序列子集联合代数重建技术

图像重建迭代算法的主要缺点是计算量大,重建速度慢。为减少计算时间,Hudson等提出了有序子集算法,由于该算法在每次迭代时使用固定的子集个数,重建图像的质量主要依赖于迭代步中的子集数。本文提出序列子集联合代数重建技术,在每次迭代后减少使用的子集个数,这样在加速图像收敛的同时恢复重建图像的各种频率元素。实验结果表明序列子集联合代数重建技术可在少数次迭代后提供较高质量的重建图像,且对噪声数据不敏感。     

一种基于对称结构优化的OSEM快速重建算法

由投影重建图像的EM重建算法中,有序子集最大期望值法能够对经典EM算法加速,提高收敛速度,受到广泛地关注.本文提出了一种基于对称性结构的OSEM快速重建算法,在更好地满足子集平衡的条件和优化有序子集的迭代顺序的同时,压缩了尺度窗口的计算.数据实验结果表明:当合适选取子集的数量时,S-OSEM算法有效地提高了重建速度和成像精度.     

图像重建算法FBP与OSEM在工业CT应用中的对比研究

滤波反投影法(FBP)与有序子集最大期望值法(OSEM)是图像重建中最为常用的两种方法,本文研究了这两种重建方法在工业CT中的应用,就不同的探测器数目、不同的旋转投影角度取样数、不同的噪声水平,对两种方法的重建效果进行对比与分析,结果表明在某些条件下迭代法OSEM重建图像质量明显好于解析法FBP。     

一种基于频域外推的不完全角度CT重建算法

不完全角度重建问题一直是CT图像重建领域研究的重点和难点。目前,通常的不完全角度重建方法是基于空域的迭代方法,但由于正反投影的高计算复杂度,空域迭代方法存在计算耗时,对硬件资源需求大等问题。本文提出了一种基于外推的邻近网格迭代算法（INNG-TV）。首先,平行束采样的数据通过傅里叶变换和样条插值到频域空间,然后在迭代的过程中,傅立叶空间投影已知部分的数据始终不变,缺失部分数据通过对重建图像进行INNG外推得到,同时在图像空间对重建图像做非负、最小化总变分等先验及优化约束。     

一种扇束扫描模式下的图像重建迭代算法

CT图像重建的扫描模式有平行束、扇束、锥束等,在扇束扫描模式下的图像重建算法大多基于图像的正方形网格剖分。本文建立了扇束扫描模式下新的图像重建离散化模型,并给出了基于新模型的代数迭代校正格式和重建算法。对新的模型下迭代算法几何意义进行了讨论,基于新模型的代数迭代重建算法有助于提高成像质量,启发新的图像重建算法。     

《CT理论与应用研究》2003年第12卷1-3期主要文章目次索引

[栏 目] 文 章 题 目 作 者 期-页码 [CT理论] 正电子断层扫描仪与PET图像重建概述 刘 力 吴晓锋 印 胤 (1-47) 基于正交投影和广义投影(POCS)算法的研究进展 姜 明 张兆田等 (1-51) CT系统的能谱估计及射束硬化校正算法 叶侠娟 张 朋 (2-10) 对一种非圆轨迹扫描下扇束重建公式的讨论 黄朝志 路宏年 杨 民 等 (2-16) 再论扇形束非圆轨迹扫描的补充说明 王 革 (2-39) 论锥束CT扫描Grangeat-型 Katsevich-型的算法 王 革 等 (3-45) 扇束图像重建中OSEM…     

正电子断层扫描仪与PET图像重建概述

概述了PET（Positron emission tomography，正电子断层扫描仪）及其图像重建的基本原理、方法与临床使用，介绍了常用的图像重建FBP（滤波反投影，Filtered Back-Projection)算法和OSEM（有序子集最大似然法，Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization)算法，描述了如何通过PET的临床协议中的参数选择以得到满意的重建效果。此外，对PET的准三维重建也做了一些简介。     

