than using ²¹⁰Pb_ex profiles, ranged from 0.06 g cm⁻² y⁻¹ to 0.14 g cm⁻² y⁻¹. The average value of the rates in SB cores was calculated to be 0.11 g cm⁻² y⁻¹, which was similar to that calculated under the assumption that the age of the ¹³⁷Cs peak corresponds to its maximum fallout year in 1963.Although ¹³⁷Cs inventories represented one tenth of the anthropogenic fallout of ¹³⁷Cs until 1997, they correlated with the increase in ²¹⁰Pb_ex inventory. This suggests that the scavenging of refractory ¹³⁷Cs as well as ²¹⁰Pb by settling particles in the water column can lead to the formation of a time marker layer even in deep-sea sediment core, such as at the SB site.     

厦门近岸210Po和210Pb的大气沉降通量

为揭示中国东南沿海地区210Po和210Pb的大气沉降时空变化特征，探讨该地区气溶胶的停留时间，于2013年1月至2014年12月对厦门地区210Po和210Pb的大气沉降通量进行了时间序列研究。结果发现，210Po和210Pb的平均日沉降通量分别为（65.38±4.79） mBq/（m2·d）（n=54）和（0.78±0.09） Bq/（m2·d）（n=54），表现出明显的周年变化。东北季风期间，210Po和210Pb的沉降通量较高，而西南季风期间其通量较低。2013年和2014年，210Po的年沉降通量分别为19.29 Bq/（m2·a）和9.25 Bq/（m2·a），210Pb的年沉降通量分别为159.2 Bq/（m2·a）和189.6 Bq/（m2·a）。两核素的年沉降通量表现出不同程度的年际差异。210Po与210Pb沉降通量之间存在显著的线性正相关关系，揭示了大气中210Po和210Pb具有相同的迁出机制，降雨和大气中核素含量是影响210Po和210Pb沉降通量的主要因素。该研究结果可以为探求台湾海峡海水中210Po与210Pb的收支平衡提供大气来源项。     

环境演变研究时间序列的建立方法评述

对环境演变时间序列建立的几种主要方法的纪年原理、应用状况及应用的优点、范围、局限性进行了阐述和比较，包括长寿命宇宙成因核素在内的同位素纪年方法主要判别第四纪以来大时间尺主的沉积物的地质年龄，且能很好地应用于全球变化的研究，但百余年来沉积物的年龄及侵蚀历史变化的研究只能通过^210Pbex、^137Cs等半衰期相对较短的核素来进行；指出^210Pbex可望在现代流域侵蚀环境演变以及其效应评价的研究中获得新的突破。     

Detecting environmental change in estuaries: Nutrient and heavy metal distributions in sediment cores in estuaries from the Gulf of Finland,Baltic Sea

Historical sediment nutrient concentrations and heavy metal distributions were studied in four estuaries in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea to examine the response of these estuaries to temporal changes in human activities. Cores were collected using a 1-m Mackereth corer and dated using ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs. The cores were analyzed for total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (OP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), biogenic silica (BSi), loss-on-ignition (LOI), Cu, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn, K, Ca, Mg and Na. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to summarize the trends in the chemical variables and to compare the trends at the different sites. Applying the 1986 ¹³⁷Cs date as a reference point, ²¹⁰Pb chronologies were constructed for the sites using either the CRS model or a composite model (using both CIC and CRS). Significant increases were observed in sedimentation rates, TP and TN concentrations in all of the cores. Copper showed clear increases from 1850 towards present at all sites. Furthermore, redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to correlate environmental variables (catchment land use, catchment size, estuary surface area, depth and lake percentage) to sediment geochemistry. Based on redundancy analysis (RDA), the percentage of agriculture in the catchment was the most important factor affecting the sediment accumulation rate. Urban land-use types and industry correlate well with sediment Cu and Ca concentrations. Forest areas were related to high sediment BSi concentrations. Catchment land use was the most significant factor affecting sediment geochemical composition and sediment accumulation rates in these coastal embayments. Our results demonstrate that the coastal estuaries of the Gulf of Finland respond to the increased nutrient loading with the increased sedimentation and nutrient accumulation rates.     

