2001-2010年秦岭森林物候时空变化遥感监测

植被物候是陆地生态系统对全球气候变化响应的最佳指示器,研究其时空变化对深入理解陆面水热过程、碳循环过程及预测陆地生态系统的时空变化具有重要意义。本文采用2001-2010年MODIS MOD09A1产品,通过引入MOD09A1的时间控制层DOY(Day of Year)提高EVI的时间精度;采用最大变化速率法和阈值法相结合提取秦岭森林物候期。结果表明,随着水热条件变化,由低海拔至高海拔,东南向西北,生长季始期(Start of Growth Season, SOG)逐渐推迟,集中在第81~120 d(即从3月下旬-4月末);生长季末期(End of Growth Season, EOG)逐渐提前,集中在第270~311 d(10月初-11月上旬);生长季长度(Length of Growth Season, LOG)逐渐缩短,集中在150~230 d。秦岭森林物候期与海拔关系密切,海拔每升高100 m,SOG推迟2 d,EOG提前1.9 d,LOG缩短3.9 d。2001-2010年,森林SOG提前、EOG延后和LOG延长主要分布于秦岭中高海拔区;SOG延后、EOG提前和LOG缩短主要分布在海拔1000 m以下部分区域。高海拔区物候的年际变化要比低海拔区复杂,2000 m以上区域SOG提前、EOG提前、LOG缩短。上述研究结果量化了不同海拔梯度森林的物候差异,揭示了近10年秦岭森林物候的时空格局,可为秦岭地区生态环境评价和保护提供科学依据。     

毛乌素沙地植被物候时空变化特征及其影响因素

利用MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)对2001-2013年毛乌素沙地植被物候的时空变化进行了研究,并分析了物候与海拔、气候的关系。结果显示:(1)毛乌素沙地植被生长开始期(SOG)集中在第90～156天,生长结束期(EOG)在第245～323天,生长季长度(LOG)118～200 d;从东到西,SOG逐渐推迟,LOG逐渐缩短;随着海拔的升高,SOG显著推迟,EOG提前,LOG显著缩短。(2)2001-2013年,毛乌素沙地植被SOG明显提前,变化幅度为9 d/10a(R=-0.46,p=0.06),EOG和LOG分别呈提前和延长趋势,但变化都不显著。(3)研究区植被物候与温度的相关性不明显,但较多受降水量的影响,SOG与春季降水量的相关系数为-0.58(p=0.02);EOG与秋季降水量的相关系数为0.42(p=0.07);LOG与秋季降水量的相关系数为0.48(p=0.05)。     

秦岭森林物候时空分布特征及对水热条件的响应

大量观测数据分析表明，全球气候正逐步变暖。植物物候现象是全球自然环境变化的指示器。物候对气候变化的响应是研究全球气候变化的重要手段之一。森林是全球生态系统的重要组成部分，森林物候特征变化是反映气候变化对森林生长影响的综合性生物指标。利用2001—2018年MOD09A1卫星数据重建了秦岭地区增强型植被指数（EVI）序列，采用最大变化速率和阈值法结合提取了秦岭森林物候参数，结果表明：（1） Whittaker滤波法在灌木、农田、森林3种生态样地重建中稳定性较好，在秦岭山地有较好的适用性。（2） 秦岭地区物候多年均值分布同秦岭地区水热条件密切，由高海拔高山区到农耕区，生长季始期(Start of Growth Season,SOG)逐渐提前，生长季末期(End of Growth Season,EOG)逐渐推迟，生长季长度(Length of Growth Season,LOG)由高海拔区向低海拔区逐渐加长。秦岭浅山区和东部伏牛山农耕带生长季（SOG）开始较早，出现在3月上旬，高山区针叶林带生长季开始的较晚，出现在5月上旬到中旬（120～135 d）之间。生长季末期（EOG）集中出现在10月~11月初（270～310 d），高山区针叶林带生长季结束较早，浅山区植被生长季结束较晚，普遍出现在11月（300 d）以后。生长季长度（LOG）分布在150～200 d之间，低海拔地区LOG较长，大于180 d，高海拔林区生长季较短LOG集中在150～170 d。（3） 年际变化特征：2001—2018年生长季始期（SOG）呈现提前趋势,其中高海拔区提前明显，南北麓海拔低于500 m部分区域和东部伏牛山少部分区域出现推迟。生长季末期（EOG）呈现推迟趋势，其中秦岭北麓和东部中低海拔区域推迟明显，生长期长度（LOG）总体呈延长趋势。（4） 秦岭地区近17 a气温呈现上升趋势，变化率为0.02 ℃·a^-1，降水呈现不明显的上升趋势，日照时数则呈现明显的下降趋势，变化率为14.6 h·a^-1。（5） 秦岭地区物候参数同0 ℃、5 ℃和10 ℃界限温度、降水、日照时数相关性分析表明，全球变化下的升温作用是影响秦岭森林物候变化的主要因子，升温作用导致SOG提前，EOG推迟、LOG延长，主要集中在秦岭南北麓1 000~2 000 m之间，秦岭东部伏牛山低海拔区境内相关性最低，表明受温度制约较小。     

