1989年1月14日AR5312活动区中的耀斑和磁场的关系(英文)

1989年1月14日AR5312(怀柔编号89009)活动区,产生了一个2B级耀斑。该活动区经纬度为L306、S32,黑子群磁场分类为δ型。耀斑开始时间为0202UT,结束为0534UT,持续了3个多小时。北京天文台磁场望远镜,得到了一系列较完整的高分辨磁场及速度场资料,包括光球5324A的矢量磁场图和色球4861A的纵向磁场图(图1、2)。从耀斑前后的磁图得到以下结果: 1、耀斑初始亮点位于纵向磁场中性线附近高度剪切区域(见图1B区)、新浮磁流区(图2D区)以及双极磁结构对消区。前两种区域均能形成电流片,并且引起磁流体不稳定性,从而激发耀斑,但对消区和耀斑的关系不是很清楚,有待于理论工作者进一步探讨。 2、耀斑极大时间过后,光球和色球H_(11)=0线附近纵场梯度均有明显下降。 3、在强剪切区域(图1B区),5324A横向磁场和H_(11)=0线之间的夹角在耀斑极大时间过后有明显增大,该现象表明磁能释放后,磁场剪切缓解。 4、耀斑初始亮点产生后磁场高度剪切区、新浮磁流区和双极对消区,其触发耀斑的作用和周围的磁场环境有密切关系,特别是象具有磁海湾结构这样的活动区,似乎更容易产生耀斑。 5. 该活动区色球磁场位形,较光球磁场位形复杂,主要表现在:色球的纵场出现了一些磁弧岛结构,其原因可能是光球之上的磁力线高度剪切区及扭绞所致。0411     

计算的磁拓扑界线与耀斑相关性

本文利用赣榆站所取得的色球精细结构资料，并采用了前苏联强磁场资料，逐日计算了１９９０年１０月１３日至１６日复合活动区ＮＯＡＡ６３０９在色球层的磁拓扑界线，并与色球精细结构资料作了比照，发现：亮谱斑或亮耀斑核均是位于界线上，或紧邻它．这个结果支持“重联是耀斑在释放能量时的主要过程，而重联发生在磁场的拓扑界面上”的观点．     

1981年4月1日日面4N耀斑环系的光学前兆与活动特征

根据云南天文台太阳色球H_α和相应的光球黑子观测以及磁场测量,并结合有关X—ray资料等,对1981年4月1日日面4N大耀斑进行了部份测量和分析。结果表明,该耀斑为环系;光球浮现磁流和黑子扭曲、挤压和剪切运动是触发该耀斑的直接原因。而活动的黑子光桥又是浮现磁流的一种重要标志;耀斑环或带与磁场位形密切相关;耀斑后在运动空间原位置处光球又浮现出部份磁流;卵形暗条内预示能爆发大耀斑。     

一个亚耀斑的HeI 10830A二维光谱观测

本文介绍了１９９３年１２月２９日一个ＳＦ／Ｃ１．９耀斑过程的ＨｅＩ１０８３０Ａ的二维光谱观测和资料的初步分析，主要结果如下：（１）在直接拼出的ＨｅＩ １０８３０Ａ单色象上未发现有Ｒｕｓｔ提出的强度超过连续谱的耀斑亮点，但在剩余强度图上的确发现有四个小区相对周围变亮，其强度在耀斑爆发过程中有明显变化；（２）所有ＨｅＩ １０８３０Ａ“亮区”均落在Ｈα耀斑亮区内，反之则不一定有对应；（３）ＨｅＩ １０８     

1989年1月18日太阳白光耀斑的光学特征

我们首次获得１９８９年１月１８日太阳白光耀斑的二维多波段光谱扫描、及同步的色球Ｈα单色光和准同步的光球黑子照相观测资料。对部分资料分析表明，该白光耀斑为多块结构，寿命长，主核位于光球磁纵场中性线上或附近，顺色球磁纵场演变，同暗条激活和谱斑密切相关。     

