陆浑水库坝基渗透稳定性研究

本文在厘定坝基渗透模型和边界条件的基础上,运用数值模拟的方法,对坝基渗流场水力坡降和坝基渗透稳定性进行研究。研究表明,目前大坝的运行状况正常;水库在缓慢蓄水过程中,截水槽、坝后逸出带和断层破碎带的水力坡降远小于允许坡降,不会危及坝基的稳定性。这为水库投入正常水位(319 5m、327 5m、331 8m)运行提供了理论依据。     

陆浑水库坝基水位观测资料分析

经过对 30余年水位观测资料的整理和分析 ,在厘定水文地质模型的基础上 ,运用数理统计原理 ,获得了坝基地下水渗流特征及其变化趋势的基本认识 ,这包括库、管水位关系 ,代表断面测压管平均位势过程线 ,特定库水位时测压管管水位过程线 ,坝基渗流量变化。研究表明 ,上游铺盖与截水槽结合下游排水的防渗体系有效地控制了坝基水位 ,这为水库投入正常高水位(319.5 ,32 7.5 ,331.8m)的运行提供了详实的理论依据。     

陆浑水为坝基水位观测资料分析

经过对３０余年水位观测资料的整理和分析,在厘定水文地质模型的基础上,运用数理统计原理,获得了坝基地下水渗流特征及其变化趋势的基本认识,这包括库、管水位关系,代表断面测压管平均位势过程线,特定库水位时测压管管水位过程线,坝基渗流量变化。研究表明,上游铺盖与截水槽结合下游排水的防渗体系有效地控制了坝基水位,这为水库投入正常高水位（３１９．５,３２７．５,３３１．８ｍ）的运行提供了详实的理论依据。     

多元回归模型在坝基渗透稳定性预测中的应用

在坝的失事事故中，渗透破坏占了30～40％。坝基渗流长期观测资料是病险土石坝渗透稳定性预测的主要依据。多元回归模型是定量处理观测数据的有力工具。本文根据坝基水文地质特征的差异性以及渗流场的非平面性，将多元回归数学模型应用于坝基渗透稳定性预测中，给出了在计算机上实现的计算算例。通过对陆浑水库的研究分析，对坝基渗透稳定现状及变化趋势的有了进一步认识，成功地解决了影响水库正常运行的坝基渗流问题，为水库投入正常高水位运行提供了详实的依据。其研究成果与其它方法结论一致，从而证明多元回归模型具有较强的实用性。     

磨盘山水库坝基渗透稳定研究

磨盘山水库兴建遇到的主要地质问题是坝基渗漏及渗透稳定问题,将影响水库工程效益的发挥和大坝的安全运行,需采取适当的渗控工程措施。通过对坝基土颗粒组成及结构的分析,判别可能发生渗透破坏的类型,确定抗渗比降和允许比降。应用Visual MODFLOW进行水库坝区渗流场的三维渗流数值模拟分析,通过对18种渗控计算方案渗流场、渗流要素及防渗效果的统计分析,依据坝基土的允许比降,在安全、经济、合理原则的基础上,确定哈尔滨市磨盘山水库坝基渗控设计首选方案为：左岸防渗长度200 m、帷幕灌浆标准5 Lu。     

陡坡水库大坝渗透稳定性及渗透变形分析

陡坡水库存在大坝质量差、坝体发育大量裂缝、背水坡出现散浸现象、坝后沼泽化并形成一上升泉以及排水渠和鱼池有絮状析出物、渗漏量增大等问题,这些异常现象都是由坝体及坝基渗流引起的。在阐述坝体和坝基地质、水文地质条件情况下,分析了大坝渗漏成因及大坝的渗透稳定性,指出坝体实际浸润线及坝体渗漏量是不正常的,特别是1987年后当库水位高于194 m,同一库水位呈上升趋势,这是反常的。坝基实际渗漏量异常,存在管涌和接触冲刷问题,尤其库水位低至 193.84 m,坝后上升泉仍有沙沸现象。上述现象表明大坝渗流是危险的,并分析了散浸、析出物、上升泉及沼泽化、坝肩及绕坝渗漏等现象的成因。     

基于三维渗流模拟的坝基渗漏和渗透稳定分析——以哇沿水库为例

水库坝基渗漏不但损失水库蓄水量,更重要的会引起大坝渗透变形失去稳定。应用三维地下水流数值模拟计算坝基渗漏量和分析渗透稳定,较好地解决了周边与底面边界的不规则问题和垂向上地层的非均质问题,提高了计算精度。以青海省哇沿水库为例,在充分分析水库坝基水文地质条件的基础上,建立了坝基渗漏三维地下水流数值模型,模拟了设置不同深度防渗墙时的渗漏量和坝后出溢段水力坡度。评价了大坝的渗透稳定性,为防止哇沿水库发生渗透变形,设置防渗墙深度应大于50m。当防渗墙深度为50m时,水库渗漏量为12 012m~3/d。     