青藏地区高寒草地春季物候时空变化及其对气候变化的响应

植被物候是评估全球气候变化的重要指标,掌握其时空变化有利于理解陆地植被生态系统与气候变化间的关系。然而,当前关于青藏高原高寒草地春季物候(生长季始期,Start of Growth Season,SOG)变化趋势及驱动机制方面仍然存在诸多争议。本文基于MODIS-NDVI数据采用动态阈值法和偏相关分析等方法提取并分析青藏地区2000—2015年高寒草地SOG时空变化趋势和空间分异特征,结合同时期气象数据基于像元尺度直观量化其对气候变化响应的空间分布特征。结论如下:(1)2000—2015年青藏地区高寒草地SOG整体上由东南向西北逐渐推迟,同时呈现河谷地区早、高山地区晚的特征;(2)2000年以来青藏地区高寒草地SOG呈明显提前趋势,提前幅度约为0.33 d/a,但在不同的草地类型上存在差异。空间分布上,呈提前趋势的区域主要分布于青海东部、三江源地区,呈推迟趋势的区域主要集中分布于西藏阿里南部等区域;(3)研究时段内青藏地区高寒草地SOG与温度、太阳辐射量及降水量相关性均较明显,但相对于太阳辐射与降水量而言,SOG对气温的响应更为敏感。本研究结论对全球变化背景下植被一气候关系的理解及高原的生态安全建设具有一定的参考意义。     

1982-2013年青藏高原植被物候变化及气象因素影响

根据NDVI3g数据,本文定义了18种植被物候指标研究植被物候变化情况。根据1:100万植被区划,把青藏高原划分为8个植被区分。对物候变化比较显著的区域,采用最高温度、最低温度、平均温度、降水、太阳辐射数据,运用偏最小二乘法回归（PLS）研究物候变化的气候成因。结果表明：① 青藏高原生长季初期物候指标,转折发生在1997-2000年,转折前初期物候指标平均提前2~3 d/10a;青藏高原末期物候指标转折发生在2004-2007年左右,生长季长度物候指标突变发生在2005年左右,转折前末期物候指标平均延迟1~2 d/10a、生长季长度平均延长1~2 d/10a;转折之后生长季初期物候指标推迟趋势的显著性水平仅为0.1,生长季末期物候指标、生长季长度指标趋势不显著。② 高寒草甸与高寒灌木草甸是青藏高原物候变化最剧烈的植被分区。高寒草甸区生长季长度的延长主要是由生长季初期物候指标提前导致的。高寒灌木草甸区生长季长度的延长主要是由于初期物候指标的提前,以及末期物候指标的推迟共同作用导致的。③ 采用PLS进一步分析气象因素对高寒草甸与高寒灌木草甸物候剧烈变化的影响。表明,温度对物候的影响占主导地位,两植被分区均显示上年秋季、冬初温度对生长季初期物候具有正的影响,该时段温度一方面会导致上年末期物候指标推迟,间接推迟生长季开始时间;另一方面高温不利用冬季休眠。除夏季外,其余月份最小温度对植被物候的影响与平均温度、最高温度的影响类似。降水对植被物候的影响不同月份波动较大,上年秋冬季节降水对初期物候指标具有负的影响,春初降水对初期物候指标具有正的影响。8月份限制植被生长季的主要因素是降水,此时降水与末期物候指标模型系数为正。太阳辐射对植被物候的影响主要在夏季与秋初。PLS方法在物候变化研究中具有较好的效果,本文研究结果将会对植被物候模型改进,提供有力的科学依据。     

