循环荷载下加筋砾性土填料的动三轴试验分析

为探究循环动载作用下加筋砾性土填料的动力特性,在不同加筋层数和围压下对加筋砾性土进行了固结不排水动三轴试验,研究加筋层数和围压对加筋砾性土动力特性的影响,并进一步分析了加筋砾性土轴向累积应变发展机制。研究表明:加筋层数增加时,轴向累积应变减小,回弹模量增大,且加筋作用的影响幅度逐渐衰减;增大围压时,土体轴向累积应变减小,回弹模量和动孔压均随之增大;随着加筋层数和振次的增加,滞回曲线逐渐向应力轴靠近,滞回圈面积逐渐减小,土体耗能作用减弱。基于安定理论和间接影响带理论,揭示了加筋作用对轴向累积应变发展的影响机制。建立了能够反映加筋层数的加筋砾性土轴向累积应变预测模型,其条件参数a、b、g与加筋层数呈线性关系,可有效预测循环荷载下加筋砾性土路基沉降变形规律。     

麦秸秆加筋石灰固化盐渍土的破坏形态分析

土的破坏形态是其受力大小与状态的综合反映,也是其内部结构变化的宏观体现。对比分析了不同养护时间、布筋方式和围压下的盐渍土、麦秸秆加筋盐渍土、石灰固化土、麦秸秆加筋石灰固化土试样的三轴剪切破坏形态。结果显示:①盐渍土和麦秸秆加筋盐渍土均呈塑性破坏。其中,盐渍土呈典型的"鼓胀"破坏;受到加筋的约束,加筋土的横向变形小于盐渍土的。②养护前期,石灰同化土和麦秸秆加筋石灰固化土均呈塑性破坏;养护后期,均呈脆性破坏。麦秸秆加筋石灰同化土的破裂面较石灰固化土的不规则,没有类似石灰同化土的对称性破裂块。③低围压下,加筋土的约束力主要来自筋土间的摩阻力,土的破裂纹形态较高围压下的复杂。高围压下,约束力来自筋土摩阻力和围压的共同作用。④麦秸秆的加筋作用可有效地约束和阻止裂纹的发生和扩展。分区布筋时,土样的破坏主要发生于未加筋部位。麦秸秆和石灰共同加筋固化能有效地提高土的抗变形能力,是改善滨海盐渍土的一种可行的处理方法。     

水平-竖向加筋饱和砂土动弹性模量试验研究

利用美国GCTS公司研制的USTX-2000全自动非饱和土/饱和土动三轴仪,在不同围压下对以有机玻璃作加筋材料的H-V加筋饱和砂土进行了一系列循环荷载下动三轴试验,研究了H-V加筋饱和砂动弹性模量及阻尼比随围压、动应变、竖筋高度的变化规律,从而得到最大动弹性模量与围压的关系。试验表明,纯砂和加筋砂的动弹性模量都随动弹性应变幅的增大而减小,随围压的增大而增大,且H-V加筋砂较纯砂和水平加筋砂有效地增大了动弹性模量,并随着竖筋高度增加而增大;纯砂和加筋砂的最大动弹性模量随着围压的增大而增大,且H-V加筋随竖筋高度增加而增大;纯砂和加筋砂的阻尼比随动弹性应变幅的增大而增大,纯砂和H-V加筋砂的阻尼比随围压的变化不够显著,但有减小的趋势,H-V加筋砂阻尼比随竖筋高度的变化不明显,但加筋砂比纯砂有效地减小了阻尼比。     

加筋膨胀土不同布筋型式三轴试验研究

基于三轴试验方法,对不同布筋方式的加筋膨胀土试样的强度特性和变形过程进行研究。室内三轴试验表明,非均匀加筋型式较适合低围压、变形小的加筋土体工程;高围压、大变形的加筋土体工程采用均匀布筋型式将会取得较好的效果。试样变形过程表明,加筋试样随着轴压的增加,将会形成多鼓状变形,并且中间土体最终变形将超过端部土体变形;该变形过程可较好地解释加筋挡土墙随着时间和外部荷载的作用出现中间部分突出的现象。试验结果对加筋土体施工将会起到一定的指导意义。     