宿鸭湖水库洼地段坝后渗水的形成机制及治理

宿鸭湖水库是一座综合利用的平原大型水库,经７５．８特大洪水考验后暴露出坝基修漏及渗透稳定等诸多工程地质问题,本文通过对多次勘察及水库观测资料的整理分析,对洼地段坝前后渗水的形成机制进行了论证,指出坝基粉质粘土（Ⅲ）的大孔隙结构与坝后排渗设施不完善,年久失修是该段坝后渗水的主要原因,并提出治理措施,建议被设计部门采纳,大坝经加固除险施工,水库运行１５年来证明,大坝安全,水库运行正常。     

千里堤强渗段坝基渗流量的计算与分析

通过对白洋淀千里堤坝基强渗段渗流水文地质条件和渗流监测数据的分析,确定坝基强渗段的渗流边界及坝基渗流量的计算方法,并采用分段法计算出了坝基强渗段的渗流量,分析淀水位、截渗沟水位与渗流量三者之间的相互关系,提出千里堤坝基渗流安全的主要影响因素及相应建议,为保障千里堤的安全稳定运行提供技术依据。     

乌金塘水库渗流安全评价

乌金塘水库位于辽宁省葫芦岛市,集防洪、城乡供水和养殖渔业为一体,该水库运行多年,存在诸多问题,针对水库主副坝的主坝坝基、坝体渗流现状和大坝渗流安全问题进行详细分析评价,分析结果可知:乌金塘水库主副坝防渗体及反滤排水设施比较完善,大坝渗流压力与渗流量变化的规律较为正常,水库主副坝运行多年来,并没有异常渗流现象发生。溢洪道底板与基础部位连接状况良好,在水库运行这么多年来从未发生渗漏现象;堰体抗滑稳定安全系数在堰基扬压力的作用下满足规范要求。     

某水库坝基渗透稳定性研究

某拟建高为22 m的混凝土重力坝坐落于第四系冰水堆积层之上。在大坝上下游水头差的作用下,产生库水渗漏。库水的大量漏失,不但可能使大坝蓄水达不到设计高程而影响工程效益,而且,水流的渗透作用还会导致地基岩（土）体的恶化,产生渗透破坏,影响大坝本身的安全。在现场调查基础上,用数值模拟方法评价了该水库在库内设置175 m长铺盖条件下的渗漏问题,计算了水库的渗流量、大坝基底的水力坡度。因其量值较大,必须在渗流出口处采取反滤层等工程措施,给相关部门提供设计依据和决策参考。     

Gypsum-karst problems in constructing dams in the USA

Gypsum is a highly soluble rock and is dissolved readily to form caves, sinkholes, disappearing streams, and other karst features that typically are also present in limestones and dolomites. Gypsum karst is widespread in the USA and has caused problems at several sites where dams were built, or where dam construction was considered. Gypsum karst is present (at least locally) in most areas where gypsum crops out, or is less than 30–60 m below the land surface. These karst features can compromise on the ability of a dam to hold water in a reservoir, and can even cause collapse of a dam. Gypsum karst in the abutments or foundation of a dam can allow water to pass through, around, or under a dam, and solution channels can enlarge quickly, once water starts flowing through such a karst system. The common procedure for controlling gypsum karst beneath the dam is a deep cut-off trench, backfilled with impermeable material, or a close-spaced grout curtain that hopefully will fill all cavities. In Oklahoma, the proposed Upper Mangum Dam was abandoned before construction, because of extensive gypsum karst in the abutments and impoundment area. Catastrophic failure of the Quail Creek Dike in southwest Utah in 1989 was due to flow of water through an undetected karstified gypsum unit beneath the earth-fill embankment. The dike was rebuilt, at a cost of US $12 million, with construction of a cut-off trench 600 m long and 25 m deep. Other dams in the USA with severe gypsum-karst leakage problems in recent years are Horsetooth and Carter Lake Dams, in Colorado, and Anchor Dam, in Wyoming.     

高密度电法在水库坝基无损检测中的应用

某坝基为砂卵石基础,其下为强风化基岩,坝基渗漏和左右岸绕坝渗漏是该水库坝基存在的主要地质问题。为此,采取了塑性混凝土防渗墙与双排帷幕灌浆相结合的综合防渗措施。为了检测水库坝基及塑性混凝土防渗墙施工质量,防止水库正常蓄水后发生渗漏,选用了高密度电法进行无损检测。工程采用温纳施伦贝尔法观测,分别采用5m和10m电极间距,电极数60个,剖面数16。依据5m和10m道距实测视电阻率剖面与反演结果的解释,对水库坝基和防渗墙的工程质量进行了评价,认为-25m桩号塑性混凝土防渗墙可能存在渗漏问题,-80m桩号对应一低阻异常,坝体可能存在渗漏通道;其余部位未发现明显异常。     

