基于多时相Landsat TM/ETM的阿尼玛卿山冰川变化监测

采用遥感及地理信息系统技术,利用多时相Landsat TM/ETM影像和数字高程模型(SRTMDEM),结合中国冰川目录,获得阿尼玛卿山地区不同年份的冰川范围,进行冰川变化监测。综合分析该冰川的变化情况,计算冰川进退变化速率,并对其中4个变化较大的冰川进行详细的分析统计。结果表明:从1991年至2009年,阿尼玛卿山地区既有退缩冰川也有前进冰川,其中冰川退缩面积为15.30km2,前进面积为4.46km2。总体面积持续退缩,其中退缩最大的冰川长度缩短了900m,其它冰川也存在不同程度的变化。     

基于遥感和GIS的洪水坝河流域冰川变化研究

以洪水坝河流域为例,利用1956年的地形图和2003年的ASTER遥感影像及数字高程模型,在GIS的支持下对两期数据进行统计分析,结果表明:近47年来,洪水坝河流域冰川面积减少了14.04%,长度退缩了17.28%,储量减少了2.26%。研究认为,气温显著升高是洪水坝河流域冰川快速萎缩的主要原因。在和祁连山地区、西藏以及天山地区的冰川进行对比后,发现研究区冰川消融的速率介于三地之间,初步推测是由研究区所在区域的气候和自身属性共同作用的结果。     

2004-2015年祁连山脉东部冷龙岭冰川遥感监测

针对祁连山脉东部冷龙岭地区的冰川变化情况,该文利用SPOT4、WorldView-1/2、ADS80、SPOT6等高分辨率遥感数据,分析了冷龙岭(甘肃境内)在2004、2011和2015年的冰川分布和变化规律.结果表明:①冷龙岭共有冰川31条,以山谷冰川和悬冰川为主;②在2004-2011年间,研究区域的冰川退缩速率为3.11(％·a1);2011-2015年,退缩速率减缓为0.72(％·a-1);③研究区域冰川最高和最低海拔的高差由2004年的451.6 m减小为2015年的331.2 m,其中35°坡以上冰川面积减少最快,0～67.5°朝向的冰川面积减少最多.     

卫星重力与光学遥感组合的念青唐古拉山脉冰川变化分析

利用GRACE(gravity recovery and climate experiment)和GRACE-FO重力卫星数据,反演了2002年8月至2020年4月间念青唐古拉山脉冰川质量变化,并结合光学遥感技术对念青唐古拉山脉西段冰川面积和储量变化进行估计.结果表明:①研究时段内念青唐古拉山脉冰川整体呈退缩趋势,2013年之后消融速度有所增加.②通过与夏季温度变化和降水异常对比,能够发现温度变化与冰川消融曲线相关性较好,降水在研究时段内持续减少,说明温度升高和降水减少是念青唐古拉山脉冰川质量常年亏损的主要原因.③念青唐古拉山脉西段冰川面积2003—2017年间共减少了72.30 km2,年均减少速率为5.16 km2/a,海拔5600～5800 m区间内冰川面积退缩最为明显.④卫星重力和光学遥感技术协同应用可以优势互补,既能快速定位变化剧烈的区域,又能对冰川信息进行精准提取,从而实现从大范围到小区域的多尺度监测.目前,两种技术联合应用方面仍存在一些不足,有待进一步研究.     

塔里木盆地绿洲与沙质荒漠演化遥感研究

以叶城地区为例,采用1975、2000、2007年和2014年遥感数据作为数据源,应用“3S”技术,分析了绿洲化及沙质荒漠化的空间特征及重心迁移趋势。结果表明:(1)近40 a间,绿洲面积从1975年的977.76 km2增加到2014年的1 170.85 km2;沙质荒漠化面积从1975年的444.12 km2减少到2007年的325.85 km2,到2014年再增加到463.69 km2。(2)绿洲退缩区面积25.46 km2,扩张区的面积218.41 km2,绿洲存在着一定的扩张趋势;沙质荒漠化退缩区面积209.61 km2,扩张区面积266.63 km2,沙质荒漠化基本稳定且有较小的扩张。(3)绿洲重心向东南方向迁移1.632 1 km,同时,沙质荒漠化先向东北再向西南迁移9.499 3 km。近40 a间叶城地区绿洲扩张,沙质荒漠化先退缩后扩张。     

基于RS和GIS技术提取木孜塔格峰冰川面积变化

为了研究木孜塔格峰区域1977年—2001年的冰川变化情况,本文发挥RS和GIS的技术优势,基于EN-VI、ERDAS遥感软件平台和ArcGIS地理信息系统平台,利用Landsat MSS、ETM卫星遥感影像提取了研究区1977—2001年的冰川面积变化,研究结果表明该区域的冰川在这24年中面积减少了12.678km2。最后对本区域冰川的变化特点进行了分析,认为该区域冰川整体呈现缓慢退缩趋势,并得出气温对该区域冰川面积变化产生了主导作用。     

