颗粒分选与有机质因子对复合指纹识别泥沙来源的影响

泥沙来源研究作为土壤侵蚀研究的关键内容之一,对水土保持措施的科学布设具有重要意义。复合指纹识别法是目前研究泥沙来源的较先进方法之一,在泥沙来源研究中具有较大的应用潜力。然而,颗粒分选作用对运用复合指纹识别法判别沉积物来源的准确性有重大影响。加之,有机质等代表的土壤属性（指纹因子）随颗粒分选在不同粒径范围发生富集或贫化也对源地的正确分类与贡献的准确估算有重要影响。因此,本文基于前人对复合指纹识别水力侵蚀泥沙来源的相关研究,总结侵蚀泥沙中指纹因子的富集或贫化、颗粒分选对指纹因子的颗粒粒径分布特征、指纹因子载体颗粒粒径范围选择、土壤团聚体对泥沙来源识别的影响、模型中颗粒分选和有机质因子的量化等方面的研究成果,明确颗粒分选和有机质因子对复合指纹识别泥沙来源的影响,有利于正确运用复合指纹识别法准确判定泥沙来源。     

黄河、长江泥沙特性对比分析*

通过对黄河、长江泥沙的粒度分析、矿物分析及石英包裹体分析,揭示了两大河流泥沙的差异性。黄河悬沙粗于长江而底沙比长江为细。重矿物组合中,黄河泥沙黑云母含量远高于长江,粘土矿物中蒙脱石含量约比长江多一倍。反映了两大河流水动力条件及泥沙源区的环境差异。石英包裹体分析,更反映了两大河流泥沙源区的成因环境,为区分河流泥沙来源提供了一种新的方法。     

新丰江水库消涨带岸坡侵蚀研究

水库消涨带是随水库水位涨落不时出没的库岸,坡面裸露,泥沙侵蚀强度大,生态环境恶劣.本研究采用野外定点观测方法,研究了新丰江水库消涨带花岗岩风化壳泥沙侵蚀机理,实测各类坡面的侵蚀模数,估算了总侵蚀量,并把塌岸与陆上花岗岩风化壳的崩岗和滑坡发生机理作比较.     

人类活动对鄱阳湖泥沙收支平衡的影响

以鄱阳湖流域内的赣江、抚河、信江、饶河和修水（五河）和鄱阳湖为研究对象,利用水文控制站的水文资料,分析了各流域内主要河流的入湖泥沙和鄱阳湖出湖泥沙特征,对鄱阳湖泥沙收支平衡进行了分析。结果表明：① 1955~2010年五河总入湖泥沙811.69 Mt,其中赣江（占59.7%）>信江（占13.7%）>修河（占10.2%）>抚河（占9.7%）>饶河（占6.7%）;② 径流量是影响入湖输沙量的最主要因素,入湖泥沙与入湖径流的季节特征一致;③ 水库的蓄水拦沙作用是五河入湖泥沙下降的主要原因,但水库对入湖泥沙的影响强度与水库库容和集水区的植被覆盖状况有关;植被覆盖变化对赣江、抚河、饶河和修河的入湖输沙量的影响明显;④ 1955~2010年,鄱阳湖总出湖泥沙560.10 Mt,其中1955~2000年出湖泥沙量呈降低趋势,但受鄱阳湖采砂影响,2001年以来出湖泥沙显著增加;丰水季长江水对鄱阳湖的顶托和倒灌,使出湖泥沙与出湖径流在时间上不同步;三峡工程的运行改变了（长）江（鄱阳）湖之间的水动力关系,长江倒灌泥沙显著减少;⑤ 受鄱阳湖采砂的影响,鄱阳湖泥沙平衡系统由净沉积转变为净侵蚀,1955~2000年入湖泥沙大于出湖泥沙,年均泥沙沉积约为1.41 mm;2001~2010年出湖泥沙大于入湖泥沙,加上采砂输出沙量,2001~2010年鄱阳湖泥沙净减少2 213.65 Mt。     

