祁连山东段庄浪河流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义

晚新生代以来,青藏高原北东向扩展,致使祁连山地区遭受了强烈的构造隆升,造就了祁连山地区复杂的构造格局和急剧变化的构造地貌,其典型水系流域地貌特征揭示了该地区的新构造活动和地貌演化过程。庄浪河流域位于祁连山东段,作为青藏高原北东向扩展的前缘地区,庄浪河流域的地貌参数对构造活动非常敏感,提取庄浪河流域的地貌信息,有助于揭示祁连山东段庄浪河流域地貌对构造活动的响应,及系统探讨该区地貌发育特征及其所蕴含的构造意义。庄浪河流域内及边缘发育有庄浪河断裂、天祝盆地南缘断裂、疙瘩沟隐伏断裂以及金强河-毛毛山-老虎山断裂。晚新生代以来,这些断裂仍在活动,并且控制着流域内的构造变形、山体隆升和河流水系地貌发育。本研究采用ALOS DEM 12.5 m数据,基于ArcGIS空间分析技术,通过高程条带剖面、河流坡降指标体系（K,SL,SL/K）和Hack剖面、面积-高程积分值（HI）和积分曲线（HC）等方法,对庄浪河流域地貌特征进行了初步分析。结果表明,庄浪河地区地形起伏由北西向南东递减,构造活动存在东西分异的规律;庄浪河流域内部K值、SL、SL/K、HI值西侧高于东侧,Hack剖面西侧相比东侧上凸更明显;H...     

长江源地区通天河段水系格局演化与构造活动的关系

青海玉树地区长江源区通天河段构造运动活跃,地震频发,如2010年曾发生7.1级地震;该地区分布有黄河、雅砻江、澜沧江等水系上游河网,水系呈直角状、倒勾状分布,是研究水系演化与新构造活动关系的理想区域。通过地形分析、河流水系分析和地貌指数计算,探讨了该地区水系格局演化对走滑断层相关构造活动样式的响应过程。该地区主要发育北西—南东和南西—北东两组流向的水系,其中北西—南东向河谷多为低河流比降、宽阔的不适称谷地,而南西—北东向河谷多为高河流比降、陡峭的峡谷。河流陡峭度指数（k_s）在通天河东南段为高值,在通天河流域西南段多采曲—宁恰曲流域、登艾龙曲流域、叶曲流域、巴塘河流域为低值;河流坡降指数（SL）在流域内整体差异不大,但在水系倒勾状或直角交汇区域的值高;流域高程积分值（HI）在通天河两侧大于0.45,在多采曲—宁恰曲流域、登艾龙曲流域、叶曲流域、巴塘河流域为0.15~0.45。地形、水系和地貌指数的分布特征表明该地区水系可能原为南东流向的平行水系,后期由于走滑断裂剪切作用导致河流改向、袭夺而演化为倒勾状水系。其中当江、立新乡、隆宝镇、上拉秀乡北部等地区断陷形成局部积水中心,而通天河南西—北东向细小支流如宁恰曲等由于断层东北向的逆冲抬升而溯源侵蚀加强,袭夺了原南东流向的河流。     

天山北麓河流纵剖面与基岩侵蚀模型特征分析

本文提取分析天山北麓10条河流的纵剖面,通过函数拟合纵剖面形态特征,同时运用基岩侵蚀力模型来研究河流纵剖面形态的发育演化过程,来揭示河流纵剖面的发育与构造活动之间的内在关系.研究表明:天山北麓河流地貌地形发育阶段处于河流侵蚀作用强烈的前均衡状态时期.塔西河的纵剖面凹曲度最大,向东西两侧河流凹曲度依次降低,乌鲁木齐河与四棵树河凹曲度最小,河流的凹曲度(θ)和河道坡度(Ks)的数值分布规律与所对应构造部位晚更新世以来的抬升速率和地壳缩短速度相一致,排除时间、气候因素和基岩性质影响因素后.发现晚更新世以来天山北麓河流纵剖面形态变化主要受构造抬升作用的影响.     