224,223Ra和137Cs在吕宋海峡及周边海域的分布以及其对“彩虹”台风的响应

本文报道2015年9月和2016年5月期间天然放射性核素²²⁴Ra和²²³Ra在吕宋海峡及周边海域表层和垂向水体的分布特征。为理解日本福岛核事故的影响，本文亦分析研究区域内人工放射性核素¹³⁷Cs的分布特征。结果表明，^224，223Ra和¹³⁷Cs比活度水平均处于我国南海海洋天然放射性本底变化范围之内。²²⁴Ra在吕宋海峡以西南海北部海域比活度较高，在吕宋海峡以东菲律宾海域比活度较低。¹³⁷Cs没有明显的分布趋势。基于三站位（LS3，LS5和LS8）²²⁴Ra、¹³⁷Cs以及温盐的垂向分布特征，本文揭示²²⁴Ra和¹³⁷Cs在热带表层水、次表层水和中-深层水中比活度水平和梯度变化的差异特征。彩虹台风事件扭转了整个吕宋海峡及周边海域的海流循环过程。大量以低水平²²⁴Ra为特征的西太平洋海水涌入南海，降低水体²²⁴Ra比活度水平。但是，西太平洋和南海北部海域水体¹³⁷Cs比活度水平没有明显差异，台风导致的海流变化对水体¹³⁷Cs比活度没有明显影响。     

Accumulation rates and sources of sediments and organic carbon on the Palos Verdes shelf based on radioisotopic tracers (137Cs, 239,240Pu, 210Pb, 234Th, 238U and 14C)

We report here bioturbation and sediment accumulation rates determined from replicate sediment cores at four different sampling sites on the Palos Verdes shelf, Southern California, using bomb fallout and natural radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ^239,240Pu, ²¹⁰Pb, ²³⁴Th, and ¹⁴C), along with supporting measurements of organic carbon (OC), porosity and granulometry. Present-day particle reworking, on time scales of several months, is restricted to the upper 3 cm, with rates ranging from 13 to 200 cm²/year, as deduced from ²³⁴Th_xs profiles. There is little evidence that particle reworking reached depths significantly greater than 5 cm. Post-1963 (or post-1971) sediment accumulation rates ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 g/cm²/year (equivalent to 1.1–1.8 cm/year for surficial sediments), as calculated from Pu and Cs isotope profiles, with little change over time or distance from the outfall. Lateral transport of older sediment and multiple sediment sources on the Palos Verdes shelf is suggested from radiocarbon measurements on foraminifera and bulk sedimentary organic matter at two sampling sites, which showed variable, old and refractory sources of OC. Pre-1953 sediments accumulated at rates that were at least 0.4 g/cm²/year (≥0.3 cm/year), based on ²¹⁰Pb_xs dating. Given the abundance of sediment sources to the Palos Verdes shelf, the high sedimentation rates, and shallow particle mixed layers, contaminant-enriched layers should continue to move deeper into the sediments.     

Accretion of a New England (U.S.A.) Salt Marsh in Response to Inlet Migration, Storms, and Sea-level Rise

Sediment accumulation rates were determined at several sites throughout Nauset Marsh (Massachusetts, U.S.A.), a back-barrier lagoonal system, using feldspar marker horizons to evaluate short-term rates (1 to 2 year scales) and radiometric techniques to estimate rates over longer time scales (¹³⁷Cs,²¹⁰Pb,¹⁴C). The barrier spit fronting theSpartina-dominated study site has a complex geomorphic history of inlet migration and overwash events. This study evaluates sediment accumulation rates in relation to inlet migration, storm events and sea-level rise. The marker horizon technique displayed strong temporal and spatial variability in response to storm events and proximity to the inlet. Sediment accumulation rates of up to 24 mm year⁻¹were recorded in the immediate vicinity of the inlet during a period that included several major coastal storms, while feldspar sites remote from the inlet had substantially lower rates (trace accumulation to 2·2 mm year⁻¹). During storm-free periods, accumulation rates did not exceed 6·7 mm year⁻¹, but remained quite variable among sites. Based on¹³⁷Cs (3·8 to 4·5 mm year⁻¹) and²¹⁰Pb (2·6 to 4·2 mm year⁻¹) radiometric techniques, integrating sediment accumulation over decadal time scales, the marsh appeared to be keeping pace with the relative rate of sea-level rise from 1921 to 1993 of 2·4 mm year⁻¹. At one site, the²¹⁰Pb-based sedimentation rate and rate of relative sea-level rise were nearly similar and peat rhizome analysis revealed thatDistichlis spicatarecently replaced this onceS. patenssite, suggesting that this portion of Nauset Marsh may be getting wetter, thus representing an initial response to wetland submergence. Horizon markers are useful in evaluating the role of short-term events, such as storms or inlet migration, influencing marsh sedimentation processes. However, sampling methods that integrate marsh sedimentation over decadal time scales are preferable when evaluating a systems response to sea-level rise.