韶山车站SK36井孔水位对列车荷载作用的反映

井孔水位可以较灵敏地反映出地壳应力-应变动态的问题,已被大量的事实所证实,引起了地震、地质、地球物理与水文地质工作者的越来越大的注意,这可能为监测现代地壳活动和地震预报提供出某种途径。然而,对井孔水位反映地壳应力-应变动态的机理研究,至今仍然是一个十分薄弱的领域。单从地震地下水位观测井网得到的资料中进行研究,常常遇到两大困难,一是力源的特征不清楚,二是作为响应机构的井孔——含水层     

一次中等地震前地下水位异常的典型实例

震前井孔水位异常的报道,国内外已屡见不鲜,本文介绍的是1984年11月北京塔院井捕捉到的一组典型的异常实例,包括水位的趋势异常,水位与气压的正相关异常、短临突降及水位固体潮畸变等。 塔院井位于著名的深大断裂—黄庄—高丽营断裂带的中段,井深361米,观测层为中侏罗系凝灰岩裂隙承压含水层。通过近十年的观测,已查明其正常水位变化的规律,即多年趋势性下降的背景上年变规律清晰,较清楚地记录到水位固体潮、水震波、气压效应及降雨荷载效应等多种地壳应力应变微动态信息。表明,该井井位好,对地壳活动的反映能力较强,已弄清正常动态特征,具有捕捉地震前兆异常信息的可能性和有利条件。     

大震前地下水位异常与应力异常区

利用井口水位对潮汐应力的响应，分析了含水层对强震孕育过程中应力变化的响应。结果显示，当含水层的瞬时应力变化值大于临界值时，水位的异常图像为阶变形态；当含水层的瞬时应力变化值小于临界值，但某一时段的累计值大于临界值时，水位的异常图像为缓变形态。而水位异常图像出现的上升或下降形态，取决于井孔含水层系统在大震孕育过程的应力调整再积累阶段所处的构造部位。水位震前异常的特征，源于地震孕育过程中应力异常区的形成。     

地下水微动态形成过程的水动力学模拟试验研究

地下水微动态形成过程中的水动力学机制是很重要的。笔者利用模拟试验装置,在三种不同的渗透介质与二种不同温度的水的条件下,进行了井孔水位或流量对含水层内各种孔隙压力变化的响应方面的一系列试验研究。本文叙述了这一试验的装置、方法与某些结果。     

我国水震波研究的现状与动向

水震波指地震波引起的井孔水位的振荡现象。随着我国地震地下水动态观测井网的建设,这种现象越来越引起有关学者们的关注,尤其是近几年来对这一现象的研究取得了一些重要进展。 七十年代,首先在北京洼里井观测到水震波以来,已在100多个井孔中观测到了这类水位微动态现象。现已查明,上述具有记震能力的井孔——含水层系统中,井孔深度深者达3400m,其观测层的岩性有各种时代与各类成因的基岩,也有第四纪粉砂细砂层,地下水的类型有孔隙水、裂隙水、喀斯特水,有冷水、也有热水,观测方式上有静水位观测,也有动水位观测,由上可见水震波是普遍存在的水位微动态之一。     

利用地下水位预报地震的新思路与新方法

根据井孔水位的不同反应，分别采用不同方法对水位进行含水层应力的演和异常信息的提取，并分别给出了对应地震的概率。对含水层应力异常展开了时空演化和频次分析，从而提出了大同地震是区域应力场演化的结果，在这一演化过程中，井孔含水 应力异常具有异常空间分布的区域性、异常时间分布的阶段性和异常时空转移特征，以及异常频次与震中的一致性。     

