南海西南次海盆广角地震探测

2010年12月—2011年3月在南海西南次海盆开展了海底地震仪(Ocean Bottom Seismometer,OBS)探测,采用Sedis IV型、I-4C型和MicrOBS3种不同型号的OBS,以4×24.5L的大容量气枪为震源,获得了覆盖西南次海盆残留扩张脊的3D人工地震数据。从处理的地震数据可知,此次试验是一次比较成功的地震实验,OBS地震记录清晰、震相丰富,所使用的气枪有足够的能量输出,显示了其良好的工作能力。选取剖面1中的7台OBS进行了2D剖面处理。初步建模结果表明,南海西南次海盆地壳结构为普通洋壳,海山顶部沉积层很薄,莫霍面埋深较浅。     

南沙地块OBS2019-2测线数据处理与震相识别*

为揭示南海南部陆缘的地壳结构, 研究其张裂-破裂机制, 开展共轭陆缘对比, 我们在南沙地块礼乐西海槽附近的洋陆转换带上完成了OBS2019-2测线的探测工作。相较于北部陆缘, 南部陆缘已有的海底地震仪(ocean bottom seismometer, OBS)测线较少, 对深部地壳结构的研究也较少, 因此OBS2019-2测线就尤为重要。文章重点阐述了OBS2019-2测线的数据处理工作, 包括UKOOA文件制作、数据格式转换、位置校正、单个台站综合地震记录剖面的生成等, 然后在剖面图中对各类深部震相(Pg、PcP、PmP、Pn)进行识别追踪, 并建立初步的模型; 使用Rayinvr软件进行走时试算工作, 验证了震相识别的准确性。处理结果显示OBS2019-2测线的深部震相清晰, 最远震相可以连续追踪到120km以外, 数据整体质量良好, 能为后续速度建模和构造解释等工作提供坚实基础。     

南海北部陆缘OBS2018-H2测线地壳结构初步结果*

南海北部陆缘洋陆转换带实施的OBS2018-H2测线的地壳速度结构, 将为探讨南海张裂-破裂机制提供重要证据。文章介绍了OBS2018-H2测线前期数据处理流程, 包括多道反射地震数据处理、海底地震仪OBS (Ocean Bottom Seismometer)数据格式转换、炮点和OBS位置校正, 以及OBS震相的初步识别, 并对地壳结构进行了初步分析。结果表明: 炮点和OBS位置校正效果良好; 多道反射地震数据为建立初始速度模型提供了良好约束; OBS综合地震剖面识别了多组清晰的P波震相, 包括Pw、Pg、PmP和Pn震相。根据测线西侧OBS36、OBS37两台站的震相分布特征初步估算台站下方地壳厚度约为6~7km, 与根据多道地震剖面LW3的双程走时估算的厚度6~9km大致相符。     

东沙群岛西南海区海底地震测线OBS2015-1揭示的深部地壳结构

为深入理解南海北部多道地震测线D80显示的深反射信息,沿此测线布置OBS(15台)地震测线(OBS2015-1),测线长300km,方向NNW—SSE,从水深800m陆坡延伸至3760m深海平原。文章利用Obstool软件进行预处理(位置校正和时间校正等)、震相识别,利用FAST tomography软件进行速度层析成像。速度结果表明,新生代沉积层速度1.6~3.5km·s-1,厚度约2km;中生界速度3.5~5.5km·s-1,平均厚度约3km。在洋陆过渡带处,沉积基底受新生代岩浆活动影响,有较大起伏。在上陆坡处,上地壳存在向上凸起约5km的高速异常,在多道地震剖面中表现为杂乱反射的背斜构造,上覆晚新生代地层也同步形变,推测可能是新生代晚期岩浆侵入造成。地壳厚度由陆坡的23~20km减薄至洋盆的8km。地壳下部存在7.0~7.6km·s-1的高速层,高速层由陆坡的5km左右逐渐递减至海盆的2km左右,因上陆坡和洋陆过渡带晚新生代岩浆活动活跃,作者认为地壳下部高速层是由海底扩张停止后岩浆侵入形成。     

南海西南次海盆被动陆缘构造单元划分及伸展演化过程

南海西南次海盆被动陆缘洋陆转换带位于陆缘强烈伸展区,蕴含着岩石圈临界伸展破裂和洋盆扩张过程的丰富信息。本文利用多道地震剖面和重力异常数据,对西南次海盆被动陆缘构造单元进行划分,研究陆缘南、北部洋陆转换带结构构造特征,探讨陆缘伸展演化过程。多道地震剖面资料显示,北部洋陆转换带发育有裂陷期断陷和向海倾斜的掀斜断块;南部发育有低角度正断层控制的裂陷期断陷、海底火山以及局部隆起;从陆到洋方向,重力异常值变化明显。根据上述结果南海西南次海盆被动陆缘划分为近端带、洋陆转换带和洋盆三个构造单元,分别对应了其伸展演化过程的三个阶段：前裂谷阶段、陆缘裂陷阶段和海底扩张阶段。     

