Minimum norm inversion of observed ground elevation changes for slips on the causative fault during the 1905 Kangra earthquake

We estimate the distribution of slip in the dip section of the causative fault for the 1905 Kangra earthquake by applying the minimum norm inversion technique to differences in pre- and post-earthquake levelling data collected along the Saharanpur-Dehradun-Mussoorie highway. For this purpose it is assumed that the causative fault of the 1905 Kangra earthquake was planar with a dip of 5° in the northeast direction and that it had a depth of 6 km at the southern limit of the Outer Himalaya in Dehradun region. The reliably estimated maximum slip on the fault is 7.5 m under the local northern limit of the Outer Himalaya. Using the inverted slip distribution we estimate that the maximum permanent horizontal and vertical displacements at the surface due to the Kangra earthquake were about 4 m and 1.5m respectively. The maximum transient displacements at the surface should have exceeded these permanent displacements. These estimates of maximum slip on the causative fault and the resultant maximum permanent and transient displacements at the surface during the Kangra earthquake may be taken tentatively as being representative of the great Himalayan earthquakes.     

Pseudostatic Seismic Response Analysis of a Pile Group in a Soil Slope

This paper presents a simple approximate pseudostatic method for estimating the maximum internal forces and horizontal displacements of a pile group located in a soil slope. The method is extension of an existing similar method developed by the authors for the case of a horizontal ground surface. The method employed for horizontal ground case involves two main steps: first, the free-field soil movements caused by the earthquake are computed; Then, the response of the pile group is analyzed based on the maximum free-field soil movements as static movements, as well as a static loading at the pile head, which depends on the computed spectral acceleration of the structure being supported. This newly developed methodology takes into account the effects of group interaction and soil yielding. Simple modifications are applied to take into account the effect of slope on seismic deformations of the pile group, making use of the Newmark sliding block method. The applicability of the approach and the developed program is verified by comparisons made with both experimental shaking table tests and the results of a more refined analysis of a pile-supported wharf. It is demonstrated that the proposed method yields reasonable estimates of the pile maximum moment and horizontal displacement for many practical cases, despite its relative simplicity. The simplifying assumptions and the limitations as well as reliability of the methodology are discussed, and some practical conclusions on the performance of the proposed approach are suggested.     

复合式衬砌结构中衬砌分担围岩压力比例的研究

复合式衬砌结构中衬砌分担围岩压力的评价方法是隧道工程技术的重要研究课题之一。依托某新建铁路隧道工程,提出了一种基于监测位移反分析评价围岩和支护应力,进而计算初期支护和衬砌背后压力的方法。根据监测位移和衬砌施作时间,确定初期支护的已发生变形和剩余变形。通过有限元反分析求出与已发生变形和剩余变形相对应的围岩和支护应力,得到初期支护和衬砌背后压力。对比初期支护背后压力及衬砌背后压力的现场监测和反分析的计算结果,两者比较一致,说明了该方法的可行性。该新建隧道初期支护闭合95 d后施作衬砌,计算得到衬砌背后压力约0.04～0.06 MPa,衬砌分担围岩压力比例约13%～16%。研究成果对复合式衬砌结构的设计具有一定的参考意义。     

考虑残余体应变的土石坝地震永久变形分析

地震永久变形是评价土石坝抗震稳定性的一个重要依据,其合理计算需要同时考虑材料的残余体积应变和残余剪切应变的影响。因此,在过去提出的永久变形等效节点力计算方法的基础上,通过考虑剪切压缩耦合作用来反映残余体积应变对地震永久变形的影响,并推导了相应的模量矩阵,明确了参数选择和计算步骤。对典型单元体的残余变形模式进行了分析,计算得到的剪切应变和体积应变大小均与理论值相符,验证了模量矩阵的可靠性。在此基础上,对心墙堆石坝和面板堆石坝的算例进行了计算,重点分析了竖直向、顺河向和横河向3个方向永久变形分布,并与实测规律进行比较。计算结果表明,考虑残余体应变之后,所提方法能够反映土石坝地震永久变形以沉降为主、水平变形相对较小的特点,可更为合理地反映地震永久变形的规律。     

考虑填土强度的加筋土挡墙动位移计算

加筋土挡墙在地震荷载作用下的位移大小对结构的抗震性能影响显著。为了计算地震荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的位移,Newmark滑块法通常被用于设计中。由于传统的Newmark滑块法在计算中忽略了填土强度的变化,因而采用单一峰值或残余强度的计算将可能导致计算得到的位移小于或大于实际位移值。在二楔块破坏模式的假定条件下,根据楔块的力学平衡条件,建立了加筋土挡墙滑动安全系数计算式,同时通过引入位移阈值考虑了填土的应变软化特点。通过将计算结果与模型试验结果对比,得到以下结论：相较于单楔块法,二楔块法更能真实地反映出墙体的实际破坏模式,且计算得到的屈服加速度系数更接近试验值;相较于采用单一峰值或残余强度计算的位移,考虑填土应变软化的计算解更接近于模型测试值。     

