Y形块体交界处多点大破裂的模拟实验研究

采用有机玻璃试样,在其上用激光刻划出雁列式断层组成的Y形块体边界.用特殊加载方式,使夹在Y形上部中间的块体能相对于两边向下移动.用实时全息干涉计量方法(激光)、焦散阴影光学法和微破裂(声发射)信息采集分析技术研究块体交界处多点大破裂的特征.结果显示:随着加载,在切缝端点处的条纹逐步变密,进而形成有明显边界的阴影区.这些阴影区会随荷载增加变大,随卸载而减小.荷载再增大,相邻两切缝端点处的阴影区会连成一片.这些阴影区为强烈应变或应力集中区,即应变核或应力核.微破裂定位资料同时证实:阴影区达到足够大后会有破裂发生;并且先变大并达到额定值(如破裂强度)的阴影区先发生破裂.荷载再增大,多个阴影区先后达到额定值,以后,大破裂在各个阴影区交替发生.     

含多组雁列构造试样的特征位移场与声发射的关系-应变空区的实验与理论探讨

针对唐山等大地震前出现的形变空区现象，依据实验和理论对应变空区进行了探讨． 实验过程中采用焦散线法、实时全息干涉计量方法(激光)图像摄影记录，同时进行微破裂(声发射)记录．依据固体损伤理论，结合微破裂定位对应变空区进行研究，得出两点结论:①应变空区在线弹性情况下出现是一种必然现象，且应变空区的位置相对稳定，与裂纹端部的应力集中相对应；②应变空区内几乎不发生微破裂．微破裂总是从高应力区产生，且几乎就发生在应力集中区与应变空区相联的条带内，最终表现为微破裂(声发射)的带状或成丛分布．主破裂总是从应变核(焦散阴影区)开始，然后向应变空区急剧发展，形成主大破裂，最终导致试样崩溃．      

岩石红外辐射温度随岩石应力变化的规律和特征以及与声发射率的关系

在实验室对不同岩性不同结构的岩石试件进行单轴加载至试件破裂试验，得出了如下主要结果：（１）岩石试件的红外辐射温度随应力增加而变化，温度变化的范围在０．２℃－０．８℃。（２）岩石试件临破裂前出现明显的岩石破裂温度前兆。（３）有一部分岩石试件临破裂前出现高温条带、高温区或低温条带、低温区。不久，试件沿高温条带、区或低温条带、区发生主破裂。（４）有一部分岩石试件在临破裂前出现温度脉冲，正脉冲达到２．８℃，负脉冲达到－１．０℃。（５）当应力增加时，岩石试件的辐射温度增加与声发射率增加呈互补关系。     

含硬包体试样破裂孕育过程中应变场的变化特征

在含硬包体的混凝土试样，双轴加压的破裂孕育过程中，观测自由面的应变场，随着应力增加，高应变区逐步形成，应变梯度增大，主破裂前，有的高应变区应变量与应变梯度均减小，有的则增加，主破裂发生应变及其梯度相对都较低的一个高应变梯度区，应变场区内不同测点，其应变随应力及时间的变化而形态不同，临皮裂前，距破裂带和包体近的测点应图像复杂，有的反向加速增大，有的同向加速增大，有的显著减小；而远处测点，变化迟缓且不     

负坡段加卸载响应比的物理意义及预测效能

根据实验结果，用应变能研究岩石在极值应力后主破裂前（负坡段）加卸载响应比可能出现奇异点或负值的变化特征，并且说明其普遍性．以应变（能）及Ｐ波走时为响应，分别得出加卸载响应比的倒数在岩石破裂孕育过程中的变化形态．结果表明:在逼近主破裂时，加卸载响应比的倒数急剧下降后出现极小值（甚至为负值）．此特征可以看作临近主破裂的标志．      