基于遥感方法的长白山地区植被物候期变化趋势研究

目前,越来越多的遥感数据被用来监测大面积植物物候的动态变化。利用长时间序列的SPOT/NDVI旬合成数据,通过double logistic模型获取了1999~2008年长白山地区植被的3个关键物候参数:生长季始期、生长季末期和生长季长度的多年平均值,并绘制了它们的变化趋势空间格局图。结果表明,林地的生长季开始日期为第100~120天,草地和耕地相对较晚,分别为第130~140天和第140~150天;林地和草地生长季的结束日期为第275~285天,耕地的相对较早,为第265~275天;林地、草地和耕地的生长季长度范围分别为160~180 d、140~160 d和110~130 d。植被物候期的变化趋势表现为一定的空间差异性,生长季长度延长区域主要分布在长白山地区的中东部,平均每年延长约0.7 d;缩短的区域在西北地区,平均每年缩短1.1 d。最后通过部分物候观测数据及前人在相同研究区的结果验证了利用double logistic模型提取预测长白山植被物候期的可行性。     

祁连山区植被物候遥感监测与变化趋势

基于1982-2006年GIMMS NDVI时间序列数据,利用Double Logistic拟合方法提取了祁连山区植被的生长季始期、生长季末期和生长季长度参数,分析了植被物候期的时间变化趋势及空间分异特征。结果表明:祁连山植被从东南向西北逐渐变绿,而从西北到东南逐渐变黄,植被生长季呈现出东南地区比西北地区长、河谷地区比高山地区长的特征。25年内植被年生长季始期呈提前趋势,提前幅度为0.044 d·a^-1,年代趋势为延迟-提前-延迟;年生长季末期也呈提前趋势,提前幅度为0.059 d·a^-1,年代趋势为延迟-提前;生长季长度略有缩短,缩短幅度为0.015 d·a^-1,年代趋势为缩短-延长-缩短。25年内祁连山区植被生长季始期、末期提前不明显的区域主要为高山地区,分别占51.46%、42.77%;生长季始期、末期推迟不明显区域主要为河谷地区,分别占44.41%、52.91%;植被生长季高山地区延长不明显,河谷地区缩短不明显,总体上植被物候没有出现明显变化。     

伏牛山地森林植被物候及其对气候变化的响应

研究植被物候是理解植被与气候关系的重要途径。在植被对气候变化响应的敏感地区,开展植被物候研究有助于揭示气候变化对植被的影响机制。基于2000-2015年MODIS EVI时间序列影像数据,利用Savitzky-Golay （S-G）滤波方法和动态阈值法提取伏牛山地2000-2015年森林植被物候参数,结合气温、降水数据,运用Man-Kendall趋势检验、Sen斜率、ANUSPLIN插值和相关性分析等方法,研究伏牛山地森林植被物候对气候要素（气温、降水）变化的响应。结果表明：① 伏牛山地森林植被生长季始期主要集中在第105~120 d,生长季末期主要集中在第285~315 d,生长季长度主要集中在165~195 d。从海拔梯度看,随海拔升高,生长季始期、末期和长度整体上分别呈显著推迟、提前及缩短趋势。② 生长季始期和生长季末期整体上呈推迟趋势,推迟的像元分别占森林植被的76.57%和83.81%。生长季长度整体呈延长趋势,延长的像元占比为61.21%。生长季始期变化特征主要是由该地区的春季气温降低所导致的。③ 研究区森林植被生长季始期与3月平均气温呈显著偏相关,且呈负相关的区域最多,即3月平均气温降低,导致生长季始期推迟;生长季末期与9月降水呈显著偏相关区域最多,且两者主要呈正相关,即9月降水增加,使生长季末期推迟。植被生长季长度由整个生长期的气温和降水来共同作用,对大多数的区域而言,8月的平均气温和降水与生长季长度的关系最为密切。     