耀斑与磁环拓扑界面附近的色球视向速度

在一些活动区中，耀斑与光球层磁对消的密切关系，已被观测确认，磁对消先于耀斑几小时到一天，此时，色球视向速度场呈现特定的式样，即在磁环拓扑界面上，出现紫移窄带，而耀斑亮块均落在拓扑界面两边的红移区，这一观测事实支持磁对消为低层大气的磁重联，并证实这种重联与日冕中的能量快速释放有密切关系。     

1989年1月18日太阳白光耀斑的光学特征

我国首次获得１９８９年１月１８日太阳白光耀斑的二维多波段光谱扫描、及同步的色球Ｈα单色光和准同步的光球黑子照相观测资料。对部分资料分析表明，该白光耀斑为多块结构，寿命长，主核位于光球磁纵场中性线上或附近，顺色球磁纵场演变，同暗条激活和谱斑密切相关。     

光球物质的水平运动对暗条激活和耀斑爆发的影响

本文作者用数值方法讨论光球物质水平运动的两种基本模式－剪切运动和会聚运动对活动区背景磁场及暗条电流的影响，并由此分析它们与暗条激活以及耀斑爆发的物理关系，所得结果表明：（１）光球物质的水平运动在激活暗条和驱动耀斑爆发中具有重要的作用；（２）作为耀斑现象先兆之一的暗条激活过程，主要是由暗条电流的增强和背景磁场的演化所决定，这个过程的复杂性导致了耀斑现象物理机制和形态的多样性。     

1993年10月2日耀斑的Hα,微波和硬X射线暴的综合分析

本文介绍1993年10月2日发生的一个1N／C6.5级耀斑多波段观测的结果．综合比较了耀斑的单色象，Hα波段工维光谱，2840兆赫微波爆发和硬X射线爆发资料．得到Hα单色象上不同亮核的强度变化，与微波及硬X射线暴的时间轮廓比较，给出了色球耀斑区亮度场的演化，对照磁图确定了耀斑区的磁场位形，从而对该耀斑产生和加热提出了一种可能的解释．     

AR6659光球色球的磁场速度场的演化特征及其与大耀斑的关系

ＡＲ６６５９是２２周以来最重要的一个活动区，它爆发了２２周最强大的高能事件。本文用云南天文台的光球、色球精细结构照片和北京天文台怀柔站的磁场速度场资料，分析了该活动区磁场速度场的二维位形和大耀斑期间的演化特征，本文分析的４个大耀斑均爆发在中性线附近的Ｎ极区磁场梯度大的地方及色球速度场的红移区，偏带观测也显示耀斑物质是向红端移动的。耀斑波沿横场传播在离本黑子群几万至十几万公里的地方激起感生耀斑，在原     

ANALYSES OF VECTOR MAGNETOGRAMS IN FLARE-PRODUCTIVE ACTIVE REGIONS

This paper reviews studies of the relationship between the evolution of vector magnetic fields and the occurrence of major solar flares. Most of the data were obtained by the video magnetograph systems at Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) and Huairou Solar Observatory (HSO). Due to the favorable weather and seeing conditions at both stations, high-resolution vector magnetograph sequences of many active regions that produced major flares during last solar maximum (1989–1993) have been recorded. We have analyzed several sequences of magnetograms to study the evolution of vector magnetic fields of flare productive active regions. The studies have focused on the following three aspects: (1) processes which build up magnetic shear in active regions; (2) the pre-flare magnetic structure of active regions; and (3) changes of magnetic shear immediately preceding and following major flares. We obtained the following results based on above studies: (1) Emerging flux regions (EFRs) play very important roles in the production of complicated photospheric flow patterns, magnetic shear and flares. (2) Although the majority of flares prefer to occur in magnetically sheared regions, many flares occurred in regions without strong photospheric magnetic shear. (3) We found that photospheric magnetic shear increased after all the 6 X-class flares studied by us. We want to emphasize that this discovery is not contradictory to the energy conservation principle, because a flare is a three-dimensional process, and the photosphere only provides a two-dimensional boundary condition. This argument is supported by the fact that if two initial ribbons of a flare are widely separated (which may correspond to a higher-altitude flare), the correlation of the flare with strong magnetic shear is weak; if the two ribbons of a flare are close (which may correspond to a lower-altitude flare), its correlation with the strong shear is strong. (4) We have analyzed 18 additional M-class flares observed by HSO in 1989 and 1990. No detectable shear change was found for all the cases. It is likely that only the most energetic flares can affect the photospheric magnetic topology.     

