马氏距离与欧氏距离方法在地球化学异常处理中的对比

正确和有效地确定综合地球化学异常是地球化学异常处理中的重要内容。综合地球化学异常的确定主要是基于多元正态分布理论,是多变量统计方法的直接推广和应用,马氏距离就是一个在地球化学离群点识别及判别分析等方面应用广泛的综合指标。以往比较普遍使用的是以欧氏距离为基础的计算方法,近20多年来基于马氏距离计算方法的应用逐渐增多。本文以河北某地1∶5万地球化学数据处理为例,从理论上和应用效果上对两种方法进行了比较,马氏距离方法考虑到了不同元素之间的相互关系,利用马氏距离方法求得的综合地球化学异常范围集中、界线清楚、强度突出、与已知矿体的吻合程度高,较欧氏距离方法具有明显优势,并在实际中可行。     

油气超长运移距离

塔里木盆地塔北地区广泛分布着来自于库车坳陷的陆相油气,其运移距离超过100km,是一个比较典型的油气超长距离运移实例。本文在结合油气勘探基础资料的基础上,通过对出油井的详细地球化学研究,综合油气运移条件的分析,探讨了油气超长运移的地质条件与动力机制。研究认为,在哈拉哈塘和英买力南部地区白垩系砂岩储层中发现的油气来源于北部库车坳陷的三叠系湖相烃源岩,成藏时间在5~3Ma;油气主要通过断裂沟通不整合面以及白垩系巴西改组的砂体进行长距离侧向运移,运移的直线距离达到110~130km。研究发现,库车坳陷三叠系优质烃源岩短期内快速熟化并高效排烃,为油气长距离运移提供了充沛的油源和驱动力条件;白垩系巴西改组油层在致密顶底板岩层的封堵约束作用下,油气沿着宽缓斜坡上大面积分布的连通砂体呈面状发生长距离运移,沿途缺少大型圈闭拦截和聚油,油气损失相对较少,所以油气在通畅的运移道路上持续向南推进,这是该区油气发生超长运移的主要动力机制。超长的运移距离,与该区低幅度宽缓的斜坡构造背景和良好的输导通道密切相关,因此,在已发现白垩系出油井点以南更远地区还将不断会有陆相油的新发现;在油气运移经过的地区,白垩系内只要存在圈闭,均可形成油藏,因此,低幅度构造圈闭与岩性地层圈闭所形成的中小型油气田群将作为今后勘探的主要目标。     

Precise distance measurements in Iceland

Precise distance measurements made on four networks of permanent benchmarks situated on the active axes of Iceland during the four-year period 1968–1972 showed that a combination of left-lateral and extensional movement is occurring on the Reykjanes Peninsula in southwest Iceland at a rate of about 9 mm per year. Elsewhere in Iceland, the movements, if they exist, are too small to be detected. Measurements from a geothermal area in southwest Iceland showed also that large horizontal movements occur in the vicinity of producing geothermal wells.     

基于EXCEL的马氏距离计算方法

建立在多元正态分布理论基础上的马氏距离,考虑了均值、方差和协方差三个参数,在异常评价中具有基于一元正态分布理论的单指标异常评价方法不可比拟的优点。马氏距离的计算主要是矩阵运算,计算工作量较大。这里提出了利用M icrosoft Excel提供的函数,结合VB编程进行马氏距离的计算方法,编制了相应的计算程序,对栾川三川—赤土店地区水系沉积物测量数据进行了实际计算。结果表明,利用Excel进行马氏距离计算具有简单易用、方便快捷的特点,易于推广普及。     

桶间距对四桶吸力式基础各单向承载力的影响及最优间距的确定

四桶吸力式基础由4个按正方形排列的吸力式桶形基础组成,并通过上部结构连成整体共同承受外部荷载,相比于单桶基础,四桶基础能承受更恶劣的海洋环境荷载,可作为海上风机和海洋平台等结构物的基础,具有广阔的应用前景。为探究饱和软土地基上四桶基础和单桶基础在承载力以及破坏模式方面的关系,优化四桶基础的设计,建立了大量的四桶和单桶基础的三维有限元模型,系统研究了不同基础埋深和土体剪切强度时桶间距对四桶基础各单向承载能力和对应的破坏模式的影响。结果表明,竖向承载力系数受桶间距影响较小,而水平承载力系数受其影响较大,力矩承载力系数受其影响尤为显著;在同一桶间距比时,四桶吸力式基础的各单向承载力系数随基础埋深比的增加逐渐增大,随土体剪切强度不均匀度指标的增大逐渐减小。通过分析四桶基础的各单向承载力、对应的破坏模式和群效应系数,定义了四桶基础的最优桶间距,可为四桶基础桶间距的优化设计提供依据。     

