2010—2012年青岛海滨浴场67周次浮游植物的群集特征

2010—2012年对青岛汇泉湾海滨浴场区2站点的浮游植物及环境因子进行67周次连续监测,共检出浮游植物53属94种,细胞总丰度的变化范围为7.19~272.35个/mL,均值为46.74个/mL,硅藻在细胞总丰度中的比例平均达70.34%,主要优势种有骨条藻、角毛藻、菱形藻、新月筒柱藻和舟形藻。调查期内,共检到3次硅藻的赤潮,未检到营养盐发生限制的现象。周年的统计分析显示,调查区浮游植物群落中的羽纹硅藻类与营养盐呈显著的相关关系(P0.05)。在浴场开放期,Chl-a质量浓度均值达7.26mg/L,为全年最高,浮游植物群落以羽纹硅藻类最占优势,并且Chl-a与羽纹硅藻丰度呈现极显著的正相关(P0.01)。特别对羽纹硅藻在开放期占优势可能引发的不利影响作了探讨,并建议在今后监测和评价该类休闲水域时,应对此给予重视。     

浙江舟山群岛邻近海域微,小型浮游植物与赤潮生物研究

报道了舟山群岛邻近海域未发生赤潮与发生赤潮时的微、小型浮游植物组成、数量分布、赤潮生物种类与环境的关系。舟山群岛邻近海域共有浮游植物 1 69种 ,其中赤潮生物为 59种。赤潮发生时比未发生赤潮时水域的浮游植物密度高 1 0～ 1 0 0个 /dm3,浮游植物密度与硅酸盐、硝酸盐浓度成负相关 ,与溶解氧和透明度成正相关。平均浮游植物密度 :春季表层水样为4.5× 1 0 4 个 /dm3,底层水样为 5.2× 1 0 3个 /dm3,网样为 2 .7× 1 0 5个 /m3;秋季网样为 3.7× 1 0 6个 /m3。表层水样的赤潮生物优势种 :春季为微型的三鳍原甲藻 ,平均细胞密度为 3.3× 1 0 5个/dm3,占总细胞密度的 77.2 % ;秋季为微型的中肋骨条藻 ,平均密度为 2 .7× 1 0 3个 /dm3,占总细胞密度的 72 .2 %。三鳍原甲藻、海洋原甲藻、夜光藻等为浙江舟山群岛邻近海域常见的有害赤潮生物。     

2006年秋季长江口及其邻近水域浮游植物群集

根据2006年11月在长江口及其邻近水域(30°30′N～32°30′N,121°E～123°30′E)39个测站采集的浮游植物水样研究了该水域浮游植物群集特征。调查区浮游植物以硅藻和甲藻为主,此外还有少量的金藻、蓝藻和绿藻。浮游植物细胞丰度介于0.13～59.69个/mL之间,平均为4.39个/mL,主要优势物种为圆海链藻Thalassiosira rotula和骨条藻Skeletonema spp.,调查区两个细胞丰度密集区分别出现在靠近口门以及外海水域。浮游植物细胞在20m层出现最大值。调查区两个典型断面的浮游植物分布特征分别由骨条藻和圆海链藻所刻画。固氮蓝藻铁氏束毛藻Trichodesmium thiebautii主要出现在调查区东部水域表层。根据浮游植物物种和细胞丰度进行聚类分析后,发现存在调查区东部与近岸2个浮游植物分区。     

