海南海莲红树林土壤CH4的产生及其某些影响因素

全球CH₄预算的估算表明,湿地是大气CH₄最大的生物排放源[1].旨在估算全球大气CH₄湿地源强的工作大多集中在内陆淡水环境,因为在此环境的CH₄通量较大[2].国外对海岸盐沼的CH₄排放也有一些报道,发现其通量变化范围较大,并进而研究了温度、土壤湿度、盐度以及土壤有机碳含量等因素对CH₄排放的影响[3].     

东太平洋海隆热液活动区原位观测数据的小波分析和热液指标的周期性变化

洋中脊热液流体供养了特殊的生物群落.热液扩散流中的生物群从流体中汲取基本代谢组分(如H₂S,CH₄,CO₂,O₂等),将它们供给共生菌,通过共生菌将它们转化成机体能够利用的有机质[1-2].热液中的硫化氢一方面提供营养给化学自养菌,另一方面对许多海底生物又具有毒性[3-4],因此热液中溶解硫化氢的浓度是制约生物群空间分布和组合特征的重要因素[5-8].     

渤海溶解CH4分布和通量的季节变化及其影响因素

甲烷(CH₄)是影响地球辐射平衡的主要温室气体,海洋是大气CH₄的自然源,而陆架等近海是释放CH₄的热点海域。于2021年4月、7月和10月对渤海进行了调查,以认识其分布特征并估算其海-气交换通量。春、夏和秋季表层海水CH₄浓度分别为(4.56±2.60)、(8.31±4.01)和(4.99±1.31) nmol/L,夏季明显高于春秋季。CH₄的垂直分布规律为底层普遍高于表层,不同站位的垂直分布空间差异较大。渤海CH₄分布主要受河流输入、油气泄漏、生物活动以及沉积物-水界面交换等因素的影响,其中黄河向渤海输入CH₄约为每月1.4×104～2.8×105mol,秋冬季沉积物-水界面CH₄交换通量范围为–4.0～0.42μmol/(m²·d),表明秋冬季沉积物既可能是渤海水体CH₄的源,也可能是其汇。春、夏和秋季渤海CH₄海-气交换通量分别为(1.1±...     

春季长江口及其邻近海域海水和大气中CH3I、CH2Br2和CHBr3的浓度分布与海-气通量

测定了2018年春季长江口及其邻近海域海水和大气中碘甲烷(Iodomethane,CH₃I)、二溴甲烷(Dibromomethane,CH₂Br₂)和溴仿(Tribromomethane,CHBr₃)的浓度,研究其在海水和大气中的浓度分布特征,探讨了环境因素对其源汇和浓度分布的影响。调查海域海水中CH₃I、CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃的浓度分别为(5.76±2.50)、(5.38±3.31)和(4.65±3.50)pmol·L^-1,总体呈现出近岸高,远岸低的趋势。调查海域CH₃I的浓度分布受浮游植物的影响显著;CH₂Br₂的分布是多种因素共同作用的结果,其中人为输入是影响CH₂Br₂浓度分布的重要因素之一;CHBr₃的浓度分布受人为输入和浮游植物产生释放的共同影响。垂直方向上,海水上下混合比较均匀,受长江冲淡水和沉积物释放的影响,CH₃I、CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃在表层和底层都观测到浓度高值。大气中CH₃I、CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃浓度分别是(1.06±0.77)、(1.72±1.22)和(1.97±2.12)pptv,总体上呈现近岸高于远岸的趋势,人为排放、海-气交换和气团活动共同影响了大气中挥发性卤代烃(Volatile halocarbons,VHCs)的浓度分布,大气中的CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃存在多种来源,不同来源之间CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃排放比率存在较大差异。CH₃I、CH₂Br₂和CHBr₃的海-气通量分别为(50.21±45.47)、(-1.76±77.43)和(-37.65±87.07)nmol·(m²·d)^-1,表明调查期间长江口及其邻近海域是CH₃I的源,同时也是CHBr₃和CH₂Br₂的汇。     

西太平洋海域现场培养实验中挥发性卤代烃浓度的变化及其影响因素

CH₃I、CHCl₃、C₂HCl₃和CH₂Br₂是挥发性卤代烃4种重要成分，对大气化学产生重要影响。于2018年10月在西太平洋进行船基现场培养实验，研究微量元素Fe (50 nmol/L)、酸化(pH=7.9)、酸化(pH=7.9)和微量元素Fe (50 nmol/L)耦合作用、微量元素Fe (50 nmol/L)和N/P (16∶1)耦合作用及沙尘(4 mg/L)对浮游植物释放CH₃I、CHCl₃、C₂HCl₃和CH₂Br₂含量的影响。结果表明，与对照组相比，实验组CH₃I、C₂HCl₃和CH₂Br₂的释放均被不同程度抑制；CHCl₃的释放除添加沙尘时表现抑制作用外，其他条件下均为促进作用；实验组培养周期内叶绿素a浓度较高，而营养盐浓度变化规律不明显。总的来说，酸化和微量元素Fe可能是影响浮游植物释放挥发性卤代烃的重要限制因素，沙尘对促进浮游植物生长繁殖的影响更为显著。     