圆柱孔破损膨胀土强度和变形特性的CT-三轴试验研究

通过8组不同孔径破损膨胀土的CT-三轴试验,研究了圆柱孔破损重塑膨胀土的变形、强度特性以及破损结构的演化规律。试验结果表明：圆柱孔破损对膨胀土的强度有明显的弱化作用,但破损孔径大小的影响不大。吸力一定时,圆柱孔面积变化随着净围压的增加而减小;净围压相同时,吸力大的试样圆柱孔面积减少得越大。净围压在破损重塑膨胀土结构演化中发挥重要作用,随着净围压从50 kPa增加到200 kPa,CT图像的均值（ME值）提高幅度增大,试样内部的平均密度变大;相应地,CT图像的标准差（SD值）降低的幅度也增大,试样结构趋于均匀化。     

加筋土动弹性模量的动三轴试验研究

用DDS-70动三轴仪研究了加筋土的动弹性模量,着重研究了动弹性模量随围压、密实度和加筋层数的影响。研究表明：加筋土试样动应力-应变关系曲线符合双曲线模型;加筋土动弹性模量和应变相关曲线与纯粉土的有关曲线相似;加筋土试样的动弹性模量随应力水平的增长而降低;在相同的动应力水平下,随围压、初始干密度的增大而增大。动弹性模量随动应变的增加而减小,其变化呈指数衰减。加筋土的最大动弹性模量与筋体自身性质、围压和土体的密实程度有关。     

稻壳灰加筋土力学性能研究

稻壳灰与土体混合应用,一方面废弃资源再利用,环保,又可增强土体强度。通过三轴试验,研究不同比例稻壳灰混合黏土及其加筋土应力?应变性能、强度特性以及不同应变水平下模量、偏应力及加筋强度比等土体变化特征。试验结果表明,随稻壳灰比例增加,混合土最大干密度显著减小,最优含水率显著增加。添加不同比例稻壳灰对加筋土抗剪强度有较大影响,10%～15%稻壳灰比例下,加筋稻壳灰混合土初始切线模量和应力峰值达到最大,抗剪强度较优。与土工织物加筋稻壳灰混合土相比,土工格栅加筋稻壳灰混合土偏应力及抗剪强度更大,土工格栅层数对土体抗剪强度增大效果更明显,对应的应力?应变曲线拐点也更突出。试样弹性模量与稻壳灰比例及筋材种类、层数有关,加入稻壳灰后,土体弹性模量增长显著,土工格栅加筋稻壳灰混合土较优比例下可增加1.5倍多,稻壳灰及筋材均能有效提高土体强度。随加筋层数增加,稻壳灰混合土加筋强度比明显增大,与围压关系较小。     

Pressure–settlement characteristics of rectangular footings on reinforced sand

A method has been proposed to obtain the pressure–settlement characteristics of rectangular footings resting on reinforced sand based on constitutive laws of soils. The confining effect of the reinforcement provided in the soil at different layers has been incorporated in the analysis by considering the equivalent stresses generated due to friction at the soil– reinforcement interface. The prerequisite of the method is the value of ultimate bearing capacity, which can be obtained from the approaches already available in literature. The value of settlement may be read directly from pressure–settlement curves for the given pressure intensity. Therefore, the rectangular footing resting on reinforced sand can be proportioned satisfying shear failure and settlement criteria.     

加筋红土的广义等效围压和极限平衡条件

从加筋土体中筋材的作用相当于等效围压的概念出发，提出了一般加筋土体广义等效围压的概念。基于加筋前后土体达到相同强度的围压差，建立起包含传统等效围压的广义等效围压计算式；根据加筋土体仍然服从于莫尔-库仑强度理论，引入两个加筋指数?，? 来反映筋材对土体抗剪强度的影响，建立起包含传统极限平衡关系的加筋土体极限平衡条件；并讨论了不同排水条件和筋材性质对加筋指数的影响。红土加柔性筋材试验结果表明，不同排水条件下，? 基本接近于1；? 随排水条件而变化，完全排水条件下的? 大于1，完全不排水条件下的? 小于1。固结不排水条件下的? 有时大于1，有时小于1，可能与加筋层数和筋材性质有关；加筋红土在完全排水条件下的广义等效围压为正，在完全不排水条件和固结不排水条件加筋层数较少时的广义等效围压为负；? 和广义等效围压都随加筋层数的增加而增大。     

加筋黄土变形和强度特性的三轴试验研究

用三轴压缩试验方法研究了土工合成材料加筋黄土的应力—应变及强度特性,探讨了在各种不同加筋方式和围压下加筋机理。结果表明,加筋可以增加土体破坏时的轴向应变和土体的抗拉能力,减小土的侧向变形;试验结果发现,并不是加筋层数越多越有利于土体的稳定,而是表现为加筋土的强度与布筋位置和层间距有一定的关系;同时,分析和解释了未加筋土的变形破坏和筋材在土体剪切破坏过程中的阻裂机理。试验研究得出了在土体中部加筋是最经济合理的布筋方式。     