基于NDVI的黄河源区生长季植被时空变化及其与气候因子的关系

为掌握黄河源区植被变化趋势及其与气候因子的关系,本研究利用2000—2013年Terra/MODIS NDVI数据和同期气温、降水资料,通过一元线性回归分析、相关分析等方法,对黄河源区生长季植被时空变化及其与气候因子进行关联分析。结果表明:黄河源区多年平均生长季NDVI整体表现为由东南向西北递减。2000—2013年,黄河源区生长季NDVI呈波动上升趋势(P0.01);生长季各期NDVI均在增加,其中生长季初期NDVI增加较显著。近十几年NDVI无显著变化区域占黄河源植被覆盖区面积的69.58%,分布广泛;极显著和显著增加区域占28.88%,集中在黄河源东北部、扎陵湖和鄂陵湖周围;极显著和显著减少区域仅占1.54%,主要以小斑块状分布在扎陵湖、鄂陵湖以上源头区。生长季NDVI与气候因子显著正相关区域和NDVI增加区域高度一致,意味着黄河源区暖湿化促进了植被生长,而降水是影响黄河源区植被生长的主导因子。气温和降水对黄河源区植被生长影响的最大时间滞后效应约为16天或32天,且气温对黄河源区植被生长的影响还具有显著的同期效应。     

六盘山山地植被物候地带性分异及其对气候变化的响应

山地系统作为植被脆弱带及气候转换与变化的敏感区,能直观反映植被对全球环境变化的响应及适应过程.该文基于1982-2015年GIMMS NDVI 3g时间序列数据集,利用TIMESAT 3.3动态阈值法提取六盘山山地植被物候参数,结合气温、降水及光照数据集,利用最小二乘法趋势检验、偏相关分析等方法,研究六盘山山地植被物候分异规律及其对气候变化的响应.结果表明:1)六盘山山地植被生长季始期推迟幅度为11.1 d·km-1,生长季末期提前,导致生长季长度缩短幅度为22.6 d·km-1.2)生长季长度和生长季始期空间格局相似,由西北高海拔地区向东南低海拔地区呈山地垂直地带性规律;生长季中期以36°N为界,呈纬度地带性规律,生长季末期以106°30′E为界,经度地带性变化规律显著.3)气候因子在植被不同生长阶段的主导作用不同,气温对六盘山物候变化影响最显著;3月气温升高促使夏季物候提前,9月降水增加促使秋季物候推迟;6月气温升高与9月降水增加导致耕地生长季中期显著推迟,灌木、林地生长季中期显著提前;生长季始期对3月日间最高气温的负敏感性最强,生长季末期对9月夜间最低气温的正敏感性最强,该结论与植被生长生理特征一致.     

The 30m-NDVI-based Alpine Grassland Changes and Climate Impacts in the Three-River Headwaters Region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2018

The response of long-term vegetation changes and climate change has been a hot topic in recent research. Previously, a Landsat-based fusion model was developed and used to produce a dataset of normalized vegetation index (NDVI) for the Three-River Headwater region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with a spatial resolution of 30 m and the time spanning the nearly 30 years from 1990 to 2018. In this study, the NDVI was applied to an analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in the alpine grassland and the impacts from climate change using the Theil-Sen Median method and linear regression. The results showed that: (1) The regional mean NDVI was 0.39 and showed a spatial pattern of decreasing from the southeast to the northwest in the recent three decades. Among the three parks, the Lancang River Park had the highest NDVI (0.43), followed by the Yellow River Park (0.38) and Yangtze River Park (0.23). (2) An upward trending was found in the NDVI time series at a rate of 0.0031 yr^-1 (R² =0.62, P < 0.01) over the whole period of 1990-2018. The increasing rate (0.00649 yr^-1, R² =0.71, P < 0.01) in the latter period of 2005-2018 was nearly 2.3 times of that (0.00284 yr^-1, R² =0.31, P < 0.01) in the previous period of 1990-2005. In the latest periods, the three parks experienced rates that were 2.3 to 63 times the corresponding values in the early period. (3) The NDVI is correlated more positively with temperature than precipitation. The impacts of climate change decreased along with the coverage fraction from the higher, median and then lower levels. The climate change can explain 34% of the variability in the NDVI time series of the areas with a higher fraction of grassland coverage, while it was 31% for the median fraction and 20% for the lower fraction. This study is the first to use the 30 m NDVI dataset spanning nearly 30 years to analyze the spatial and temporal variability and climate impacts in the alpine grasslands of the Three-River Headwater region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results provide a basis for assessments on the ecological management effects and ecological quality based on long-term baseline data with a higher spatial resolution.     