Is Pre-Eruptive Null Point Reconnection Required for Triggering Eruptions?

We study the magnetic field evolution and topology of the active region NOAA 10486 before the 3B/X1.2 flare of October 26, 2003, using observational data from the French–Italian THEMIS telescope, the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) onboard Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope (SMFT) at Huairou Solar Observation Station (HSOS), and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). Three dimensional (3D) extrapolation of photospheric magnetic field, assuming a potential field configuration, reveals the existence of two magnetic null points in the corona above the active region. We look at their role in the triggering of the main flare, by using the bright patches observed in TRACE 1600 Å images as tracers at the solar surface of energy release associated with magnetic reconnection at the null points. All the bright patches observed before the flare correspond to the low-altitude null point. They have no direct relationship with the X1.2 flare because the related separatrix is located far from the eruptive site. No bright patch corresponds to the high-altitude null point before the flare. We conclude that eruptions can be triggered without pre-eruptive coronal null point reconnection, and the presence of null points is not a sufficient condition for the occurrence of flares. We propose that this eruptive flare results from the loss of equilibrium due to persistent flux emergence, continuous photospheric motion and strong shear along the magnetic neutral line. The opening of the coronal field lines above the active region should be a byproduct of the large 3B/X1.2 flare rather than its trigger.     

Magnetic fields,loop prominences and the great flares of August, 1972

Lines of magnetic force, computed under the assumption that the solar corona is free of electric currents, have been compared with loop prominence systems associated with three flares in August, 1972. The computed fields closely match the observations of loops at a height of 40000 km at times 3–4 h after onset of the associated flares. Inferred magnetic field intensities in the loops range from 1300 G where the loops converge into a sunspot to 50–80 G at 40 000 km above the photosphere. The first-seen and lowest-lying loops are sheared with respect to the calculated fields. Higher loops conform more closely to the current-free fieldlines. A model of Barnes and Sturrock is used to relate the degree of shear to the excess magnetic energy available during the flare of August 7. On various lines of evidence, it is suggested that magnetic energy was available to accelerate particles not only during the impulsive phase of the flare, but also during the following 2–3 h. The particle acceleration region seems to be in the magnetic fields just above the visible loops. The bright outer edges of the flare ribbons are identified as particle impact regions. The dense knots of loop prominence material fall to the ribbons' inner edges.On leave from Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.     

Three Super Active Regions in the Descending Phase of Solar Cycle 23

We analyze the magnetic configurations of three super active regions, NOAA 10484, 10486 and 10488, observed by the Huairou Multi-Channel Solar Telescope (MCST) from 2003 October 18 to November 4. Many energetic phenomena, such as flares (including a X-28 flare) and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), occurred during this period. We think that strong shear and fast emergence of magnetic flux are the main causes of these events. The question is also of great interest why these dramatic eruptions occurred so close together in the descending phase of the solar cycle.     

Vertical current and a 3B/X12 flare in a highly sheared active region (NOAA 6659) on June 9, 1991

NOAA active region 6659, during its June 1991 transit across the solar disk, showed highly sheared vector magnetic field structures and produced numerous powerful flares, including five white-light flares. Photospheric vector magnetograms of this active region were obtained at the Huairou Solar Observing Station of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory. After the resolution of the 180° ambiguity of the transverse magnetic field and transformation of off-center vector magnetograms to the heliographic plane, we have determined the photospheric vertical current density and discussed the relationship with powerful flares. The following results were obtained: (a) The powerful 3B/X12 flare on June 9, 1991 was triggered by the interaction between the large-scale electric current system and magnetic flux of opposite polarity. (b) The kernels of the powerful Hβ flare (sites of the white-light flare) were close to the peaks of the vertical electric current density. (c) Some small-scale structures of the vertical current relative to the magnetic islands of opposite polarity have not been found. This probably implies that the electric current is not always parallel to the magnetic field in solar active regions.     