涪江上游流域地貌特征及其对断裂活动性的响应

对涪江上游流域地貌特征及其与断裂活动的相关性进行分析,有助于深入理解青藏高原东缘晚新生代以来的地貌演化过程,也可为该区域构造活动和河流发育历史研究提供参考依据。基于经空间叠加处理的海拔高程数据和地势起伏度数据,在涪江上游流域划分出15种地貌形态组合,在此基础上结合区域断裂活动状况,从研究区地貌类型、海拔高程、地势起伏度、干流下切深度、河道水平扭错等方面探讨流域地貌特征对断裂活动性的响应,结果表明:(1)虎牙断裂和龙门山断裂带逆冲活动驱动区域性间隙抬升使中海拔地貌区成为涪江上游流域地貌类型的主体;(2)虎牙断裂逆冲作用导致位于上盘的西侧块体具有更高的隆升幅度和海拔高程,并加剧了外营力侵蚀,形成了相对较高的地势起伏形态;龙门山断裂带三条主干断裂的上盘叠瓦式向上推移,使虎牙断裂东侧区域海拔高程和地势起伏度均自北向南逐级降低;(3)涪江上游流域一系列逆断层的差异活动导致位于断裂上盘区域的河道下切深度、下切速率总体上大于下盘区域。涪江干流对流经区域地表的切割,内、外营力的贡献比值大致为1.95∶1;(4)横跨断裂的涪江河道因断裂平移走滑而沿断裂走向发生同步弯曲,龙门山断裂带的区域性右旋作用使涪江干流及其支流的流向在龙门山地区发生系统性转变。     

渭河水系流域地貌特征及其成因分析

为了研究渭河水系流域地貌特征及其成因,以SRTM-DEM为基础数据,运用ArcGIS软件平台从DEM数据中提取渭河流域内独立的65个小流域,其中43个位于北岸,22个位于南岸;然后划分盆地等级,计算每个流域单元流域的面积、周长、河流总长、形状指数、平均坡度、相对高差以及高程-面积积分值和水系分支比等。通过对流域地貌参数以及高程-面积积分值和分支比等特征参数的分析,发现渭河南北两侧水系和亚流域的发育具有明显的不对称性。成因分析显示,渭河水系的这种特点虽与气候和岩性有关,但新生代以来自北向南的构造掀斜隆升作用是造成渭河流域南北差异特征地貌的主要原因。这些特征指示了渭河水系南北两侧晚新生代构造活动的差异性,反映了秦岭造山带晚新生代以来发生自北向南的掀斜隆升作用。     

天山北麓流域面积高度积分特征及其构造意义

提取了天山北麓河流水系流域的常规地貌计量指标（盆地大小、面积和高差）以及面积高度积分,通过对流域面积高度积分曲线形态特征、面积高度积分值的分析,结合区域地质构造活动,探讨了面积高度积分对板内再生造山带新构造活动的指示意义以及天山北麓流域的地貌发育过程。研究表明,北天山流域的次集水盆地面积高度积分与次集水盆地的面积和高差都没有相关性,堆积作用和轻微构造抬升作用都会影响冲积扇区次集水盆地,使其面积高度积分值偏高。河流面积高度积分曲线形态和面积高度积分值在空间分布上的差异,反映了天山北麓3排逆断裂褶皱带的不同的构造活动特征。面积高度积分曲线的循环形态特征,揭示了强烈构造运动与河流剥蚀作用影响面积高度曲线形态发育的动态演绎过程。     

北天山流域地貌特征及其构造活动分析

以流域为单位计算地貌参数有助于分析区域构造活动。该文以北天山山区为研究区,将其划分为805个流域,提取地势起伏度(RA)、分形维数(FD)、河流阶梯指数(SL)、面积-高程积分(HI)、圆度比(Rc)5个参数,并以此为基础构建相对构造活动强度(IRAT),以此分析北天山流域地貌特征及构造活动强度。研究表明北天山不同地貌分区内呈现不同地貌特征,高山区地势起伏度及河流阶梯指数整体较大,河谷区圆度比变化较大。相对构造活动强度空间分布表明,研究区域中间部分构造活动较为活跃,自中部向东西两侧,强度逐渐降低;低山丘陵区中,准噶尔南缘断裂带所在区域构造活动强度更高。以流域地貌指标反映的构造活动强度分布与地壳构造变形位移场所计算结果较为相似。     