Beach fetch distance and aeolian sediment transport

An experiment was conducted to examine the influence of fetch distance on aeolian sediment transport on a natural sand beach at Benone Strand, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The site consisted of a wide dissipative beach, approximately 150 m wide at low tide and 80 m wide during high tide. Surface moisture levels (and hence dry fetch distance) were dictated by both local groundwater, from a stream outlet across the beach, as well as local tidal levels. An abundant dry sediment supply was available during the experiment. High-resolution (1 Hz) measurements were made of wind speed and direction along with sediment flux. Wind velocity ranged from 2·1 to 8·1 m s^–1 during the study. Second-order polynomial sand transport equations were derived from the wind speed and trap results with r ² values of better than 0·93 for all data. When the data were sorted into velocity bins of 1 m s^–1, there was no discernible relationship between fetch distance and sand transport, with a measured fetch distance range of 10–58 m available during the experiment. Results show that fetch distance is unimportant when an adequate sand supply is available. However, it is suggested that fetch may restrict the development of steady-state transport under sediment-limited conditions. Sediment availability is thus identified as a key variable in aeolian transport studies on natural beaches.     

Predicting the pinchout distance of shoreline tongues

Sand-rich shoreline tongues are common features of the stratigraphic record, and many of them are important petroleum reservoirs. The basinward extent of such shallow-marine deposits is highly variable, from a few to a few hundred kilometres. Although indirect information exists, the question as to what parameters actually cause this variation and their relative importance has not been addressed. Here, it is argued that the sand pinchout distance of regressive-to-transgressive shoreline tongues is controlled by (1) the type of depositional system (e.g. fluvial-, tide- or wave-dominated); (2) the regressive and transgressive shoreline trajectories; and (3) the depth of transgressive erosion. In contrast to the shoreline trajectory, the angle of turnaround, defined by the pathway taken by the regressive and subsequent transgressive shorelines, is simple to measure and gives a first approximation of the pinchout distance. For otherwise equal systems, the pinchout distance is inversely related to the angle of turnaround.     

基于Manhattan距离的相干体技术的应用

地震相干体技术可以有效地压制连续性,突出不连续性,比地震切片的地质解释更直观,能更细致地进行断层解释。基于Manhattan 距离的相干体技术,与传统的C1 相干算法进行比较,该技术不仅在断层识别能力方面要强于C1 相干算法,而且当利用两种算法获取断层信息的效果相当时,该技术的相关时窗长度要比C1 相干算法所用的相关时窗长度小,这恰能提高程序的运行速度,提高了地震相干体技术的运行效率。此外,该相干体技术也能近似计算出每道在纵横测线方向上的视时间倾角。     

Optimum distance model of relaxation around substitutional defects

The relaxation patterns around isovalent substituent atoms in the NaCl, CsCl, ZnS, CaF₂, Li₂O, and ReO₃ structure types have been calculated. Such models (1) emphasize geometric structural criteria and are thus conceptually simple, (2) are computationally straightforward though perhaps computer-time consuming for large, low symmetry cases, and (3) agree reasonably well with more complex calculations, such as energy minimization methods. On the basis of such optimum interatomic distance models, atomic displacements resulting from an isovalent substitution: (1) depend strongly on the structural connectivity (structural type) involved, (2) are decidedly greater for atoms with radius vectors parallel to the substituent's bonds and least for atoms with radius vectors oriented between such bonds, (3) decrease in magnitude approximately inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the substituent, regardless of direction, and (4) are mostly, but not strictly, radial. The simplest relationship to structural type is the dependence on the coordination of the substituent's ligands — the greater the coordination number of the atoms bonded to the substituting atom, the less compliant the structure.     

计算相关距离的神经网络方法

通过对GRNN网络分析, 导出了网络参数spread与平方指数相关函数参数r0之间的关系, 提出了基于GRNN的计算相关距离和拟合相关曲线的方法。研究表明,在最优spread参数条件下GRNN网络能够较为准确地映射实测土性曲线的变化特征,反映土性空间的相关特征。     

Long distance water transfer: the Chinese plans

The demand for water has been increasing steadily with increases in population and standard of living. The food and energy crises of the Seventies have made water resources development a priority issue in many countries. Agriculture currently accounts for 80 % of all global water consumption but hydroelectric generation does not consume any water. Since irrigation and hydropower generation are compatible uses of water, most recent water developments include both these uses.Quantity of water available to any country is limited, but demands are continually rising. Accordingly, water use has to be made more efficient and options like interregional water transfers have to be explored. The paper outlines the problems and prospects associated with long distance water transfer projects and discusses the latest plans for this type of development in the People's Republic of China.     