试论地震水位异常变化的机理与地震预报

本文从地下水位的变化与重力理论值成正相关的事实出发,阐明了水位变化是含水层应力——应变变化的反映。因而可以利用水位的变化来监测含水层的应变过程。在承压含水层受压时,其实隙减小,赋存其中的水被挤出向井孔中汇流;当含水层受拉张时,其空隙变大,孔降水压减小,水由井孔义回流入含水层的空隙中,由于水体的这种运珍,实现了井孔的的放大过程。井孔有很高的放大倍数和小的有效范围。据此,又进一步论证了观测井在多点集中的地壳应力场及其演变过程中所能监测到的信息和观测井的布设原则。文章最后论述了观测井在地震预报中可能发挥的作用;单井只能对发震时间做出可能的判断,对于震中信置、震级的大小,要靠一个完好的观测网才有可能做出科学的判断。     

云峰井水位微动态的变径观测效应

井孔水位对地壳应力应变的反映能力取决于井－含水层系统的多方面条件，观测井的直径大小是其中之一。在云峰井进行的变径观测结果。水位变动段的直径由１１８ｍｍ缩至８０ｍｍ之后，水位固体潮井系数明显变大，水位记震能力有显著提高，水位气压系数也有所增大。这样的事实表明，缩小水位变动段的井径是提高水位映震能力的有效途径之一。     

承压含水层的荷载效应和井孔水位的气压效应

本文在充分考虑承压含水层的弹性和渗透性的基础上,重点讨论了承压含水层的荷载效应和井孔水位的气压效应。首先以大面积荷载为例,分析了封闭状态下含水层的荷载效应,得出了荷载强度σv及其所诱导的孔隙压力P之间的关系,即P=rσv,r是一个与含水介质力学性质有关的小于1的常数,称为荷载系数。以此为基础,在静态的假设条件下,分析了井孔水位的气压效应,得到了气压系数的表达式以及荷载系数与气压系数之间的互补关系。在动态条件下,以三种不同的气压过程为例,讨论了动态气压系数与含水层导水性能、井孔结构和气压变化频率之间的关系。结果表明:(1)动态气压系数与时间或被动频率有关,当时间很长或气压波动频率很低时,动态气压系数趋近于静态气压系数;(2)动态气压系数与含水层的导水系数成正比,与井孔半径和气压波动频率成反比;(3)动态气压系数一般小于静态气压系数。     

一种估算地震引起应力场调整的新方法

引言 承压含水层内水井水位的变化可反映含水层孔隙压的变化,而含水层孔隙压的变化与含水层所受的压力状态有密切的关系。地壳内的应力变化有时可影响到含水层所受应力状态发生变化。构造地震的发生,一般看作是地壳内应变的积累,岩体裂隙形成演化的结果。所以在大地震发生时会引起大区域应力场的调整变化。这种应力场的调整变化是     

地下水动态映震机制的试验与观测研究

本文根据一系列室内外试验与观测研究结果,论述了震前地下水位动态异常信息形成的四个基本环节:①地壳应力活动与含水层应力状态的变化,②含水层变形破坏与孔隙压力的变化;③孔压变化信息在井—含水层系统中的传递;④孔压变化信息在井孔地下水动态中的表现。在此基础上,提出了地下水动态映震特性的若干观点。     

引潮力作用下饱和地质岩体的力学响应

本文应用孔隙弹性理论,探讨了引潮力作用下饱和地质岩体的力学响应.首先通过引潮力作用下饱和岩体的自由能表达式,得到岩体孔压与应力、应力与应变之间的关系;然后从引潮力作用下饱和岩体的平衡微分方程出发,结合流-固耦合理论,分析了饱水岩体应变与引潮位之间的关系;最后推导出饱和岩体的两大力学物理量--孔压和潮汐应力(平均应力)与引潮位之间的物理关系.模型表明:饱和岩体孔压与引潮位成反比,平均潮汐应力与引潮位成正比;比例系数不仅与岩体骨架的Lame系数有关,而且与Biot模量有关.将模型应用于会理川-18井水位变化分析,估计出水位响应系数D,并以此为基础,求得岩体孔压、潮汐应力与引潮位的相关系数(A和C)及Skempton系数B.最后对比分析了耦合条件下与不考虑耦合时得到的各参数之间的差异,分析表明:对饱和地质岩体而言,应力、孔压对引潮力的响应是流-固耦合作用的产物;研究其力学响应时必须充分考虑耦合效应.模型的建立,为研究引潮力作用下井-承压含水层系统力学、水动力学、与地震有关的断层力学以及引潮力触发机制的定量研究提供了基础.     