周边采煤活动对岳城水库库区大坝和坝基的渗流影响研究

岳城水库属于国家重点水库,同时库区及周边地下是典型的富煤区域,蕴藏着大量优质煤炭资源。为研究周边采煤活动对岳城水库库区大坝和坝基的渗流影响,文中以坝体作为研究对象,在上游建立一条安全限,通过控制大坝和坝基的有效保护边界来控制开采对浅地表造成的影响深度和影响远度。通过数值模拟,结果表明在上游水位159.1 m和下游水位105.0 m的作用下,只要开采影响范围距离岳城水库大坝2 000 m,开采就不会对大坝和坝基的渗透性变化产生影响;同时,也不会对坝肩的渗透性产生影响。     

地下水示踪技术在水库渗漏勘察中的应用

岩溶库区渗漏及坝基渗漏勘察往往需要投入大量人力财力和技术。给出了岩溶库区与坝基地下水渗漏勘察的3个实例,对典型岩溶库区渗漏进行的示踪试验表明,渗漏主要受库岸岩溶发育程度控制,水库蓄水水位剧烈变动成为诱发渗漏的主导因素,随着库区水位平稳及河流泥沙对库岸溶洞的淤填,渗漏会随之减弱。典型水库砂砾石坝基渗漏示踪试验显示,渗漏具有主渗通道。示踪成果为水库防渗加固治理提供重要依据。大型示踪试验是一项复杂的勘察工程,把握示踪试验过程与质量监控是取得成功的关键。      

Seepage problems in the right abutment of the Shahid Abbaspour dam, southern Iran

In this study, seepage phenomena through the right abutment of Shahid Abbaspour dam are investigated. The Shahid Abbaspour dam is a 200 m high arch dam, which regulates the waters of the Karun River, serves power generation, and flood control and irrigation needs. The dam site lies in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. This region presents continuous series of mainly of karstic limestone, marl, shale and gypsum ranging in age from Jurassic to Pliocene. The region has subsequently been folded and faulted. Seepage from the Shahid Abbaspour reservoir occurs mainly through the karstic limestone.The basic foundation treatment of the dam consisted of consolidation grouting, a high-pressure grout curtain and a drainage curtain. Moreover, a 144 m high and 30 m wide concrete cutoff wall was built to prevent reservoir seepage through a clay-filled fracture zone in the right abutment. The grout curtain penetrates the “Principal Vuggy Zone” only beneath the central portion of the dam and below the cutoff wall. In the right abutment fan curtains were constructed to reduce drainage flows, but the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrogeological studies have been carried out. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to monitor fluctuations in groundwater level. Besides these, water chemistry, dye tracer, pinhole and XRF tests have been carried out. As a result of these studies, seepage paths have been identified in the karstic limestone in the right abutment of the dam.     

房县深峪沟病险水库黏土心墙坝稳定性分析

以房县深峪沟病险水库黏土心墙坝为研究对象,对其渗流稳定和坝坡稳定性进行评估,目的是为加固设计提供参考。设计了校核洪水位、设计洪水位、正常蓄水位的稳定渗流计算,校核洪水位降到正常蓄水位、正常蓄水位降到死水位的非稳定流计算工况,其中正常蓄水位降到死水位的工况又设计了5种降速计算方案,利用自动搜索滑动面的Morgenstern-Price法计算了不同工况下的坝坡稳定性,分析发现：校核洪水位稳定渗流背水坡安全系数k＜1.15,不满足工程稳定性要求;设计洪水位和正常蓄水位工况,安全系数k＜1.25,不满足工程稳定性要求。校核洪水位到正常蓄水位的迎水坡满足k≥1.15的要求,背水坡不满足k≥1.15的要求;正常蓄水位到死水位迎水坡在设计的5种降速下均存在时间步不满足k≥1.25的要求,所以该水库属于病险库,需要加固处理     

Assessment of water seepage through a geologic barrier surrounding a large reservoir using groundwater levels, soil condition, and a numerical model

Though the geologic barrier surrounding a dam reservoir plays an important role in preventing water seepage to the outside of a reservoir, a detailed survey to assess bedrock conditions of the whole reservoir boundary is seldom performed when designing a dam. In this study, a variety of investigations and analyses have been conducted to reveal a seepage phenomenon through a reservoir boundary composed of highly fractured metamorphic rocks at the Daechung multipurpose dam. At the study site, groundwater levels at monitoring wells located close to a reservoir tend to change proportionally to reservoir water levels, usually with a rapid response time of 1 day or less. Soil moisture content also changes with respect to the reservoir water level, and the area where seepage from the reservoir is a possibility has a relatively high soil moisture content. The similarity of measured seepage rates at the outflow site and the seepage rate estimated by Darcy’s law suggests strong connectivity and high density of the fractures. The estimated seepage rate using a numerical model for the northernmost valley (Zone 1) is approximately 127.2 m³/day in the case of high reservoir water level and 24.3 m³/day in the case of low water level. Continuous monitoring to obtain time series data for water levels, quality, and bedrock displacement is recommended to assess the sustainable stability of this geologic barrier.