2005～2015年新疆冰川与常年积雪变化监测研究

以2015年新疆维吾尔自治区第一次全国地理国情普查成果为基础,以覆盖新疆的2005年遥感影像数据为数据源,利用行业专题数据,采用遥感影像解译、数据编辑与整理、统计分析等技术与方法,实现新疆冰川与常年积雪分布及变化信息的快速、准确获取,通过统计分析对新疆冰川与常年积雪近10 a的变化状况进行了分析,结果表明2005～2015年新疆冰川与常年积雪总面积减少了1 945 km2,年均退缩率为8.06%。     

基于Sentinel-2影像的巴尔托洛冰川冰面湖研究

冰面湖是冰川的重要组成部分,是冰川消融的指示器,不仅对全球气候变化响应迅速,而且对了解和掌握区域水资源信息意义重大。本文基于Sentinel-2遥感数据,利用随机森林算法,对巴尔托洛冰川冰面湖进行识别提取,并基于提取结果分析研究区冰面湖的空间分布特征,以及冰面湖面积、数量与冰川高程的关系。本文冰面湖提取的准确率达96.07%,完整率达92.18%,错误率为11.59%;识别出巴尔托洛冰川冰面湖567个,面积为249.46～37 134 m²;冰面湖多分布在距冰川末端3～26 km处,其中海拔3800～4300 m之间冰面湖数量最多,面积普遍较大,平均面积为1922 m²;随着高程的升高,冰面湖的数量和面积逐渐减少,在高程5300 m以上冰面湖数量仅为15个,平均面积为356 m²;高程升高导致冰面温度降低,是冰面湖数量和面积骤减的主要原因。     

青藏高原近30年来现代冰川面积的遥感调查

以1960~1970年间1∶10万比例尺地形图、1975年MSS数据和2000年前后ETM数据为信息源,采用现代遥感技术,按自然山系对青藏高原现代冰川面积进行调查,基本查明了各山系内现有冰川的面积以及近30 a来冰川面积减少的数量:青藏高原现有冰川面积46 887.23 km2,减少了3 941.68 km2,年均减少131.4 km2。     

利用OICC-SBAS技术提取岗普冰川表面流速时空变化特征

本文利用Sentinel-2数据,通过光学影像互相关技术(OICC),并借鉴小基线集(SBAS)思路,提取并分析了岗普冰川2015—2022年时序表面运动速度及时空变化特征。结果表明：岗普冰川表面流速存在明显的空间差异性,流速高值主要集中在上游的物质积累区,该区域形变特征复杂,年最高流速为82.5 m/a;冰川主体流速整体波动较小,位于40～50 m/a之间;时间特征上,冰川在研究时段内流速较为稳定,年际之间流速相差不大;利用东西向和南北向偏移量获取的最终偏移方向,与冰川实际流动方向相符,选取的稳定区域的偏移量误差仅占冰川最大流速的0.04%～0.7%,证实了冰川时序表面流速结果的可靠性。     

Deformation in the Guerrero seismic gap, Mexico, from leveling observations

 The Pacific coast of Guerrero state in Mexico is recognized as the `Guerrero seismic gap', with a high probability of producing a large subduction earthquake (M > 8). A study of the vertical surface deformation was undertaken to understand the interseismic process of elastic strain accumulation. Four leveling lines were installed in the states of Guerrero and Michoacán. Starting in 1995, several high-accuracy leveling surveys have been carried out on those profiles once every year. The vertical uplift rate across the Guerrero coastal region, as determined through the changes in repeated leveling surveys, suggests the accumulation of elastic strain at both ends of the gap. In contrast, the sense of tilting in the middle of the gap is opposite to that observed at the ends and suggests significant changes in the geometry of the locked zone and perhaps even slow strain release. Received: 24 February 2000 / Accepted: 23 August 2000     

Drainage Analysis in a Part of the Brahmaputra Valley in Sivasagar District, Assam, India, to Detect the Role of Neotectonic Activity

An analysis of the drainage network of a part of Sivasagar district, Assam, India, is undertaken to reveal the role of neotectonic activity of the area. A number of fluvial geomorphic anomalies have been identified in the area. A prominent annular drainage anomaly is displayed by the major rivers—the Dikhu, Jhanzi, Namdang, Dorika and Disang, whose courses are carved in response to the ongoing tectonic deformation in the area. This study reveals that the development of topography and drainage system of the study area have been influenced by active subsurface geological structures. Formation of paleochannels, compressed meanders, reticulate streams, swamps, sagging of grounds, stream alignments, lineaments, knick points and abandonment of rivers as well as development of smaller drainage anomalies also substantiate the active nature of the subsurface structures.     