内蒙古经棚古湖区新构造运动与湖泊演化

通过地质、地貌及年代学等研究方法表明,经棚古湖区各组断裂均为第四纪早期形成的正断层;晚更新世经棚古胡消失以来有过3次强烈的区域性断裂活动,时间依次是晚更新世早期、晚期和全新世晚期;垂直升降运动为主要的活动方式,幅度可达100m以上,水平错动、掀斜抬升在这些断裂中也有所表现。新构造运动在经棚古湖形成、发展和消亡全过程及区域环境演变中具有决定性的作用。     

六棱山北麓中段冲沟地貌发育的定量研究及其新构造意义

利用地貌形态指标对六棱山北麓断层中段的5条冲沟进行定量化研究,流域的冲沟比降指标(SL)、面积--高度积分值(HI)和流域盆地形态因子(Bs)的异常值表明5条冲沟的发育对六棱山北麓断层活动性有明显的响应,流域发育处于壮年期.秋林沟口野外实测数据验证并揭示了六棱山北麓断裂晚第四纪以来的活跃性.     

珠江三角洲及其附近地区河流阶地的分布与特征——广东河流阶地研究之二

依据珠江三角洲及其附近地区超过24条河流、80处河流阶地、97个沉积物年龄等情况,可知本区第一级半埋藏阶地具有天然堤地貌和加积型特征,与全新世河漫滩组成冲积平原.山前半埋藏洪冲积阶地与全新世洪冲积扇组成山前倾斜平原.这两种平原地貌衔接过渡,沉积物同期异相,全新统通常是上更新统阶地面被蚀低后的补偿性沉积.多项证据显示新构造运动趋势:在中更新世以间歇性构造抬升为主,自晚更新世以来却变成间歇性下沉或稳定.自晚更新世以来包括珠江三角洲及其汇入的各大河流中下游地区一起构造下沉,所以珠江三角洲不是断块型三角洲;横穿广从断裂和瘦狗岭断裂的众多小河河谷地貌在该断裂处无显著变化,显示自晚更新世这些小河河谷形成以来该两断裂无明显造貌运动.     

River and basin morphometric indexes to detect tectonic activity: a case study of selected river basins in the South Indian Granulite Terrain (SIGT)

Abstract

The effects and influence of tectonic processes on the Anjarakandy, Thalassery, Mahe, and Kuttiyadi watersheds and rivers of the South Indian Granulite Terrain in Kerala were examined to determine their spatial heterogeneity. Drainage basin asymmetry (Af), transverse topographic symmetry factor (T), hypsometric integral and curve (HI), longitudinal profile, stream length gradient index (SL), and stream concavity index (SCI) suggest heterogeneity in tectonic influence. Clusters of geomorphic anomalies in similar lithology rule out lithologic control on drainage development. However, the orientations of the drainage networks and predominant fractures/lineaments compare closely and reveal strong tectonic influence. Though the watersheds are considered to be in an advanced stage of erosion by the low HI (<30) and high values of SCI, variations in the shape of the hypsometric curves and differences in the SCI values indicate the different influence of tectonic process from watersheds in the north to the south. Among the watersheds, the Mahe and Kuttiyadi are more sensitive to tectonic processes than the Anjarakandy and Thalassery and indicate spatial heterogeneity in the influence of tectonic activity, confirming the grouping of watersheds based on structural and drainage patterns.     