大型水库运行下内蒙古河道泥沙侵蚀淤积过程

 通过1954—2000年黄河泥沙资料分析,黄河内蒙古河段侵蚀淤积过程对上游水库运行的响应主要表现为:①盐锅峡和三盛公首先将黄河输沙能力由7.33 kg·m-3降为6.27 kg·m-3, 使内蒙古河道由自然淤积状态转变为侵蚀下切状态,小于0.1 mm泥沙侵蚀速率高于大于0.1 mm泥沙淤积速率,河道发生粗化现象;②）刘家峡和青铜峡水库将黄河输沙能力降为3.91 kg·m-3,促使黄河河道中大于0.01 mm泥沙淤积速率大于小于0.01 mm泥沙侵蚀速率,使内蒙古河道发生粗化淤积现象;③龙羊峡水库将黄河输沙能力进一步降为 3.48 kg·m-3,加剧黄河内蒙古河道淤积现象, 大于0.01 mm泥沙和小于0.01 mm泥沙均呈现出淤积状态,淤积速度与黄河上游无水库运作时的自然状态相似。     

粒度在沉积物物源判别中的运用

自然界中沉积物的组成和成因具有多样性。应用粒度方法可以区分、提取和判别沉积物中的各个组分。粒度方法主要有频率曲线和累积曲线分布法、数学函数组分提取法(包括Weibull分布函数拟合法、端元模型分析法、标准偏差法、粒度分维法等)和粒度参数判别公式法。综合应用上述方法可有效地判别出单一沉积物的物质来源或者复杂沉积物中的各个组分,而这些方法被前人广泛地应用于湖泊研究中,提取了过去的环境变化信息,也指导了作者在盐湖沉积中的研究工作。     

金沙江南流入红河的锆石U-Pb年龄谱物源示踪研究的质疑

Ping Kong等近期发表二篇文章,采用锆石U-Pb年龄谱物源示踪方法,研究得出古金沙江曾经石鼓南流入红河的结论,论文对此提出了质疑。测定U-Pb年龄谱的锆石粒度 0. 25 mm,比重4. 5 g/cm3左右,为推移质,该技术只适用于较短距离的无湖泊河流的物源示踪研究。将第四纪沉积物和现代河流泥沙的锆石U-Pb年龄谱与大区域岩层的进行对比,分析泥沙来源,研究金沙江河流演化的技术路线存在根本性的缺陷。     

党河水库入库径流量变化特征及趋势分析

根据党河沙枣园水文站历年观测数据,利用模比系数定级分类和波谱分析等方法,对党河水库入库径流的年际变化特征进行了分析研究,发现多年变化过程大致经历了3个枯水期、3个平水期和3个丰水期。如以10a为一个代表段来观察,50和60年代为枯水段,70和90年代为平水段,80年代为丰水段。总体而言,党河水库入库径流量枯水年、丰水年出现的机率大体相当,而平水年出现的机率相对较小。进一步分析发现,党河水库入库径流过程存在着2~3a、6a、10~11a和22a的变化周期,其中以6a、10~11a和3a的周期最为显著。这些周期的存在有明确的物理意义。在以上分析研究的基础上,采用灰色系统理论建立了残差序列周期修正GM(1,1)模型,对党河水库入库径流未来的变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明,本世纪开始的若干年内,随着天气系统的变化引起的祁连山区西部降水量的增加,党河水库入库径流量将呈现一个缓慢的上升趋势,预计这期间的年平均流量将略高于多年平均值。     

城镇库区水资源面源污染机制及保护对策研究

城镇水库农业面源污染是中国许多地区水库富营养化的主要源头。针对水库面源污染,采用SWAT模型进行了昆明松华坝水库的污染模拟分析,根据松华坝水库区内的地形、土地利用、土壤、气象、耕种施肥方式运用SWAT模型对松华坝水库的其农业面源污染N、P富营养化问题进行了模拟。模拟结果能够很好与观测实测值吻合,说明模拟具有较好的精度。结果表明,N、P的空间分布主要集中在松华坝水库的支流冷水河与牧羊河河岸沿线的农业区。根据此分布以及区内的农业特点提出了相应的水资源保护措施。     