南海中南—司令断裂带的延伸特征及其与南海扩张演化的关系

为了确定中南—司令断裂带在南海海盆及其在南部陆缘的延伸位置,并探讨其与南海扩张的关系,本文利用重磁异常、地震、莫霍面深度、P波速度特征、钻井拖网资料,对中南—司令断裂带的延伸位置进行了综合地质和地球物理研究,厘定了中南—司令断裂带在东部次海盆与西南、西北次海盆之间呈NS向延伸,并南延至南海南部陆缘之上,深度上切割至莫霍面。根据南海海盆中磁异常条带走向的变化,及磁异常条带、走滑/转换断裂、扩张方向的印证关系,结合前人对古南海"剪刀状"碰撞闭合、南海扩张演化、构造应力场的研究,提出在32~25 Ma,伴随着南海东部次海盆的NNW向扩张,南海海盆及南沙地块整体发生顺时针旋转,使中南—司令断裂走向由形成初期的NNW向转变为N—S向;23.5 Ma之后,顺时针旋转停止,南海东部次海盆继续NNW向扩张,西南次海盆呈NW—SE向渐进式扩张。作为一条切穿地壳的深大断裂,中南—司令断裂与红河-越东断裂、马尼拉海沟断裂三条深大断裂一起组成区域"滑线场",制约南海海盆的扩张与南沙地块的南移。     

南海海盆中南—礼乐断裂带研究进展*

文章首先论述了中南—礼乐断裂带的研究现状, 然后基于重力、磁力、地震剖面和地形等地球物理资料, 综合分析了中南—礼乐断裂带在南海海盆中的空间展布和内部构造形变特征。研究表明: 该断裂带在海盆中由北至南具有明显的分段性。北段(西北次海盆与东部次海盆北部之间)断裂带宽15km, 由(18°00'N, 115°30'E)向(17°30'N, 116°00'E)呈NNW向分布。南段(西南次海盆与东部次海盆之间)断裂带宽约60~80km, 由中沙海台东侧向礼乐地块西侧呈NNW向展布。中南—礼乐断裂带的主控断裂沿中南海岭呈NNW向分布。断裂带在南北两段的过渡区总体呈NNE向展布。断裂带两侧海盆的沉积厚度和洋壳厚度存在差异, 推断该断裂带对其东西两侧海盆的地质构造具有控制作用。根据地壳结构变化, 推测该断裂带至少是一条地壳级断裂。     

跨南海西南次海盆OBS、多道地震与重力联合调查

对跨南海西南次海盆及两侧陆缘的一条1050km长的、包括海底地震(OBS)、长排列多道地震和重磁在内的综合地球物理探测剖面(CFT)进行了构造成像和研究。在多道地震成像基础上建立了CFT剖面初始速度模型, 进而通过初至波层析成像方法反演了CFT剖面的速度结构模型, 在重力异常资料的约束下建立了CFT剖面的综合地壳结构模型。讨论了沿CFT剖面出现的下地壳高速体、龙门海山的低密度物质等地质问题。结果表明, 下地壳高速层在北部陆坡、西南海盆和南部南沙地块均有分布, 厚度在0~4km之间, 可能与陆缘下地壳物质和地幔物质熔融混合, 以及深海盆海底扩张期间构造拉伸导致地幔蛇纹岩化有关。     

南海深地震探测的重要科学进程:回顾和展望

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海之一,研究其深部地壳的结构对深入认识南海共轭边缘的构造属性、深海盆形成演化历史、含油气盆地的形成机制均具有十分重要的科学意义。南海地壳结构的深地震探测从构造区域上可分为南海北部陆缘、南海南部陆缘、南海中部深海盆等几个海域,在探测技术上经历了声纳浮标、双船扩展剖面(expanding spread profile,ESP)、海底地震仪(ocean bottom seismometer,OBS)探测3个阶段。特别是近20年OBS探测蓬勃发展,从南海北部、发展到南海南部、再到南海中部,从二维直线探测到三维网格探测。这些探测和研究得到了宝贵的深部地壳结构信息,为南海的形成演化理论提供了重要依据,同时也推动了国产OBS的应用和人才队伍的培养。而最新完成的深海盆三维OBS探测标志了一个新的历史阶段,具有非常深远的科学意义。     

南海北部海陆联合深地震探测及其地质学意义

南海北部海陆地震联测经历了旧气枪震源的初始试验、大容量气枪的引进与改造、陆上台站和海底地震仪联合接收等3个阶段,填补了海陆过渡带深部结构的研究空白,其结果显示滨海断裂带在速度结构上表现为低速特征,并揭示了南海北部陆缘地震带的深部发震构造与地壳内部低速结构和交叉断裂的耦合作用存在紧密联系。西沙和南沙海陆联测为北部联测的进一步工作,可以构建穿越南海北部陆缘、西沙地块到南沙地块等陆缘的超长地壳结构剖面,对我们揭示南沙地块内部微块体结构、南沙地块及其邻区的深部速度结构以及南沙地块与周边海盆、陆块间过渡带的综合地质地球物理结构,了解南沙地块现今的构造状态与构造变迁历史,解译南沙地块裂离演变过程等具有重要意义。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...