一种块迭代的快速代数重建算法

常用的计算机层析成像的重建算法可分为:变换重建法、代数重建法和其它算法几大类.变换重建算法中最为常用的为"卷积反投影”算法,该算法重建速度较快,重建效果较好.但该算法也存在一些不足,它通常要求完全的、等间隔的平行采样数据.在天文、物探、地震成像等领域采样数据通常是不完全的和非等间隔的.代数重建算法简单,适用于不同格式的采样数据,对不完全数据亦可重建图像.还可以结合一些先验知识进行求解.可应用于工业检测、物探成像、天文成像等领域.其缺点主要是计算量大,收敛速度慢,难以重建大的图像. 计算机层析成像的重建问题,可离散化为线性方程组AF=P的求解问题,其中P是被采集的投影数据向量,A是投影系数矩阵,F是图像基函数.假设有M个投影数据,且重建的图像有N×N像素,则A为M行、N×N列矩阵.即使重建较小的图像,系数矩阵也是很大的,需要M×N×N个浮点数.A为大型稀疏矩阵,其非零元的个数约为2×M×N个浮点数.因此,想用代数重建算法重建中等或大的图像,必须寻找一种快速的投影系数矩阵实时计算方法. 其次,代数重建算法中迭代的收敛速度也是要解决的主要难点.初值的选取对收敛速度影响是很大的.如果选取的初值与原物体的密度分布较接近,迭代就容易满足收敛条件.传统的代数重建算法中,初值常选为零和某种平均值.在每次循环中都对N×N个图像值,进行逐线或逐点迭代修正.因此,需要大量计算时间,且收敛速度甚慢. 本文提出一种基于分块迭代的快速代数重建算法,其基本思想是采用对图像逐级分块,通过迭代使图像逐步细化,最终逼近于重建的图像.算法的实现过程如下:1.将重建图像按不同级别分块;2.根据块的大小,抽取投影数据,实时计算投影系数矩阵的非零元;3.对给定级图像块赋值,根据投影系数矩阵的非零元和阀值确定对哪些图像块的值进行修正:4.对给定级的图像块经一次循环迭代修正后,判断前后两次的图像是否满足该级迭代结束条件,满足时进入下一级块的迭代;最后一级块迭代满足条件后,块迭代结束.在每一级块迭代过程中,我们设计了求解系数矩阵非零元的快速计算方法,使得所需的系数矩阵的非零元可实时计算,而不必存贮. 利用X射线工业CT实采数据,我们对块迭代代数重建算法的测试结果表明:该方法重建速度快,重建图像精度高、伪影轻,并有较高的密度分辨率和空间分辨率.     

图像重建块迭代算法中松弛参数选取的研究

在图像重建中,Landweber迭代算法是图像重建算法中的重要方法.本文将针对Landweber分块迭代算法中松弛参数的选取进行研究.在重建过程中采取对投影矩阵按投影角度分块的方法,选取特定的松弛参数.通过数值实验得出结论:对于按角度分块的块迭代算法,松弛参数选取为λ乘以块矩阵与其共轭转置矩阵乘积的最大特征值分之一,当采集完全投影数据,且λ接近(1/6)～(1/7)时效果最好.另外,本文按角度分块的做法和松弛参数的选取方法对于有限角度图像重建问题也是可行的.     

一种用于小体积偏置探测器锥束CT系统的反投影滤波重建算法

在传统的CT系统中,系统的硬件成本和计算量都是非常巨大的.本文深入分析了一种利用偏移放置的面阵探测器的锥束CT系统,在这种系统中X射线束仅仅覆盖被扫描物体的一半体积,投影数据在探测器方向上是截断的,探测器尺寸和投影数据量都减少为传统CT系统的一半.在这种扫描方式下,现有的重建方法是首先利用重排算法获得180度范围内的平行束投影数据,然后再利用滤波反投影(FBP)算法重建出物体的三维图像.但是重排算法不可避免地会引入误差,降低重建图像的空间分辨率.本文提出了一种反投影滤波(BPF)形式的直接反投影重建方法,该方法不需要对投影数据重排,直接反投影滤波重建出最终的图像.因此,该算法在数学上更简洁,计算速度更快,能够更多地保留重建图像的高频信息.最后,数值模拟实验结果验证了该系统和重建算法能够获得高质量的CT图像.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.