双轴压力下岩样自电位变化实验的新结果

利用伺服控制双轴加载系统,采用阵列式布局的应变、自电位测量方法,对岩石样品弹性变形阶段和破坏过程中的应变和自电位进行了实验研究. 结果表明,在突然加卸载、黏滑和岩样破裂几种特定情况下,自电位和应变场均出现了互相关联的脉冲状突然变化,且具有相当大的空间展布. 尽管有时应力σ值相当高,但当应力变化率γ= dσ/ dt为零（恒载）且保持正、负常数（匀速加、卸载）时,自电位始终没有异常出现. 反之,无论γ的增量Δγ为正值或负值,当γ突变,即对样品进行突然加卸载的时刻则出现了脉冲状自电位信号ΔV,Δγ的正或负对ΔV的影响是相反的. 分析表明,应力突变时ΔV与Δγ的异常幅度成正比. 应力突变和岩石破裂过程中自电位明显的时空变化意味着,孕震区附近如果自电位有突变,就有可能观测到相关的自电位前兆和同震变化, 并可能出现同步的应变变化,这给地震的自电位和应变前兆方法提供了实验证据.     

岩石非线性破裂的衰减特征

在实验室内，模拟了在构造应力和引潮力的共同作用下岩石失稳破裂的过程，记录了整个过程中不同应力条件下通过岩石样品的纵波波形曲线．以此为基础，分别在时间域和频率域计算了Ｐ波波列能量随应力的变化；并根据Ｑ值的定义，导出了接收到的波列的能量与岩石衰减Ｑ的关系式，从而计算出不同应力条件下相应的Ｑ值及其变化．利用加卸载响应比的定义，得到以Ｑ为响应参数时岩石系统的加卸载响应比随应力的变化曲线，其结果和响应比理论的预测相当吻合．因此认为，Ｑ值的加卸载响应比可以表征岩石系统的稳定程度，并可以用于预测岩石的非线性失稳．     

单轴压力下岩石破裂的初步研究

用几种不同加载方式对岩石样品进行了单轴压力实验。以恒定应变率(约为10^-5)对样品加载时,岩石的破裂过程大致可分成四个阶段:孔隙压缩阶段、弹性变形阶段、体积膨胀阶段和临震阶级。后二个阶段显著的特点是岩石开始表现出非弹性的体积应变并在主破裂前急剧增大,它与微破裂累积总数二者存在着同步的变化。在重复加载时,发现岩石的微破裂过程具有不可逆的性质,这种现象似乎可以用来说明同一地区短期内发生的两次地震的地震序列的不同,指出运用历史地震资料时应注意该地区应力变化的历史情况。     

地震不稳定破裂扩展与前兆过程

本讨论了地震的深部滑动破裂扩展过程模型和它的前兆意义。结果表明：该模型预示着一个失稳加速破裂扩展的阶段;这个阶段时间尺度（前兆时间）很大程度上依赖于地震孕育的介质环境和应力环境;由此产生的地表应力－应变场在空间上出现反向发展方向,可能是一种非常有意义的前兆特征。     

岩石破裂扩展过程中的声发射b值动态特征及意义

利用多道声发射（ＡＥ）采集系统记录了不同构造的岩石试件变形破坏过程中的ＡＥ全波形，由扫描算法求得试件变形全过程的ＡＥｂ值动态曲线；根据变化幅度和演化方式，将ＡＥｂ值曲线分为山脊线状和台阶状两类；经与应力－应变时程曲线及试件破裂特征对比，发现山脊线状和台阶状ＡＥｂ值曲线分别对应于较均匀岩石试件的渐进式稳态破裂扩展和含扁平状非均匀构造岩石试件的突发式失稳破裂扩展，后者的破裂状态及其转变可用破裂相和相变来描述     

An experimental study of the dynamic features of shadow areas of caustics in response to loading/unloading fracture