基坑开挖对下方既有盾构隧道影响的实测与分析

对基坑开挖影响下方既有盾构隧道的机制进行了理论分析。收集了14个国内基坑工程实例,对实测数据进行了统计分析,结果表明：盾构隧道的最大竖向位移均为隆起,且有64%的隧道隆起值超过报警值(10 mm),提出了隧道最大隆起值的经验预测公式;隧道水平向位移较少量测,实测值较小;收敛变形由“水平向拉伸、竖向压缩”向“水平向压缩、竖向拉伸”转变。基于杭州市延安路某地下过街通道工程,研究了基坑开挖对下方地铁1号线盾构隧道变形的影响,对隧道竖向位移、水平向位移以及水平向收敛的实测数据进行了分析,其结果验证了理论分析和计算公式的可靠性。     

隧道开挖问题中的流固耦合模型及数值模拟

隧道工程中的地下水问题是富水地层中普遍存在的重要问题,地下水流动对隧道围岩稳定性有重要影响。给出了描述隧道开挖过程中力学与水力特征及表征方法,根据岩体的基本结构特征及代表性单元体（REV）是否存在提出了流固耦合模型的建立方法;提出了隧道水力耦合数值分析中的耦合计算模型的建立方法;利用数值法研究了隧道开挖渗流与应力耦合问题,得到变形和渗流场的变化规律。结果表明,隧道开挖引起的渗流影响边界大于力学影响边界,由于渗流引起的渗流力增加了围岩的应力、位移,从围岩-支护结构共同作用原理考虑,进行隧道支护结构设计时是应该考虑渗流效应的。     

Pseudostatic approach for seismic analysis of pile group

This paper evaluates a simple approximate pseudostatic method for estimating the maximum internal forces and horizontal displacements of pile group subjected to lateral seismic excitation. The method involves two main steps: (1) computation of the free-field soil movements caused by the earthquake, and (2) the analysis of the response of the pile group based on the maximum free-field soil movements (considered as static movements) as well as a static loading at the pile head, which depends on the computed spectral acceleration of the structure being supported. The methodology takes into account the effects of group interaction and soil yielding at pile–soil interface. The applicability of this approach has been validated by a similar approach for single piles and then verified by both experimental centrifuge models of pile-supported structures and field measurements of Ohba-Ohashi Bridge in Japan. It is demonstrated that the proposed method yields reasonable estimates of the pile maximum moment, shear, and horizontal displacement for many practical cases despite of its simplicity. Limitations and reliability of the methodology are discussed and some practical conclusions on the performance of the proposed approach are presented.     

An analytical solution for axisymmetric tunnel problems in elasto-viscoplastic media

An analytical solution is presented for the time-dependent stresses and displacements in plane strain around a circular hole when it is loaded by an axisymmetric internal and far-field pressure. The material is assumed to be elasto-viscoplastic with dilatant plastic deformations according to a non-associated flow rule. Strain softening is considered by a modified St. Venant slider which is characterized by Mohr-Coulomb yield conditions for both the peak and the residual strengths.     

A new approach for calculating strain for particulate media

Discrete element modelling is a viable alternative to conventional continuum‐based analysis for analysing problems involving localized deformations of particulate media. However, to aid in the interpretation of the results, it is useful to express the results of discrete element analyses in terms of the continuum parameters of stress and strain. A number of homogenization methods have been proposed to calculate strain in discrete systems; however, two significant limitations of these methods remain. First, none of these methods incorporate particle rotation effects satisfactorily, although significant particle rotation occurs in shear bands in both physical tests and numerical simulations of granular materials. Additionally, observations of the particle displacement fields in shear bands in granular materials indicate that the displacements within the localizations are erratic. Consequently, existing linear, local interpolation approaches produce substantial variations in the strain values calculated in adjacent elements in the region of localization, hindering clear visualization of the strain localization as it evolves. A new method of domain discretization for calculating strain is proposed. This method is capable of capturing particle rotation and employs a non‐local meshfree interpolation procedure capable of smoothing the erratic displacements in strain localizations, which better defines their evolution. The proposed method is validated for problems involving both two and three dimensions. A number of methods are compared with the proposed method and pertinent insights are made. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling and assessment of bridge structure for seismic hazard prevention