Axial stress–strain relation of encapsulated granular column

The axial stress–strain relations of embedded granular columns encapsulated with flexible reinforcement were evaluated using an analytical procedure based on the cavity expansion method. This proposed method has firstly been verified through an experimental triaxial test on a reinforced sand specimen. A normalized relation was established between the volumetric change and the axial strain of soil to enable the analysis of granular material behavior under a continuous increase in lateral pressure. The analytical results show that the reinforced granular columns embedded in clay behave differently from granular columns subjected only to a constant confining pressure. It is found that reinforcing a column with a sleeve at the top portion will be adequate to prevent the column from bulging and also improve its load carrying capacity. The optimum skirting length that a sleeve can deter a granular column from bulging depends on the characteristics of the in situ soil and the stiffness and yield strength of the sleeve.     

Behaviour of Cellular Reinforced Sand Under Triaxial Loading Conditions

Cellular reinforcement is a three dimensional reinforcement used for reinforced soil structures. Behaviour of such reinforcement is important for its use in actual practice. Present paper focuses on the behavior of cellular reinforcement in sand under the triaxial loading conditions. Series of triaxial tests are performed on unreinforced and reinforced sand with single layer as well as double layers of cellular reinforcements with 75 mm sample diameter. Six different reinforcement heights of cellular reinforcements (varying from 3 to 50 mm) are used along with one sheet reinforcement of thickness 1 mm. From the experimental failure patterns of the triaxial samples, multiple zones of failure are observed as an effect of cellular reinforcement. Deviator stress–strain curves are studied for single and double layers of cellular reinforcement under three different confining pressures. Peak deviator stress is found increasing with increasing height of cellular reinforcement, which shows the confining effect of cellular reinforcement. Shear strength parameters are evaluated and are found increasing with increase in height of cellular reinforcement, also cellular reinforcement with heights 10 mm and more have showed increased shear strength parameters, as compared to 1 mm thick sheet reinforcement. This assures better behavior performance of cellular reinforcement over the planar one. Failure patterns are also visualized by finite element analysis and found in accord with experimental observations Horizontal displacement for reinforced samples visualized multi-zoned failure pattern. Finite element results for deviator stress–strain relationship are found in reasonably good accord with experimental results.     

不同破坏形式加筋红土强度分析

从加筋土体的等效围压概念出发,根据加筋土体发生拉裂破坏和剪切破坏时筋材所发挥的作用不同,提出了两种破坏形式下考虑等效围压折减系数的等效围压表达式,并根据加筋土体的极限平衡条件,确定了加筋土体的强度参数,分析了不同排水条件对加筋土体强度参数的影响。结合临界围压,建立起加筋土体强度破坏标准。按照一般加筋土体的广义等效围压,给出了两种破坏形式下等效围压折减系数的确定方法,并用实例进行验证。     

填土相对密实度对加筋土挡墙的影响研究

自加筋土出现以来,由面板、筋材、填土组成的加筋土挡墙被广泛研究并应于道路、铁路等土建工程中。填土的压实对加筋土挡墙的变形、土压力及筋材拉力等影响显著。为研究填土相对密实度对加筋土挡墙的影响,进行了3组不同相对密实度的离心模型试验,通过试验数据分析得到以下结论：相对密实度越大,墙体变形越小,特别是加载期变形量;压实可增大面板附近土体约束,使水平土压力大于设计值;试验挡墙设计较保守,筋材填土界面摩擦系数小于设计值;筋材面板之间连接拉力分析表明,连接拉力实测值小于测试土压力。     