同位素在风成沉积物物源判别中的运用

同位素示踪方法在风成沉积物物源研究领域应用较广泛,由于风成物质在风化、传输和沉降过程中其同位素地化特性不会发生变化,因此通过物源区和沉积区风成沉积物同位素组成的对比,相似同位素组成的地区可确定为物源区。同位素物源示踪的主要方法有石英颗粒的δ18O、硅酸盐部分的Sr-Nd组成、沉积物的Hf和Pb组成特征等。这些方法在中国西部盆地(如塔里木盆地)沙漠砂来源、黄土高原黄土物源(如柴达木盆地对黄土高原的物源贡献)等领域得到了广泛应用,取得了众多成果。     

Sediment‐budget modelling of multi‐sourced basin fills: application to recent deposits of the western Adriatic mud wedge (Italy)

We analysed modern mass‐accumulation patterns on the western Adriatic mud wedge (Italy), an elongated belt of shelf mud formed by coalesced prodeltas of the Adige, Po, and Apennine rivers, as part of an integrated strategy aimed at producing a quantitative sediment budget model for muddy continental shelves sourced by multiple compositionally distinct fluvial systems. Sediment provenance and source‐specific accumulation rates of surface sediments were quantified by combining results of grain‐size analysis and geochemical analysis of specific size fractions with bulk mass accumulation rates. Statistical classification algorithms adapted to compositional data were used to partition the total (geochemical) variation of sediment properties into size‐related and provenance‐specific factors. We identified geochemically distinct fluvial end‐member sediment types in two different grain‐size fractions, which were grouped into sediments derived from the Apennine rivers, and sediments derived from the Po and Adige rivers. Compositional fingerprints (end‐member compositions) of each source area were estimated by taking into account relative rates of fluvial sediment supply from rivers as predicted by numerical modelling. The end members allow us to explain geochemical compositional variation of mud‐wedge surface sediments in terms of provenance and size‐selective dispersal, and map mass accumulation rates of sediments from individual source areas (grain size<63 μm), as well as bulk sand accumulation rates (grain size>63 μm) across the western Adriatic mud wedge. The source‐specific rates of fine‐grained sediment supply derived from geostatistical estimates of mass‐accumulation rates were used to calibrate the numerical model of sediment supply to present‐day conditions.     

THE USE OF TRACERS TO STUDY SEDIMENT SOURCES IN THREE STREAMS IN NORTHEASTERN OREGON

This pilot study used sediment tracers to identify general source areas of channel bottom sediment within three tributaries of the Umatilla and upper Grande Ronde basins in northeastern Oregon. Land use in each stream was dominated by agriculture, logging, or grazing. The nuclear bomb-derived radionuclide ¹³⁷Cs, carbon, and nitrogen were used as tracers to fingerprint sediment sources. Sediment was collected from the stream bottom inside the active channels and compared to samples from the surface horizon and channel banks. Samples were processed to separate the <63 μm fraction and characterized on the basis of tracer concentrations. A simple mixing model was used to estimate the relative portion of channel bottom sediment derived from the surface horizon and channel banks. Calculations from the ¹³⁷Cs tracer indicated that channel banks accounted for 56%, 74%, and 93% of the bottom sediment in the three study drainages, although these figures have a high margin of error. ¹³⁷Cs proved unexpectedly useful in the identification of actively eroding alluvial deposits deposited since the mid-1950s in one study area, likely resulting from the floods of 1964 and 1965. [Key words: bank erosion, ¹³⁷Cs, sediment tracers, Columbia Basin, nonpoint sediment sources.]     

Sources of Sediment in Lake Pepin on the Upper Mississippi River in Response to Holocene Climatic Changes

Sediments from Lake Pepin on the Mississippi River, southeastern Minnesota, are used as provenance tracers to assess variations in hydrology and sediment-transport during the middle Holocene. Three rivers contribute sediment to Lake Pepin, and each catchment is characterized by a distinctly different geologic terrain. The geochemical fingerprint for each drainage basin was determined from the elemental composition of heavy minerals in the silt-sized fraction of modern sediment samples. Down-core elemental abundances were compared with these fingerprints by use of a chemical-mass-balance model that apportions sediment to the source areas. We observed a decreased contribution from the Minnesota River during the interval ~6700–5500 ¹⁴C yr BP, which we attribute to decreased discharge of the Minnesota River, likely controlled by a combination of precipitation, snow melt, and groundwater input to the river. This hydrologic condition coincides with the mid-Holocene prairie period recorded by fossil pollen data. The occurrence of this feature in a proxy record for hydrologic variations supports the hypothesis that the mid-Holocene prairie period reflects drier conditions than before or after in midwestern North America.     