中国草原区植被变化及其对气候变化的响应

利用1982~2006年GIMMS NDVI和气象数据,探究中国草原区植被变化及对气候的响应。结果表明,近25 a中国草原区植被覆盖总体呈上升趋势,但季节变化空间差异明显。春季温度对温带典型草原、高寒草甸草原和高寒典型草原植被生长有重要影响,而夏季和秋季温度同样对高寒草甸草原影响显著;夏季降水增多能明显促进夏季温带荒漠草原植被生长。除8月份以外,温带草原5~9月NDVI均与前一个月降水显著正相关;在生长季内,高寒草原NDVI与同期温度显著正相关,但8月份除外。此外高寒草原植被在生长最旺盛时期对降水变化存在1~3个月滞后期。     

Declining Precipitation Enhances the Effect of Warming on Phenological Variation in a Semiarid Tibetan Meadow Steppe

Vegetation phenology is a sensitive indicator of global warming, especially on the Tibetan Plateau. However, whether climate warming has enhanced the advance of grassland phenology since 2000 remains debated and little is known about the warming effect on semiarid grassland phenology and interactions with early growing season precipitation. In this study, we extracted phenological changes from average NDVI in the growing season (GNDVI) to analyze the relationship between changes in NDVI, phenology and climate in the Northern Tibetan Damxung grassland from 2000 to 2014. The GNDVI of the grassland declined. Interannual variation of GNDVI was mainly affected by mean temperature from late May to July and precipitation from April to August. The length of the growing season was significantly shortened due to a delay in the beginning of the growing season and no advancement of the end of the growing season, largely caused by climate warming and enhanced by decreasing precipitation in spring. Water availability was the major determinant of grass growth in the study area. Warming increased demand for water when the growth limitation of temperature to grass was exceeded in the growing season. Decreased precipitation likely further exacerbated the effect of warming on vegetation phenology in recent decades due to increasing evapotranspiration and water limitations. The comprehensive effects of global warming and decreasing precipitation may delay the phenological responses of semiarid alpine grasslands.     

Land cover change along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway from 1981 to 2001

Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI monthly data from 1981 to 2001, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of land cover along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway were studied. The results of the analytical data indicate that the NDVI values in July, August and September are rather high during a year, and a linear trend by calculating NDVI of each pixel computed based on the average values of NDVI in July, August and September were obtained. The results are as follows: 1) Land cover of the study area by NDVI displays high at two sides of the area and low in the center, and agriculture area > alpine meadow > alpine grassland > desert grassland. 2) In the study area, the amount of pixels with high increase, slight increase, no change, slight decrease and high decrease account for 0.29%, 14.86%, 67.61%, 16.7% and 0.57% of the whole area, respectively. The increase of land cover pixels is mainly in the agriculture and alpine meadow and the decrease pixels mainly in the alpine grassland, desert grassland and hungriness. Grassland and hungriness contribute to the decrease mostly and artificial land and meadow contribute to the increase mostly. 3) In the area where human beings live, the changing trend is obvious, such as the valleys of Lhasa River and Huangshui River and area along the Yellow River; in the high altitude area with fewer people living, the changing trend is relatively low, like the area of Hoh Xil. 4) Human being’s behaviors are a key factor followed by the climate changes affecting land cover.     