夏季长江口及其邻近海域挥发性卤代烃的分布和海-气通量研究

运用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法测定了2017年夏季长江口及其邻近海域海水中4种常见的挥发性卤代烃（VHCs，包括一氟三氯甲烷（CFC-11）、碘甲烷（CH₃I）、三氯甲烷（CH₃CCl₃）和四氯乙烯（C₂Cl₄））以及大气中CFC-11、CH₃I和C₂Cl₄的浓度。结果表明，表层海水中4种VHCs浓度的水平分布受长江径流输入影响强烈，整体上呈现近岸高、远海低的趋势。垂直方向上4种VHCs浓度最高值出现在10 m水层，长江口内断面的浓度整体高于口外断面的浓度。海水中VHCs的浓度分布受水文环境、生物释放和人为因素等的共同影响。相关性分析表明CH₃I与Chl a浓度不存在明显的相关性，而CFC-11与CH₃I、C₂Cl₄浓度存在显著相关性（P<0.01），表明调查海域人为源对CH₃I和C₂Cl₄的影响大于天然源。大气中CFC-11、CH₃I和C₂Cl₄的浓度分布整体上呈现近岸高、远海低的趋势。CFC-11的浓度低于全球平均值，表明我国CFC-11的排放得到了有效控制。后向轨迹分析表明来自近岸的陆源污染物的扩散和输送是调查海域大气中3种VHCs的重要来源。CFC-11、CH₃I和C₂Cl₄的海-气通量平均值分别为24.99 nmol/（m2·d）、7.80 nmol/（m2·d）、1.55 nmol/（m2·d），表明夏季长江口及其邻近海域是大气中这3种VHCs的源。     

全球海洋碳循环三维数值模拟研究

基于海洋环流模式POP和生物地球化学模型OCMIP-2,建立了全球海洋碳循环模式,并用于对全球海洋碳循环的模拟研究。该模式在大气CO₂为283×10-6条件下,积分3 100 a,达到工业革命前的平衡态。在此基础上,用历史时期观测的大气CO₂浓度进行强迫,模拟了历史时期的海洋碳循环。模拟的无机碳浓度、总碱度与基于观测得到的结果基本一致,模式能够较好地模拟全球碳循环过程。模拟结果表明,在北半球中高纬度和南半球的中纬度,海洋是大气CO₂的主要汇区;在赤道南北纬20°之间和南大洋50°S以南,海洋表现为大气CO₂的源区。在1980s海洋吸收CO₂速率(以C计)为1.38 Pg/a,1990s为1.55 Pg/a。海洋中人为碳在北大西洋含量最大,向下到达海底并向南输运到30°N附近;在南极附近,浓度较小,深度达到3 000 m;在中纬度,人为碳被限制在温跃层以上。     

太平洋中低纬海水中的二氧化碳分布特征及其与海洋环境条件的关系

根据1986年11月至1990年6月进行的中美热带西太平洋海-气相互作用(TOGA)联合考查和1995年10月至1996年6月“中日副热带联合调查”期间获得的14个航次大气和海水CO₂的观测资料,给出了主要观测海区CO₂的源与汇的分布特征:在赤道地区5°N~5°S,130°~165°E观测到的表面水中二氧化碳分压的值超过了大气中二氧化碳分压1.5~4.5 Pa,结果表明该海区对大气CO₂而言是源,但是该值远小于在中赤道测到的+9.1 Pa和在东赤道太平洋所测的+15 Pa的值.由此表明热带太平洋CO₂源的强度是向西减弱的.副热带海区在秋季对大气CO₂而言是较强的源,春季是汇.对影响海水CO₂变化的主要因素温度、盐度等进行了讨论,表明CO₂的分布变化直接受海流、水团、黑潮和ENSO事件影响.     

河口红树林湿地CH_4通量的日变化研究

１引言 甲烷（ＣＨ４）是大气中除 ＣＯ２外最为丰富的含碳组分,其浓度以每年 ０． ７％－ １． １％的速率递增［１,２］．尽管大气 ＣＨ４含量仅为 ＣＯ２的二百分之一,但却对预计的全球变暖约有 ２０％的贡献率,而ＣＯ２的贡献率约为５０％［３,４］,由这些数据推算得一个分子的ＣＨ４比一个分子的ＣＯ２（目前最重要的温室气体）的增暖潜值高约８０倍． 很多研究者对全球大气ＣＨ４的预算结果均表明,湿地是大气 ＣＨ４最重要的生物源［５,６］,约占全球 ＣＨ４源的 ４０％～５０％［７］．湿地 ＣＨ４通量的日变化研究是正确估…     

海?气界面气体交换速率与二氧化碳气体通量的估算

海?气界面CO₂通量的估算采用块体公式,其等于气体交换速率、CO₂溶解度以及海水与大气的CO₂分压差的乘积,其中的气体交换速率通常与风速相联系,不同作者提出了气体交换速率为风速不同幂次多项式的参数化方案。本文对比了气体交换速率为风速函数的主要研究结果,发现与风速多项式的依赖关系相比,观测数据所基于的观测方法对于气体交换速率的影响更大。在此基础上,本文用多种不同的气体交换速率参数化公式计算了1982?2018年全球的CO₂通量,海洋整体上是大气CO₂的汇,赤道海区是源,南北半球40°附近的海域构成沿纬向的强吸收带。37 a间,海洋CO₂通量的年平均值(以碳计)为(?1.53±0.15) Pg/a, 1999年前,海洋吸收量逐年减小,1999年达到最小值,之后海洋吸收量开始增大,海洋吸收量的增大主要发生在南大洋。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,