A Simple Relation to Constrain Groundwater Models Using Surface Deformation

A simple relation between pore pressure change and one-dimensional surface deformation is presented. The relation is for pore pressure change in a confined aquifer that causes surface deformation. It can be applied to groundwater models of any discretization and is computationally efficient. The estimated surface deformation from model results can be compared to observed surface deformation through geodetic techniques such as Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. Model parameters then are constrained using the observed surface deformation. The validity of this relation is shown through constraint of model parameters for surface uplift due to pore pressure increase caused by wastewater disposal injection.     

井水位随气压变化之解析解

气压作用下, 井-含水层系统中地下水流是一类流体力学问题。 本文应用井壁水流通量边界条件和气压作用下井壁内外水(孔)压平衡条件, 提出了一个井水位随气压变化的解析公式。 解析式表明, 气压系数随时段长度增加而增大, 并趋于气压常数; 气压系数随时段长度的变化只依赖于导水系数与井半径平方的比值(T/r²_w), 而与气压变化过程无关; 气压常数只与含水层的一维荷载效率(B)有关, 而与导水系数和井半径无关。 解析解所反映的气压系数与时段长度的关系, 与南溪井实测序列数据分析结果具有很好的一致性。 根据气压系数随时段长度变化过程, 提出了一个参数估计方法, 应用于估计南溪井含水层气压常数和导水系数, 并对本文提出的参数估计方法进行了讨论。     

八宝山断层的变形行为与降雨及地下水的关系

利用北京丰台大灰厂观测台站1970——2003年的长期综合观测资料,系统分析了降雨和地下水对北京八宝山断层变形行为的影响. 研究结果表明:当降雨量持续稳定周期性变化,则断层孔隙压也呈稳定周期性变化,断层变形行为也表现出明显的规则周期性变化;当降雨量明显偏低或偏离正常周期性变化,则断层孔隙压周期性消失,断层的变形行为方式也发生改变. 降雨通过改变断层带孔隙压力的变化而影响着八宝山断层的变形行为. 结合该断层已有研究结果,认为降雨和地下水有可能通过改变断层变形行为方式而影响着区域构造应力/应变场的调整. 这一结果将对研究地球浅部流体与固体相互作用提供直接的观测证据.      

Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigation of Pore Water Pressure and Deformation of Pumped Aquifer Systems

Excessive groundwater withdrawal has caused severe land subsidence worldwide. The pore water pressure and the deformation of pumped hydrostratigraphic units are complex. A fully coupled three-dimensional numerical simulation was carried out for different pumping plans in this paper. When groundwater is pumped from a confined aquifer, the great compaction occurs in the pumped aquifer and its upper and lower adjacent aquitard units. Land subsidence is smaller and the area affected by land subsidence is greater when groundwater is pumped from the deeper confined aquifer. The pore water pressure in the pumped confined aquifer changes immediately with pumpage. In the adjacent aquitard units, however, the pore water pressure increases in the early pumping time and decreases in the early recharging time. The decrease in the pore water pressure vertically spreads from the interface between aquitard and pumped aquifer to the other surface of the aquitard. The pumped aquifer compacts and rebounds immediately with pumping and non-pumping or recharging actions, while the compaction and rebounding of the aquitard units clearly lag behind. The compaction of the adjacent aquitard unit first occurs near the interface between aquitard and pumped aquifer units, and the compaction zone spreads outward as the pumping goes on. The aquitards may expand vertically within some zones. Due to the inelastic deformation of soil skeleton, different pumping plans result in different land subsidence. For the same net pumpage, maximal land subsidence and horizontal displacement are the smallest for constant discharge and the greatest for recharge-discharge cycle.     