江河源区NDVI时空变化及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

The source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are important water conservation areas of China. In recent years, ecological deterioration trend of the source regions caused by global climate change and unreasonable resource development increased gradually. In this paper, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of vegetation cover in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are analyzed in recent 10 years based on 1-km resolution multitemporal SPOTVGT-DN data from 1998 to 2007. Meanwhile, the correlation relationships between air temperature, precipitation, shallow ground temperature and NDVI, which is 3×3 pixel at the center of Wudaoliang, Tuotuohe, Qumalai, Maduo, and Dari meteorological stations were analyzed. The results show that the NDVI values in these two source regions are increasing in recent 10 years. Spatial distribution of NDVI which was consistent with hydrothermal condition decreased from southeast to northwest of the source regions. NDVI with a value over 0.54 was mainly distributed in the southeastern source region of the Yellow River, and most NDVI values in the northwestern source region of the Yangtze River were less than 0.22. Spatial changing trend of NDVI has great difference and most parts in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers witnessed indistinct change. The regions with marked increasing trend were mainly distributed on the south side of the Tongtian River, some part of Keqianqu, Tongtian, Chumaer, and Tuotuo rivers in the source region of the Yangtze River and Xingsuhai, and southern Dari county in the source region of the Yellow River. The regions with very marked increasing tendency were mainly distributed on the south side of Tongtian Rriver and sporadically distributed in hinterland of the source region of the Yangtze River. The north side of Tangula Range in the source region of the Yangtze River and Dari and Maduo counties in the source region of the Yellow River were areas in which NDVI changed with marked decreasing tendency. The NDVI change was980 Journal of Geographical Sciences positively correlated with average temperature, precipitation and shallow ground temperature. Shallow ground temperature had the greatest effect on NDVI change, and the second greatest factor influencing NDVI was average temperature. The correlation between NDVI and shallow ground temperature in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers increased significantly with the depth of soil layer.     

Eco-environment range in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers

Based on geographical and hydrological extents delimited, four principles are identified, as the bases for delineating the ranges of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in the paper. According to the comprehensive analysis of topographical characteristics, climate conditions, vegetation distribution and hydrological features, the source region ranges for eco-environmental study are defined. The eastern boundary point is Dari hydrological station in the upper reach of the Yellow River. The watershed above Dari hydrological station is the source region of the Yellow River which drains an area of 4.49×104 km2. Natural environment is characterized by the major topographical types of plateau lakes and marshland, gentle landforms, alpine cold semi-arid climate, and steppe and meadow vegetation in the source region of the Yellow River. The eastern boundary point is the convergent site of the Nieqiaqu and the Tongtian River in the upstream of the Yangtze River. The watershed above the convergent site is the source region of the Yangtze River, with a watershed area of 12.24×104 km2. Hills and alpine plain topography, gentle terrain, alpine cold arid and semi-arid climate, and alpine cold grassland and meadow are natural conditions in the source region of the Yangtze River.     

1982~2013年青藏高原高寒草地覆盖变化及与气候之间的关系

利用GIMMS NDVI数据和地面气象站台观测数据,对青藏高原1982~2013年高寒草地覆盖时空变化及其对气象因素的响应进行研究,结果表明：青藏高原高寒草地生长季NDVI表现为从东南到西北逐渐减少的趋势,近32 a来,整个高原草地生长季NDVI呈上升趋势,增加速率为0.000 3/a (p<0.05);高寒草地生长季NDVI年际变化具有空间异质性,整体为增加趋势,呈增加趋势的面积约占研究区域面积的75.3%,其中显著增加的占26.0% （p<0.05）,类型主要为分布在青藏高原东北部地区的高寒草甸;比例为4.7%,草地类型主要为高寒草原,主要分布在高原西部地区;基于生态地理分区的分析显示,青藏高原草地与降水、温度的相关关系具有明显的空间差异,高寒草地生长季NDVI均值与降水呈显著正相关,对降水的滞后效应显著;高原东北部温度较高,热量条件较好,降水为高寒草地生长季NDVI变化的主导因子;东中部地区降水充沛,温度则为高寒草地生长的制约因子;南部地区降水和温度都较适宜,均与高寒草地生长季NDVI相关性显著(p< 0.05),共同作用于草地的生长;中部和西部地区,气候因子与高寒草地生长季NDVI关系均不显著。     

1981-2001年青藏公路和铁路沿线土地覆被变化

1 Introduction Land cover change may result in extremely profound influence on regional water circulation, environmental quality, bio-diversity, and the productivity and adaptive capacity of land ecosystem. Meanwhile, it is an important factor affecting r…