基于遗传算法和图论法的生态安全格局构建与优化——以武汉市为例

以武汉市为例,通过分析生态系统服务价值、生态敏感性、景观连通性及生态需求识别武汉市陆地和水域生态源地,利用遗传算法获取最优生态源地。在此基础上,利用最小累积阻力模型（MCR）分别提取陆地和水域生态廊道,将生态源地与生态廊道叠加构建2017年武汉市生态安全格局。研究表明：2017年武汉市生态源地总面积约为1 917.342 km²,其中陆地和水域生态源地面积分别为780.217 km²和1 137.125 km²;利用遗传算法识别的最优陆地和水域生态源地分别为65和32个,所提取的生态廊道总长度为2 305.37 km,其中陆地和水域生态廊道长度分别为1 497.86 km和807.51 km;武汉市生态安全格局呈现“三横、三纵、三团簇”特征。此外,分别新增了8个陆地和水域生态垫脚石及5个生态源地,运用图论法对比优化前后相关指标,发现优化后可构建更完善的生态安全格局,优化方案可行。该生态安全格局构建与优化方法可为高速发展的大都市的生态安全格局研究提供更科学的参考。     

Suspended sediment source fingerprinting in a small tropical catchment and some management implications

The targeting of sediment management strategies is a key requirement in developing countries because of the limited resources available. Such targeting is, however, hampered by the lack of reliable information on catchment sediment sources. This paper reports the results of using a quantitative composite fingerprinting technique to estimate the relative importance of the primary potential sources within the upper Kaleya catchment (63 km²) in southern Zambia. During the study period (1997–9), the load-weighted mean relative contributions to the sediment load sampled at the catchment outlet were in the order: commercial cultivation (2.0%), bush grazing (17.1%), channel banks/gullies (17.2%) and communal cultivation (63.7%). Although influenced by the timing of sediment sample collection, these results are judged to provide a meaningful assessment of sediment sources in the Kaleya catchment. They indicate that improved environmental management strategies for the study area must be comprehensive and need to reduce surface erosion and hillslope/channel connectivity in areas of bush grazing and both communal and commercial cultivation and to control gully development.     

基于道路交叉点邻域扩张曲线的城市边界识别——以成都、西安、武汉、南京和长沙为例

城市边界识别是定性和定量研究城市的基础和前提,已有的关于城市边界提取的研究大都需要提前设定阈值或依赖人口统计数据。基于分形几何学,利用矢量建筑物分布数据识别城市边界,虽可克服这一缺陷,但国内城市边界的研究往往受阻于矢量建筑物分布数据获取困难。本文提出了一种基于道路交叉点的邻域扩张曲线作为识别城市边界的新方法。结果表明：该方法以电子地图为数据源,基于道路交叉点矢量数据进行研究时,城市集群数据随搜索半径增大而改变,城市扩张曲线中的最佳距离阈值是提取城市边界的关键;提取成都、西安、武汉、南京和长沙城市边界的最佳距离阈值分别为133、114、139、124和129 m,各城市的集群面积分别为769、350、270、317和359 km²。利用道路交叉点提取城市边界,方法简便可行,数据较易获得,本文结论有望为城市形态发展演变和城市规划等相关研究提供参考。     

Changing of the guards: Detrital zircon provenance tracking sedimentological reorganization of a post-Gondwanan rift margin