2007年春季南海西北部陆架区海域浮游植物的群落结构

据2007年春季在南海西北部陆架区海域进行的网采浮游植物调查数据,分析了浮游植物群落的结构特征．此次共鉴定出浮游植物4门318种,其中硅藻类183种,甲藻类128种,蓝藻类5种,金藻类2种．大部分海域浮游植物种类数在40～70种之间,外海区域的种类数稍高于沿岸．浮游植物密度的变化范围为0．22×10。～3683．85×10。eells／m’,平均值（标准偏差）为97．49×10。（±437．38×10。）cel｜s／m。．其高值区主要位于粤西近岸海域,向外海呈递减趋势．调查海域硅藻类的平均密度（标准偏差）最高,为93．82×10。（±434．34×10。）cells／m’;甲藻类的次之,为3．65×10。（±9．08×10。）cells／m’．浮游植物优势种主要有拟旋链角毛藻（Chaetocerospseudocurvisetus）、细弱海链藻（Thalassiosirasubtilis）、中肋骨条藻（Skeletonemacostatum）、劳氏角毛藻（Chaetocerosloren—zianus）和菱形海线藻（Thalassionemanitzschioides）．该调查海域浮游植物多样性指数的变化范围为1．48～6．23,平均值（标准偏差）为4．70（±1．03）,其分布趋势与浮游植物密度的分布趋势大致相反．将站位依等深线划分为粤西近岸海区、琼东南近岸海区和外海海区,应用非度量多维标度（nMDS）和聚类分析法分析这3个海区的浮游植物群落结构差异,并通过ANOSIM和SIMPER进行检验．结果表明3个海区之间浮游植物群落结构具有显著性差异,且粤西近岸海区与外海海区之间差异性较高．近岸种拟旋链角毛藻和中肋骨条藻在粤西近岸海区为最主要的优势种,而外海海区优势种较多,且大部分为大洋暖水性种类．     

胶州湾浮动弯角藻赤潮生消过程

根据 1 999年 6月中旬胶州湾东北部养殖水域浮动弯角藻 (Eucampia zoodiacus)赤潮的监测资料 ,分析讨论了赤潮生消动态过程中浮游植物种类组成、密度、Chl.a及水文化学要素的变化特征。结果表明 ,本次赤潮高峰持续时间为 3天 ,面积约为 1 5 km2 ,赤潮原因种为浮动弯角藻 ,密度变化范围为 5 2× 1 0 6— 1 0 2 8× 1 0 6个 /m3 ,Chl.a变化范围为 1 .5 3—3 2 .2 8mg/m3 ,浮游植物密度变化范围为 4.0× 1 0 6— 7.7× 1 0 8个 /m3 ,赤潮过程中浮游植物种类组成更替明显 ;水文化学等要素亦有较大变化 ,海水呈棕褐色 ,透明度范围为 0 .1— 0 .3 m,温度范围为 2 0 .4— 2 4 .8℃ ,盐度范围为 2 9.4— 3 2 .9,DO、COD均出现异常增高现象 ,营养盐含量有不同程度下降 ,其中铵态氮、磷酸盐、硅酸盐降幅明显 ,成为后期限制赤潮种生长、繁殖的重要因素 ,导致赤潮逐步走向消亡     

福建沿岸不同海区夏季浮游植物的组成与分布

结合福建省“908专项”，于2006年7～8月对福建省沿岸海域水采浮游植物的种属组成、数量分布、生物量进行了大面积科学调查．结果表明，福建沿岸海域浮游植物隶属于6门57属127种，其中硅藻47属107种，甲藻5属15种，蓝藻1属1种，金藻2属2种，隐藻1属1种，裸藻1属1种．硅藻类在种类和数量上均占主导地位，优势种主要是柔弱伪菱形藻（Pseudo—nitzschia delicatissima）、中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、旋链角毛藻（Chaetoceros curvisetus）、菱形海线藻（Thalassionema nitzschioides）等．硅藻类广布，甲藻类在闽东海域及东山沿岸分布较多，蓝藻类检出率降低，裸藻类和金藻类检出率增高．表层浮游植物平均细胞密度为3222．59×10^4ind／dm^3，数量分布态势为近岸高、外海低，阂东和闽南高、闽中低．叶绿素a及优势类群的分布与数量分布基本一致．福建沿岸海域赤潮生物种类较多，是引发赤潮的潜在生物因素，一些赤潮生物已在闽南、闽东沿岸局部海域成为优势种．     