Tidal and non-tidal signals in groundwater boreholes in the KTB area,Germany

Tides and barometric pressure variations cause pore pressure changes in the solid earth. In boreholes which are hydraulically connected to confined aquifers these pore pressure changes can be observed as water level variations. In case of confined aquifers boreholes can be regarded as volumetric strainmeters. From June 2004 until May 2005 a large scale injection experiment was realised in the pilot borehole (4000 m) at the German Continental Deep Drilling (KTB) site in Bavaria. During this test the injection induced deformation was observed by a tiltmeter array around KTB consisting of five tiltmeter stations at horizontal distances from 1.6 to 3 km from the injection borehole. At each station the local groundwater level was observed in depths between 30 and 50 m. The pore pressure was recorded in the boreholes. The time series were checked for tidal signals and injection influence. The injection was not verified presumably due to the fact that the penetration of the injected water was controlled by local geology and tectonic faults zones. Although the boreholes extending only to shallow depth tidal signals are clearly observable in at least two of five stations. On December the 26th 2004 the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake occurred which is clearly detectable in the pore pressure variations at all five stations.     

Induced Groundwater Flux by Increases in the Aquifer's Total Stress

Fluid‐filled granular soils experience changes in total stress because of earth and oceanic tides, earthquakes, erosion, sedimentation, and changes in atmospheric pressure. The pore volume may deform in response to the changes in stress and this may lead to changes in pore fluid pressure. The transient fluid flow can therefore be induced by the gradient in excess pressure in a fluid‐saturated porous medium. This work demonstrates the use of stochastic methodology in prediction of induced one‐dimensional field‐scale groundwater flow through a heterogeneous aquifer. A closed‐form of mean groundwater flux is developed to quantify the induced field‐scale mean behavior of groundwater flow and analyze the impacts of the spatial correlation length scale of log hydraulic conductivity and the pore compressibility. The findings provided here could be useful for the rational planning and management of groundwater resources in aquifers that contain lenses with large vertical aquifer matrix compressibility values.     

Mechanical Response of Saturated Geological Rock Mass under Tidal Force

In this paper,the mechanical response of saturated geological rock under tidal force is explored by poroelastic theory.First,we use the free energy formula of saturated rock under a tidal force to study the relationships of pore pressure with stress,and stress with strain.Then we analyze the relationship between rock strain and tidal potential by the equilibrium differential equations of saturated rock under tidal force.Finally,we derive the physical relationship between the two parameters (pore pressure and tidal mean stress) of saturated rock and tidal potential.The relationship shows that:pore pressure is directly proportional with tidal potential,but tidal mean stress of saturated rock is inversely proportional with tidal potential.The ratio coefficient is related not only to the Lame coefficients of rock skeletons,but also to the Biot modulus.By using this model to analyze observational well water level of C-18 well which locates in Huili,Sichuan Province,the well level response coefficient (D) was estimated.This way,we derive the Skempton coefficient (B),the coefficient A and C which refer to the response coefficients of pore pressure and tidal stress to tidal potential respectively.Then we compare the differences among each coefficient in coupling and uncoupling conditions.It shows that for saturated rocks,the response of stress and pore pressure to earth tides is a product of coupling,and it is necessary to take into account the coupling effect when we study the mechanical response.The model will provide the basis not only for the study of mechanics and hydrodynamics of well-confined aquifer systems,and the mechanics of faulting under tidal force,but also for quantitative research of the triggering mechanism of tidal forces.     

松散承压含水层水位的同震响应实验与数值模拟

为深入理解井水位同震响应机理,本文开展了向完整井-松散含水层系统输入由不同频率和振幅（加速度）组成的正弦波荷载的振动台实验。以实验模型为物理模型,建立了振动作用下松散承压含水层中孔隙水压力响应的流固耦合模型和含水层水流与井流的相互作用模型,并运用多物理场耦合模拟软件COMSOL Multiphysics对实验过程进行了数值模拟。实验中观测到的四种典型水位变化形态与野外场地同震井水位变化形态相似。数值模拟结果显示,本研究建立的数学模型能较好地反映松散承压含水层中孔隙水压力和水位的响应情况。本文研究对解释地下水同震响应机制、岩体渗流稳定性和安全问题具有重要意义。