平推式滑坡运动距离计算模型

平推式滑坡是四川盆地红层地区和三峡库区普遍存在的一类十分特殊的滑坡。多发育于近水平砂、泥岩互层的斜坡中,岩层倾角一般仅3°～5°,最陡者也不超过10°。基于平推式滑坡的地质力学模型及运动过程分析,利用能量守恒的原理推导了平推式滑坡运动距离的理论计算公式。进行了3组物理模型模拟试验,第Ⅰ组试验模拟滑坡后部裂缝在不同宽度及水头高度作用下滑坡体的运动距离,对推导的理论公式进行校验。通过对比分析认为,平推式滑坡前缘剪出口地下水排泄状态呈少量点状排泄时,滑坡基底扬压力分布形态整体上与矩形更加接近。为了进一步校验理论公式,进行了第Ⅱ组、第Ⅲ组试验,每组分别固定初始水头高度和初始裂缝宽度,模型设置了前缘整体渗水和完全堵塞两种情况。物理模拟试验验证了理论公式的可靠性和适用性。将理论公式应用于狮子山滑坡运动距离的计算,应用结果表明计算公式适用性良好。研究成果对平推式滑坡防治具有一定的指导意义。     

基于K-L信息距离的多源信息融合法

为解决小子样条件下岩土参数概率分布推断的难题,并克服基于专家信息的融合法不可避免地带有主观随意性的弊端,引入信息论中K-L信息距离的概念,基于先验信息可信度,提出一种新的多源信息融合方法。利用K-L信息距离作为参数分布之间距离的度量,定义先验分布差异率,确定融合权重,进而根据Bayes原理得到后验分布,优化岩土参数分布概型。工程实例分析结果表明,该法计算简单,且克服了推断过程中的主观随意性。计算结果显示该法所得融合分布的方差比已有成果所得方差偏小,说明该法可实现统计意义上的参数概型优化,为岩土参数设计值的合理选取提供了参考。     

三维距离势离散单元法

通过定义距离势函数,提出一种适用于空间任意凸多面体单元的三维距离势函数离散单元法。该方法采用归一化的计算方式,将势函数表征为接触体间的距离函数,并基于此建立接触力计算方程,明确了势函数的物理意义,使接触力计算更加合理,无需对各种可能的接触形式进行差异化处理。新方法克服了原有势函数物理意义不明、接触力计算受单元形式影响等重要缺陷,并突破了四面体单元的限制,可采用空间任意凸多面体单元。通过若干算例说明新方法的正确性和有效性。数值模拟结果表明新方法能够很好处理空间任意多面体单元复杂接触变换过程,准确处理复杂非连续介质的运动过程。     

汶川大地震诱发滑坡的震中距

本文在地震滑坡规模(体积)类型5级划分法的基础上,采用数学方法对汶川地震灾区的2个宏观震中(映秀、北川)烈度I0≥XI极震区(10个县市)的地震滑坡震中距进行了讨论。其中地震滑坡随震中距分布基本符合正弦、高斯和指数衰减规律。极震区最大滑坡震中距可达120km,最小滑坡震中距可达0.25km。结果表明,地震诱发滑坡的规模(体积)和分布范围都与震中距具有相关性。     

Quantification of source-to-site distance uncertainty in ground motion models

Natural Hazards - Among different input data, source-to-site distance plays a major role in the results of ground motion models (GMMs). In order to determine the source-to-site distance, geometric...     

Neither friends nor foes: Thoughts on ethnographic distance

As a critical ethnographer of proselytizing missions led by conservative Korean/American evangelicals, I discuss the difficulties arising from conducting research in a hostile group setting, negotiating the dynamics of empathetic proximity and critical distance.     

Imposing geologic interpretations on computer-generated contours using distance transformations

Developing practical computer programs to impose geologic interpretations on computer-generated contours has proven to be difficult. Today, complex data transformations, tedious contour editing, or both are used to achieve that goal. This paper introduces a new program for incorporating high-quality geologic interpretations into computer contouring. The program is robust, easy to implement, and easy to explain to potential users. The computational complexity of the program is high, but the results are worth the price.     

岩质滑坡−碎屑流的运动距离计算公式研究

滑坡?碎屑流的远程运动距离是碎屑流体所能够达到的最大堆积距离,是灾害预警和评估的重要指标。通过总结已有碎屑流运动距离研究成果,从岩体势能入手开展研究,并结合量纲分析,首先建立了运动距离与势能之间的基本方程。其后,采用4种颗粒材料开展岩质碎屑流滑槽试验,研究碎屑体体积V、滑移区坡度?、碎屑粒径d以及最大垂直运动距离H等对碎屑流运动距离L的影响,通过逐步拟合回归,建立了基于势能的岩质滑坡?碎屑流最大水平运动距离的计算公式。最后,采用汶川地震触发的38个岩质碎屑流以及17个其他典型岩质滑坡碎屑流数据对计算公式进行了验证,结果表明,考虑该运动距离计算公式具有较好的可靠性,能够为山区滑坡?碎屑流灾害预警工作提供理论指导。