地貌形态指数反映的青藏高原东北部宛川河流域新构造活动

宛川河为黄河的一级支流,位于青藏高原东北部的兰州盆地东部.该区域历史时期曾发生多次6级以上地震.以DEM数据为基础,通过河流水系分析和地貌形态指数的计算,讨论了区域新构造活动特征.山前曲折度指数(SMF)在宛川河北为1.03~1.18,在兴隆山北前缘为1.83~2.88;河谷宽高比指数(VF)在宛川河北部为0.36~2.34,在南部的兴隆山为0.55~13.SMF与VF值的大小和分布特征表明研究区新构造活动活跃,且宛川河以北(前人推测有断层存在)新构造活动的活跃程度更高.流域盆地非对称性指数(AF)在宛川河北部东南端的异常揭示存在掀斜断块和褶皱运动;结合裂点分布和沟谷错断等地貌特征,发现宛川河北正断裂的东南端也存在西北--东南向走滑活动.     

贺兰山水系流域数值地貌特征及其构造指示意义

基于Arcgis9.3与ASTER GDEM数据,提取了贺兰山两侧主要水系及其流域边界,根据河流及流域指标提取河流纵剖面、流域的Strahler曲线,并计算其面积高度积分值（Hypsometric Intergral）、河流纵剖面的凹度值（Concavity）。通过HI值、凹度值同河流落差、河流长度、流域面积之间相关性分析发现,后3种地貌参数与HI值、凹度值间的相关性较差。对比分析贺兰山两侧河流HI值及凹度值发现：贺兰山东侧北段活动性大于南段,西侧构造活动性分布规律不明显。结合9条河流所处流域的Strahler曲线、河流纵剖面形态和HI值、凹度值分析发现：汝箕沟及其以北贺兰山地区处于地形演化的老年期,汝箕沟以南贺兰山段处于均衡调整的壮年期。     

山西中条山北麓断裂夏县段新构造运动

通过分析夏县段中条山北麓山麓剥蚀面上的黄土地层,认为山麓剥蚀面形成于2.4 Ma以前。与邻近盆地内钻孔的研究成果对比,得到中条山北麓断裂第四纪以来的垂直活动幅度约700 m,抬升速率为0.29 mm/a。GPS测量得到断层将末次冰期极盛期形成的冲沟阶地垂直错断7 m,垂直活动速率为0.28~0.5 mm/a。探槽揭示,距今2 万年以来断层有四次活动--距今8000 年之前、距今4100 年前后、距今3100 年和距今720 年以后。断距分别为大于2m、0.6m、1.55 m和0.25 m。断层活动速率为0.22~0.55 m/a。     

Development and morphometry of drainage network in volcanic terrain, Central Anatolia, Turkey

This paper presents the results of morphotectonic and morphometric research carried out in order to determine the neotectonic development of the volcanic mountains and a drainage network in SW Cappadocia. The study area extends among the Aksaray, Ni?de, and Nev?ehir Provinces. The study area comprises Hasanda?, Melendiz, Keçiboyduran, Göllüda? Mountains and the adjacent parts of these volcanic mountains.Data collected exclusively from 1:25,000 digitised topographic maps and 10 m-resolution DEMs were used to define parameters related to the longitudinal profile of streams. The study area was divided into 10 volcanic units. Longitudinal profiles of 20 streams and stream orders were analysed to determine a regional tectonic differentiation pattern in these units. The streams in the study area drain into four different tectonic depressions. These depressions are Aksaray plain controlled by the Tuz Gölü fault (TGF), Çiftlik plain controlled by the Keçiboyduran–Melendiz fault (KMF), Misli plain controlled by the Derinkuyu fault (DF), and Bor plain controlled by the Ni?de Fault Zone (NFZ). An analysis of morphometric parameters shows that the development of a drainage network is associated with faults and rock resistance. Occurrence of morphometric parameters with different values in units reveals that the volcanic mountains were not uplifted in the same period and were subjected to different morphologic processes. High total order number in the south of Hasanda? (unit 3) and Melendiz Mountains (unit 7) indicate that the uplift ratio of the southern part is much greater than that of the northern part. Moreover, development of the drainage network in the south is in a more advanced phase than in the north. Indeed, the drainage network in the north is in the youngest erosional phase of all parts of the study area. The increased stream length-gradient indices (SL), and stream gradients and an analysis of headward erosion show that the streams displaying the longest and highest reach of the erosional phase are all in the southern part of Keçiboyduran and Melendiz Mountains. The longitudinal profile (Lp) of the present thalweg of the streams is irregular. The irregular Lp are associated with four different causes. These are geological variations in resistance, tectonics, and volcanic topography and downcutting in response to stream incision. The beginning of the fluvial incision in the northern part is younger than in the south.     