黄海冷水团邻近海域浮游植物的昼夜垂直变化

于2006-10-19~20日在黄海南部海域进行定点(123°30′E,33°00′N)采样观测,用Uterm hl方法分析了浮游植物群集的垂直分布时间序列变化。研究结果表明:铁氏束毛藻(Trichodesmium thiebautiiGomont)为最优势种,其他优势种依次为具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata(Ehrenberg)Cleve)、圆海链藻(Thalassiosira rotula Meunier)、菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides Grunow)和佛氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii Grunow)。硅藻在物种丰富度上占优势。调查期浮游植物细胞丰度介于(1.111~2 042.889)cells mL-1,平均值为192.756 cells mL-1。浮游植物细胞丰度垂直分布特征是表层水体最高,10m层迅速降低,底层最低。浮游植物细胞丰度随时间具有一定的波动,10月19日12:00和10月20日0:00在表、底层水体各出现2个细胞丰度峰值,10 m层的2个峰值比表、底层均滞后3 h。调查期浮游植物群集各层差异明显。     

赤潮多发区塔玛亚历山大藻的麻痹性贝毒预警值研究

以厦门西海域养殖的翡翠贻贝为实验对象,在实验室内对塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense(Lebour)Balech)采用单种培养技术,运用“麻痹性贝毒小白鼠生物检测法”进行毒性实验,研究了塔玛亚历山大藻对翡翠贻贝的麻痹性贝毒的毒力,藻密度为1×105个/dm3时,白鼠未死亡;藻密度为1×106个/dm3时,白鼠发生死亡.厦门西海域近年来暴发的赤潮一般起始于局部海区无害硅藻类浮游植物,在生态环境恶化下,硅藻类赤潮在生存竞争中消退,最终暴发有害赤潮.以试验结果为依据,根据厦门海域实际情况,参考各国贝毒临界值行动标准,提出适合南方赤潮多发区塔玛亚历山大藻的麻痹性贝毒藻密度预警值为1×105个/dm3.     

2010年冬季胶州湾浮游植物群落结构特征*

研究了2010年冬季胶州湾23个大面站浮游植物的群落结构特征。共检出浮游植物5门44属69种,平均细胞丰度为222.8 cells/mL,其中硅藻在物种数量和细胞丰度上占绝对优势。主要优势种为柔弱几内亚藻Guinardia delicatula、扭链角毛藻Chaetoceros tortissimus、诺氏海链藻Thalassiosira nordenski?ldii和尖刺伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens。调查期内浮游植物表层细胞丰度的平面分布趋势为北部高于南部,垂直分布则为各水层之间细胞丰度相差不大。表层浮游植物的Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数的分布显示胶州湾东南至湾口海域浮游植物群落更加均匀稳定。与环境因子的相关分析表明浮游植物细胞丰度与铵盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硅酸盐呈显著的正相关。     

长江口中肋骨条藻赤潮发生全过程调查报告

于1990年6月在长江口赤潮多发区定点观测到一次中肋骨条藻赤潮发生的全过程，对中肋骨条藻赤潮发生过程中浮游植物群落结构的变动及细胞形态的变化进行研究。结果表明，（1）中肋骨条藻赤潮发生前，水体中甲藻数量多于硅藻；赤潮发生后，中肋骨条藻增殖，逐渐成为主要优势种，硅藻在数量上超过了甲藻；浮游植物种类丰度指数的大小能较好地反映赤潮发生的各个阶段。（2）赤潮发生过程中，中肋骨条藻细胞增殖率次序为：发展阶段＞维持阶段＞起始阶段。（3）在赤潮发生的维持阶段后期和消亡阶段，有5％-7．8％的中肋骨条藻形成休眠孢子，一个中肋骨条藻细胞仅形成一个休眠孢子，且同一个中肋骨条藻群体链上的所有细胞形成休眠孢子是同步的。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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