This study uses data from Mao-Luo-Hsi Bridge to model the bridge structure and a set of developed alarm and action values to formulate guidelines for bridge maintenance and seismic hazard prevention. The bridge model is improved by incorporating on-site ambient vibration measurement to perform modal analyses. Dynamic analyses of the bridge are implemented using the established 3D model subjected to uniform loading and seismic force, with or without consideration of soil interaction with the structure. The maximum displacements for different sections of the bridge are compared, and statistical regression analyses are used to explore their correlation. Information for bridge safety assessment is proposed, which can mitigate loss of property and lives due to bridge failure. Regression analyses of the maximum displacements between abutments D and E of the considered bridge in the axial, horizontal, and vertical directions under various seismic intensities are conducted, giving R ² values of 0.9462, 0.9352, and 0.9010, respectively. The developed maintenance guidelines are reliable since all parameters from regression analyses have a 95% confidence interval excluding the zero value. The bridge alarm value and action value are determined for this bridge site at earthquake intensity scales of 4 and 5, respectively.     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的三维边坡变形稳定性分析

采用Hoek-Brown准则,分析三维边坡在开挖扰动下的变形稳定性。以某露天矿边坡为工程背景,利用快速拉格朗日差分法(FLAC3D)建立三维数值分析模型,并在边坡中布置若干监测点,利用FISH语言编制相应位移插值程序,探讨边坡开挖引起的动静态位移响应,从宏观角度揭示出边坡开挖后,不同区域的变形,为工程实践提供指导;介绍了强度折减技术在Hoek-Brown准则中的实施方法,采用计算不收敛失稳判据,计算边坡安全系数,从而进一步推广Hoek-Brown强度折减法在三维边坡稳定性分析中的应用。     

可液化土中地铁结构的地震响应

在饱和土耦合作用与土和结构相互作用理论基础上,以地铁车站为例,用有限元法研究地下结构在地震液化作用下的响应。所采用的软件为动力两相体非线性有限元软件Dyna-Swandyne-II,该软件可以应用先进的Pastor-Zienkiewicz III广义塑性模型模拟可液化土的动力特性,应用u-p形式的Biot方程,在有限元分析中充分考虑孔隙水与土之间的耦合,同时考虑地下结构与饱和土在动力作用下的非线性相互作用。分析了地铁车站的动力响应,包括地铁内力、加速度以及地铁位移。研究结果表明,地铁结构在地震液化作用下会产生较大的上浮,从而对结构造成比较严重的破坏;地铁结构在地震作用下的最大内力位于结构的交接处。因此,结构交接处的配筋应该格外小心。     

Earthquake disaster risk assessment and evaluation for Turkey

Turkey is the one country in which 90% of the buildings are subject to the risk of earthquake disaster. Recent earthquakes revealed that Turkey’s present residential reinforced-concrete constructions are insufficient in earthquake resistance. Many of the buildings which collapsed or were severely damaged have been rehabilitated by applying simple methods, whose adequacy is questionable. As in Japan and the United States, Turkey’s earthquake assessment studies have increased, especially after earthquakes in 1999, In US, several methodologies and standards, such as Hazard-US (HAZUS) and Applied Technology Council (ATC) 13-20-21 and 156, provide comprehensive earthquake loss estimation methodology for post-earthquake assessment. This paper provides post-earthquake assessment and disaster management for Turkey. The main aim of the post-earthquake assessment discussed is to evaluate loss and estimate damage through disaster management approach. Classification criteria for damage are essential to determine the situation after an earthquake in both the short and long terms. The methodology includes probabilistic-based analysis, which considers the magnitude of Ms ≥ 5.0 earthquakes between 1900 and 2005, for determining the probabilistic seismic hazard for Turkey.     

地下结构抗震设计的改进等效反应加速度法

对地下结构横向抗震分析中的等效反应加速度法进行综合分析。结合算例,以动力时程法为基准,全面评价了等效反应加速度法的适用性;进而深入分析其误差来源,并做针对性改进优化,通过引入动力响应调整系数β,提出了一种改进等效反应加速度法;结合算例分析,评价了改进等效反应加速度法对不同工况的适用性。结果表明：等效反应加速度法计算所得结构内力及变形均偏小;且计算精度随地层剪切波速的增大整体呈上升趋势,但几乎不受结构埋深的影响;同时,明确了等效反应加速度法的误差源自于其忽略了地下结构对其周围土体动力响应的干扰作用,改进优化后提出了改进等效反应加速度法;相比现有等效反应加速度法,改进等效反应加速度法具有更广泛的适用性及更优的计算精度,可为地下结构抗震设计和分析提供新的计算方法。     