地震作用下返包式加筋土挡墙数值模拟

返包式加筋土挡墙是一种柔性面板挡墙,因其良好的地基适应性及地震安全性广泛应用于交通、市政和水利等诸多领域中。本文使用FLAC^3D数值模拟程序对返包式加筋土挡墙墙面坡度、土工袋填料及筋材强度进行了抗震性能研究。研究结果表明：当墙面坡度<1∶0.30时,墙后侧向土压力分布均匀且数值较小,近似于一条竖向直线;当墙面坡度≥1∶0.30时,墙后侧向土压力分布规律一致且符合朗肯土压力理论。因此,当墙面坡度<1∶0.30时,加筋土结构应按加筋土边坡进行设计;当墙面坡度≥1∶0.30时,加筋土结构应按加筋土挡墙进行设计。土工袋填料种类对返包式加筋土挡墙地震动力响应几乎没有影响,在抗震设计时可不考虑其对挡墙的影响。筋材强度越高,返包式加筋土挡墙抗震性能越好,但筋材强度与挡墙的抗震性能不成正比例,由于加筋土结构的"加筋作用饱和"现象,大幅度提升筋材强度并不会使挡墙的抗震性能得到大幅度提升;因此,工程中在保证筋材强度达标的前提下需注意经济性。     

微生物灌浆加固裂隙岩体的渗流特性分析

裂隙岩体的防渗加固是影响工程稳定和安全的关键技术问题之一。在以往微生物加固砂土技术基础上,将微生物加固技术应用于裂隙岩体灌浆加固,研究结果表明,(1) 加固前围压对裂隙岩样的水力开度影响很大,加固后裂隙被碳酸钙沉积物充填,岩样的渗流由裂隙渗流转变为孔隙渗流,单位渗流量和渗透系数由围压和渗透水压共同控制;(2) 微生物灌浆加固后,不同围压和渗透水压力作用下裂隙岩样的单位时间渗流量减小了80.12%～90.04%,渗透系数可达到10–6 cm/s数量级;(3) 裂隙岩样灌浆加固过程中微生物诱导产生的CaCO3沉积物具有较好胶结作用,将劈裂岩样胶结为一个整体,达到了加固防渗效果。研究成果可为裂隙岩体的灌浆加固提供较好的参考。     

A homogenization approach for evaluating the longitudinal shear stiffness of reinforced soils: column versus cross trench configuration

The macroscopic linear elastic behaviour of inclusion‐reinforced soils, regarded as periodic composite media, is investigated by means of the homogenization theory. Special attention is given here to the determination of their longitudinal shear stiffness properties, which strongly govern the reinforced ground response under lateral loading. Combining the use of analytical, variational and numerical methods, we thoroughly examined three particular engineering‐relevant configurations: single trench, column and cross trench reinforcements. Fairly accurate closed‐form expressions are thus obtained, giving the value of the reinforced soil longitudinal shear stiffness as a function of the individual components shear moduli and reinforcement volume fraction. It is shown in particular that adopting a cross trench reinforcement layout instead of the classical column configuration results in a much higher improvement of the longitudinal shear stiffness. The results are then applied to assessing the reduction of soil liquefaction risk, which can be attributed to the presence of the reinforcing inclusions. Again, they clearly demonstrate the excellent performance of the cross trench configuration as compared with the complete inefficiency of the column reinforcement technique. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Undrained behaviour of polypropylene fibre reinforced sandy soil under monotonic loading

Soil improvement using fibres is widely used in soil stabilisation to prevent sand liquefaction. In order to study the undrained behaviour and liquefaction resistance of sand reinforced with polypropylene fibres, a series of triaxial compressive tests were conducted on unreinforced and reinforced Chlef sand with different contents of polypropylene fibres (0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8%). Samples were prepared at 30% and 80% relative densities representing loose and dense states respectively, and triaxial tests were performed at confining pressures of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. Tests results show that fibre inclusion has a significant effect on the shear strength and dilation of sandy soil. The increase in strength is function of fibre content, relative density and confining pressure. The maximum strength improvement for both loose and dense fibre-reinforced sand is more pronounced at higher confining pressure and at higher fibre content.     

台阶式加筋土挡墙的原型试验研究

对一座台阶式钢筋混凝土串联拉筋加筋土挡墙的筋带应力、土侧向压力、土竖向压力及挡墙变形进行了实测和分析, 所得结论可供设计类似支挡结构时参考。     

Constitutive modelling of a reinforced soil using hierarchical model

Drained triaxial tests are conducted on natural and reinforced sand under various stress paths. Direct shear tests and pull-out tests are conducted on soil–reinforcement interface and on reinforcement, respectively. The effects of two types of reinforcement, viz, woven and non-woven geotextile and number of layers of reinforcement are investigated. Hierarchical single surface model is used to depict the behaviour of natural and reinforced soil by treating the soil as a single composite material and by considering soil, reinforcement and interface as independent elements. It is shown that the material parameters are very much affected by the type and the number of layers of reinforcement. The hierarchical model provides satisfactory prediction for both natural and reinforced soil. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.