The association of flares to cancelling magnetic features on the sun

Previous work relating flares to evolutionary changes of photospheric solar magnetic fields are reviewed and reinterpreted in the light of recent observations of cancelling magnetic fields. In line-of-sight magnetograms and H-alpha filtergrams from Big Bear Solar Observatory, we confirm the following 3 associations: (a) the occurrence of many flares in the vicinity of emerging magnetic flux regions (Rust, 1974), but only at locations where cancellation has been observed or inferred; (b) the occurrence of flares at sites where the magnetic flux is increasing on one side of a polarity inversion line and concurrently decreasing on the other (Martres et al., 1968; Ribes, 1969); and (c) the occurrence of flares at sites where cancellation is the only observed change in the magnetograms for at least several hours before a flare (Martin, Livi, and Wang, 1985). Because cancellation (or the localized decrease in the line-of-sight component of magnetic flux) is the only common factor in all of these circumstances, suggest that cancellation is the more general association that includes the other associations as special cases. We propose the hypothesis that cancellation is a necessary, evolutionary precondition for flares. We also confirm the observation of Martin, Livi, and Wang (1985) that the initial parts of flares occur in close proximity to cancellation sites but that during later phases, the flare emission can spread to other parts of the magnetic field that are weak, strong, or not cancelling.     

Weakly polarized microwave sources in active regions prior to large X-ray flares

The data set archive of the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope was used to synthesize two-dimensional images of more than 50 active solar regions where X-ray flares occurred. Reasonably bright microwave sources with a relatively low level of circular polarization were found to be present in 2/3 of cases prior (days, hours) to the flare. Such characteristics are normally inherent in sources located above the polarity inversion line of the photospheric magnetic field. This result, which has been obtained for the first time using such a representative data set, confirms the significance of these sources in the context of X-ray flare formation.     

Favourable Magnetic Field Configurations for Generation of Flare-Associated Meter-Wave Type III Radio Bursts

Magnetic field structures of Hα flares associated with meter-wave type III bursts during periods of low solar activity in 1975 – 1977 and 1985 – 1987 were investigated. In a statistical analysis it was confirmed that the association rate depends less on flare importance than on brightness. For subflares (95% of the sample), the location of the Hα flare in the bipolar pattern turned out to be crucial for the association rate. It is almost one order of magnitude larger for flares occurring at the border of the active regions, compared to flares located inside the general bipolar pattern. For selected typical examples of flares, extrapolations of the measured magnetic fields were performed. By matching Hα filtergrams and calculated 3-D structures it was found that the positions at the border where the flares associated with type III bursts occurred were close to open field lines extending into the corona. In most investigated cases intrusions of parasitic polarity were found in the vicinity of the flare locations. The extrapolations showed that subflares located inside the bipolar pattern but have not been associated with type III bursts were covered by dense arcades of magnetic loops.     

Coronal scattering as a source of flare-associated polarized hard X-rays

We consider the scattering of flare-associated X-rays above 1 keV at coronal heights, particularly from regions of enhanced density. This includes a discussion of the polarization of the scattered X-rays. Although the scattered radiation would not be bright by comparison with the total hard X-ray flux from a flare, its detectability would be enhanced for events located a few degrees behind the limb for which the dominant `footpoint' hard X-ray sources are occulted. Thus we predict that major flares occurring beyond the solar limb may be detectable via scattering in density enhancements that happen to be visible above the limb, and that such sources may be strongly polarized. Since thin-target bremsstrahlung will generally greatly exceed the scattered thick-target flux in flare loops themselves, these considerations apply only to coronal structures that do not contain significant populations of non-thermal electrons.