水平循环荷载下桩基变形特性的离心模型试验研究

波浪、船舶等长期水平循环荷载作用下,桩基将不可避免地产生附加应力和变形。针对饱和黏土地层,开展离心模型试验研究了船舶系泊水平荷载作用下单桩和群桩的变形特性。发现水平循环加-卸载诱发了桩周土体的塑性变形,进而导致桩身产生了不可恢复的水平位移和弯曲变形。随着循环荷载的增加,单桩和群桩的桩顶最大水平位移和残余水平位移均同时增加,但残余水平位移明显小于最大水平位移。单桩的桩顶残余水平位移与最大位移比值介于0.17～0.22;群桩的桩顶残余水平位移与最大水平位移比值介于0.30～0.84。水平循环加-卸载作用下,桩身残余弯曲应变明显小于最大弯曲应变。单桩的残余弯曲应变与最大弯曲应变比值介于0.13～0.50;群桩的桩身残余弯曲应变与最大弯曲应变比值介于0.23～0.82。群桩前桩的残余和最大弯曲应变明显大于后桩,前桩与后桩的最大弯曲应变、残余应变比值分别高达3.2和3.1。因此,前桩要采取合理的加固和保护措施,以确保桩基长期服役的安全性。     

考虑蠕变性土工格栅加筋挡土墙应力与变形有限元分析

土工格栅加筋挡土墙在岩上加固工程中得到了广泛应用。采用粘弹塑性流变模型考虑地基和填士的流变性，采用作者所建议的绎验型粘弹性本构模型考虑土工格栅的蠕变性，对于土工格栅加筋挡土墒发展了非线性有限元数值分析方法，通过变动参数的对比计算与分析探讨了逐层填筑过程、加筋长度及间距布置方式等因素对土工格栅加筋挡土墙长期变形与应力特性的影响。计算与分析表明：填筑过程对面板侧向变形、格栅拉力与应变及地基中水平位移与竖向沉降具有较大的影响；加筋使墙后填土应力重新分布；面板位移、格栅拉力及应变在经历一段时间后趋于稳定状态。     

Assessment of liquefaction and lateral spreading on the shore of Lake Sapanca during the Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake

The 1999 Kocaeli earthquake of Turkey (M_w = 7.4) caused great destruction to buildings, bridges and other facilities, and a death tall of about 20,000. During this earthquake, severe damages due to soil liquefaction and associated ground deformations also occurred widespread in the eastern Marmara Region of Turkey. Soil liquefaction was commonly observed along the shorelines. One of these typical sites is Sapanca town founded on the shore of Lake Sapanca. This study was undertaken as quantitative measurement of ground deformations induced by liquefaction along the southern shore of Lake Sapanca. The permanent lateral ground deformation was measured through the aerial photogrammetry technique at several locations both along the shoreline and in the town. In situ soil profiles and material properties at Sapanca area were obtained based on the data from 55 borings and standard penetration tests (SPT), and laboratory tests, respectively. The data and the empirical methods recommended by an NCEER workshop were employed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of the soils. In addition, simple shaking tests on a limited number of samples were also performed. The permanent ground displacements were estimated from the existing empirical models, sliding block method and residual visco-elastic finite element methods. Then these estimations were compared with the observed ground displacements. The assessments suggested that liquefaction at Sapanca have occurred within Quaternary alluvial fan deposits at depths 1 and 14 m, and the major regions of liquefaction and associated ground deformations were located along the shore and creeks. The evaluations also indicated that for sites with no sand boils but with ground displacement greater than 1 m, thickness of the non-liquefiable layer was large. It is also noted that no liquefaction-induced ground surface disruption is expected at the site when the thickness of the liquefiable and non-liquefiable layers vary between 0.5 and 1.5 m, and 3.5 and 5.5 m, respectively. Except one model, all the empirical models employed in the study over-predicted the observed lateral ground displacements, while sliding block method and residual visco-elastic finite element methods yielded reasonably good results if the known properties of liquefied soils are used.     

液化土层地震动模拟计算方法及验证

针对目前土层反应分析方法难以模拟液化土层地震动时程的缺欠,在工程力学研究所原有有效应力分析程序基础上提出了一个改进的计算方法并进行了验证。改进方法中,通过每个应力循环模拟土的非线性进程以及液化导致的土刚度衰减过程,并引入了新建立的适于非均等固结随机地震荷载作用下的孔压增长模型。将计算方法与实际地震记录及大型振动台实验结果进行了对比,结果表明：在峰值加速度、液化后波形变化、时频曲线及加速度反应谱等主要特征上,计算结果均与现场实际记录及振动台实验基本一致;在液化引起地震动特征变化上,计算出的液化较非液化土层加速度反应谱的增量与实验结果一致。说明所提出的改进方法可以用于液化土层地震动的模拟。