Differential effect of neotectonic process on stream characteristics: a geomorphologic evaluation of the Meenachil River basin,Kerala, India

Morphotectonic characteristics of the Meenachil River and its major tributaries in Kerala, India, were evaluated to understand the effects of tectonic processes on stream characteristics. Parameters such as longitudinal profile, stream length-gradient index (SL index), SL anomaly index, and transverse topographic symmetry factor (T) were considered. Longitudinal profiles of all the rivers show convexity and knickpoints in the segments between the headwaters and middle reaches, and further follow smooth profiles. Anomalies in longitudinal profiles were confirmed by the relatively high SL indexes. The SL anomaly index categorizes stream segments based on the severity of anomalies. The T index indicates the differential effect of tectonic processes in the river basin and in channel characteristics by showing spatial variation in its magnitude and orientation. Variations in the SL index, SL anomaly index, and T index in rivers flowing through similar lithology confirm the influence of differential effects of tectonic processes over the stream and networks and the nonequilibrium condition of the Meenachil River basin as a single unit.     

库姆塔格沙漠形成演化与区域新构造运动关系研究

库姆塔格沙漠位于塔里木板块东部的阿尔金山北麓地带,受青藏高原新构造运动强烈隆升和贯穿本区的阿尔金断裂系发生左旋走滑变动的影响,构筑了南高北低的地质构造变为盆山格局。通过现今的断裂左旋走滑、多风向吹扬及南侧高山洪水及泥石流侵蚀地形共同作用表现出帚状弧形展布。风沙地貌特征表现为由东北向西南分异明显、沙丘类型复杂、形态独特,主要以羽毛状沙丘、金字塔沙丘著称。     

Palaeoseismic records in lacustrine sediments—A case study of the Daqingshan piedmont fault and Hasuhai Lake in Inner Mongolia,China

As a traditional method for palaeoseismic studies, trenching can be combined with dating techniques to identify palaeoseismic events and the earthquake recurrence interval. However, when using trenches to study palaeoearthquakes, factors such as the active tectonic background of the earthquake‐caused structure, the lithology on both sides of the fault, the geomorphology location and type and the samples and methods for dating will affect the location of the trench. Thus, trenches should be carefully selected and used to identify the impact of ancient earthquakes. The results have substantial uncertainties and limitations. In recent years, scholars have made considerable progress in using other methods to reveal the palaeoseismic information of faults. Moreover, the history of fault activity may have been recorded in the lacustrine sediment adjacent to the fault. Hasuhai Lake is adjacent to the middle segment of the Daqingshan piedmont fault in Inner Mongolia. Since the Holocene, the region has experienced a temperate continental semi‐arid climate with little interference, and Hasuhai Lake and peripheral waters present weak hydrodynamic conditions that provide an ideal location for the study of palaeoseismic records in lacustrine sediments. Sediment samples and samples for dating were collected from three trenches excavated on the periphery of the Hasuhai Lake. Their variations in grain size and magnetic susceptibility revealed that wind and flowing water jointly produced the sedimentary conditions of Hasuhai sediments. The ¹⁴C dating results and variations in the grain size distribution, grain size components and magnetic susceptibility of sediments caused by seismic events obtained in this study were compared with those caused by a series of palaeoseismic events at the middle segment of the Daqingshan piedmont fault reported by previous studies using trenches, knickpoints and palaeosol records. The results identified seven palaeoseismic events recorded near Hasuhai Lake since 12,000 years. The combined use of lacustrine sediment variation characteristics and dating techniques is an effective method for studying palaeoseismic events.