Understanding the development of sedimentary systems during continental rifting is important for tracking environmental change and lithospheric processes. Conceptual models have been developed for the sourcing, routing and facies architecture of sediments in rift-settings, driven in part by quantitative sediment tracking. Here, we present laser ablation split-stream detrital zircon U/Pb geochronology and Hf-isotopes for post-rift (Cretaceous-Paleogene) clastic sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) wells and Plio-Pleistocene palaeoshoreline material, from the southern margin of Australia. Provenance results are contextualized through comparison with well-characterized source regions and regional pre- and syn-rift sediment reservoirs to track changes associated with Australia-Antarctica separation during East Gondwana break-up. The provenance character of the post-rift sediments studied are distinct from pre-existing sediment reservoirs and demonstrate termination of previously stable sediment routing systems and a dominance of local basement of the Proterozoic Madura and Coompana provinces (~1.2 Ga and CHUR-like Hf-signatures; Moodini Supersuite) in offshore ODP wells. A composite post-rift Cretaceous?-Eocene sample in the easternmost well expresses characteristic Phanerozoic zircon age signatures associated with source regions in eastern Australia that are interpreted to reflect inversion in the Ceduna Sub-basin to the east. Detrital zircon signatures in Plio-Pleistocene palaeoshoreline sediment are also relatively distinct, indicating derivation from coastal erosion in the Leeuwin Complex (~0.5 and 0.7 Ga subchondritic grains) and Albany–Fraser Orogen (~1.2 Ga subchondritic grains) several hundred, to over a thousand kilometers to the west. Collectively, results highlight the fundamental geological processes associated with rifting that dramatically change the character of sediment provenance via (a) isolation of pre-existing primary and secondary sources of detritus, (b) development of new source regions in basin compartmentalized highs and localized fault scarps, and (c) establishment of marine and coastal currents that redefine clastic sediment transport.     

黄河下游河道萎缩对冲淤临界的影响

通过实测年系列水沙资料分析,运用统计分析方法,按照非萎缩期(1950~1985年)和萎缩期(1986~1999年)两个时期,分别得到黄河下游河道的冲淤临界值。对于年沙量、>0.05mm年粗沙量、年均含沙量、年均粗泥沙含沙量、年均来沙系数而言,冲淤临界值均有不同程度减小。这意味着河道萎缩后,由于输沙功能减弱,在年沙量、>0.05mm年粗沙量、年均含沙量、年均粗沙含量、年均来沙系数处于比非萎缩期更低的水平时,下游河道就有可能出现淤积,从而使得控制河道淤积抬高变得更为困难,使河道防洪面临新的问题。     

Fractionation of grain size in terrestrial sediment routing systems

Sediment is fractionated by size during its cascade from source to sink in sediment routing systems. It is anticipated, therefore, that the grain size distribution of sediment will undergo down‐system changes as a result of fluvial sorting processes and selective deposition. We assess this hypothesis by comparing grain size statistical properties of samples from within the erosional source region with those that have undergone different amounts of transport. A truncated Pareto distribution describes well the coarser half of the clast size distribution of regolith, coarse channel bed sediment and proximal debris flows (particularly their levees), as well as the coarser half of the clast size distribution of gravels that have undergone considerable amounts of transport in rivers. The Pareto shape parameter a evolves in response to mobilization, sediment transport and, importantly, the selective extraction of particles from the surface flow to build underlying stratigraphy. A goodness of fit statistic, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov vertical difference, illustrates the closeness of the observed clast size distributions to the Pareto, Weibull and log‐normal models as a function of distance from the depositional apex. The goodness of fit of the particle size distribution of regolith varies with bedrock geology. Bedload sediment at catchment outlets is fitted well by the log‐normal and truncated Pareto models, whereas the exponential Weibull model provides a less good fit. In the Eocene Escanilla palaeo‐sediment routing system of the south‐central Pyrenees, the log‐normal and truncated Pareto models provide excellent fits for distances of up to 80 km from the depositional apex, whereas the Weibull fit progressively worsens with increasing transport distance. A similar trend is found in the Miocene–Pliocene gravels of the Nebraskan Great Plains over a distance of >300 km. Despite the large fractionation in mean grain size and gravel percentage from source region to depositional sink, particle size distributions therefore appear to maintain log‐normality over a wide range of transport distance. Use of statistical models enables down‐system fractionation of sediment released from source regions to be better understood and predicted and is a potentially valuable tool in source‐to‐sink approaches to basin analysis.