Understanding the interplay between bus,metro, and cab ridership dynamics in Shenzhen,China

The most common mass transit modes in metropolitan cities include buses, subways, and taxicabs, each of which contribute to an interconnected complex network that delivers urban dwellers to their destinations. Understanding the intertwined usages of these three transit modes at different places and time allows for better sensing of urban mobility and the built environment. In this article, we leverage a comprehensive data collection of bus, metro, and taxicab ridership from Shenzhen, China to unveil the spatio‐temporal interplay between different mass transit modes. To achieve this goal, we develop a novel spectral clustering framework that imposes spatio‐temporal similarities between mass transit mode usage in urban space and differentiates urban spaces associated with distinct ridership patterns of mass transit modes. Five resulting categories of urban spaces are identified and interpreted with auxiliary knowledge of the city's metro network and land‐use functionality. In general, different categorized urban spaces are associated with different accessibility levels (such as high‐, medium‐, and low‐ranked) and different urban functionalities (such as residential, commercial, leisure‐dominant, and home–work balanced). The results indicate that different mass transit modes cooperate or compete based on demographic and socioeconomic attributes of the underlying urban environments. Our proposed analytical framework provides a novel and effective way to explore the mass transit system and the functional heterogeneity in cities. It demonstrates great potential for assisting policymakers and municipal managers in optimizing public transportation facility allocation and city‐wide daily commuting distribution.     

全站仪自由设站法在露天矿开采、剥离、施工测量中的方法探索

露天矿采场开采随着采掘工作的进展,露天矿中大部分的地形、地貌经常性地变化;而设在露天矿采场上的测量工作控制点经常被破坏。为了满足露天矿采场开采过程中对测量工作的要求;采用全站仪自由设站法,完善了露天矿采场掘进、施工放样,需要不断的补设测量工作控制点的应用;摸索出一种全站仪自由设站法应用于露天矿采场开采过程中建立工作控制点的方法;进行了理论上和实践上的试验,达到了预期精度效果,解决了全站仪自由设站法在露天矿采场进行测量工作控制点补充的测量方法问题。     

British military education,mapmaking, and military 'map-mindedness' in the later Enlightenment

Abstract

The Military Institution at Madras (1804–16) illustrates the centrality of surveying and mapping to late Enlightenment concepts of 'military science' and thus their centrality to the education of junior officers beyond the rudiments of military lore and drill. Pragmatically, the institution's field mapping exercises were used to provide basic topographic maps for south-east India (the Carnatic); the institution's students were also intended to serve after graduation on survey duty elsewhere in southern India. Intellectually, mapmaking was held to epitomise the 'scientific spirit' which military reformers desired to inculcate in the young ensigns: it combined mathematical and logical thought (theory) with concrete military results (practice). These last points underlie the conceptual issues of the early nineteenth-century militarisation of government cartography in Europe and the increasing 'map-mindedness' of military thinkers.     

Correlation between photolinears and the movement of groundwater in the Lonavala area,Pune district,Maharashtra

The study of the photolinears and the groundwater flow directions in the Lonavala area of the Pune distrtict suggests the relationship between these two parameters. In the western part of the Lonavala area the groundwater flow lines are running along a dark toned linear trending N 20° - 30°W. This linear is a fracture controlled linear valley covered by dense vegetation which is supported by the groundwater channelised along this linear. The higher specific capacities of the dugwells situated along the trend of this linear also suggest the movement of groundwater along the linear.     

Seasonal Motion in the Annapolis, Maryland GPS Monument

The permanent GPS tracking site at Annapolis, MD shows a 7-mm seasonal signal primarily in its horizontal position. It is suggested that thermal expansion of the pier on which the antenna rests is the source of this motion. A simple numerical model of the pier reproduces the observed motion of the GPS antenna, lending credence to this hypothesis. Although adding an additional level of complexity, this motion is predictable and the site retains it s value for high precision monitoring. Although the arrangement of this GPS site it somewhat uncommon, these results emphasize the importance of the underlying antenna monumentation when measuring crustal motions. ? 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Procedures for woody vegetation surveys in the Kazgail rural council area,Kordofan, Sudan

Efforts to reforest parts of the Kordofan Province of Sudan are receiving support from international development agencies. These efforts include planning and implementing reforestation activities that require the collection of natural resources and socioeconomic data, and the preparation of base maps. A combination of remote sensing, geographic information system and global positioning systems procedures are used in this study to meet these requirements.

Remote sensing techniques were used to provide base maps and to guide the compilation of vegetation resources maps. These techniques provided a rapid and efficient method for documenting available resources. Pocket‐sized global positioning system units were used to establish the location of field data collected for mapping and resource analysis. A microcomputer data management system tabulated and displayed the field data. The resulting system for data analysis, management, and planning has been adopted for the mapping and inventory of the Gum Belt of Sudan.     

Evaluation of the spatial changes in seagrass cover in the lagoons of Lakshadweep islands,India, using IRS LISS III satellite images

A study was conducted in Lakshadweep islands to determine the feasibility of using Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for detecting changes in the seagrass from other coastal features. IRS ID and IRS P6 LISS III having spatial resolution of 23.5 m with lower cost compared to all other contemporary satellites with the same spatial resolution have not been widely used for monitoring the changes in seagrass cover. In this context, the present study attempted to explore the effectiveness of LISS III data for mapping seagrasses and to inform the international community about the usefulness of these low-cost imageries for coastal resource monitoring. Supervised classification and change detection studies found a significant decrease in seagrass cover of 73.03 ha in the Lakshadweep group of islands. An overall accuracy of 67.5% was obtained for the change maps, and seagrass cover and its changes vary at different islands.