IntroductionCHEN (1981), GENG, et al (1980), YAO (1981) and others have found out that different stress paths can lead to fracture. They have further studied the precursory features of wave velocity ratio, acoustic emission, and so on, in this situation. YIN (1987), YIN and YIN (1991), Yin, et al (1994, 1995, 2000) have put forward the concept of loading-unloading response ratio. When a mechanical test system is in a stable state, the path of its response to loading is the same as that…     

Experimental Study of the Process Zone,Nucleation Zone and Plastic Area of Earthquakes by the Shadow Optical Method of Caustics

-- On a plexiglass sample, a penetrating crack was prefabricated by laser. The crack is inclined towards the major principal stress †₁(†_y) at an angle of about 30°. Using this sample and by means of shadow optical method of caustics and microcrack location, the process zone, nucleation zone and plastic area of earthquakes were studied experimentally, and the strain variation in the shadow area was monitored. From the result, we comprehend the following. When the stress †_y was increased to a certain value, shadow areas were formed around the prefabricated crack and at its tips, with that at the tips being larger. These shadow areas become larger with the increase of load and smaller with unloading. In the shadow area the strain was inhomogeneous: it was very large in some places but very small in others. When the shadow area reached a critical state, microcracks appeared at the tips of the prefabricated crack. Microcracks appeared on one side of the prefabricated crack where the strain and the shadow were both smaller. The zone with concentrated microcracks, or the process zone, was always located at the crack tip; this zone together with a half length of the original crack formed the nucleation zone which fell into the shadow area but was smaller than it. The shadow optical area of caustics bears a certain quantitative relation with the plastic area. Therefore, if an appropriate method is available to obtain the shadow optical area of caustics, it would be possible to detect the area with strong differential deformation change, and hence to determine the zone where strong fracture (an earthquake) would take place.     

A study on relation between acoustic emission and characteristic displacement field on the sample with multi en echelon structures——The theoretic and experimental explorations of strain gap

Introduction ZHOU, et al (1994) collected and investigated periods of level deformation data from 1954 to 1992, and gained sequence of a picture per year (or several years) that vividly showed the varia-tion of the deformation field of Tangshan earthquake source area around the Tangshan diamond block which was 21.3. They indicated that the Tangshan earthquake source area showed de-formation gap and the hard solid characteristic of relative stabilization or relative closedown. In the investig…     

A study on relation between acoustic emission and characteristic displacement field on the sample with multi en echelon structures — The theoretic and experimental explorations of strain gap

Based on the phenomena that the deformation gap was observed before the great Tangshang earthquake, this paper discusses the strain gap according to test and theory. The (strain) patterns were recorded photographically by realtime holographic interferometry and shadow optical method of caustics, as soon as the loading process started. In the meantime, the AE (acoustic emission) signals were recorded by a micro crack information storage-analysis system. According to damage theory and location of micro fracture, we have studied the stain gap and gained: a) It is necessary that strain gap appears under the condition of linear elasticity theory, and its situation is relatively stable, corresponding to stress concentration. b) Micro fractures, which appear initially at area of high stress, occur rarely at the strain gap, and their locations are finally in the zone between the stress concentration area and the strain gap, which indicate the clusters or groups. However, the major macro fracture (final rupture) started from the shadow areas, and then grew quickly towards the strain gaps, which resulted in failure of sample. Foundation item: The Dual Project of China Seismological Bureau (9691309020301), the Specialized Funds for National Key Basic Study (G1998040704), the project for the MOST under contract (2001BA601B02) and Youth Funds for applied basic study of the Science and Technology Bureau of Yunnan Province (98D019Q).     

唐山两次中级地震前后地下水位固体潮加卸载响应比的变化

本文将加卸载响应比的理论和方法引入到地下水位潮汐资料计算中来,从岩石的应变与应力的非线性响应分析了井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的物理。     

SMA-压电半主动混合阻尼器减震控制分析

将形状记忆合金（Shape memory alloy,简称"SMA"）与压电摩擦阻尼器复合设计了一种半主动混合阻尼器,对SMA丝进行了材性试验,分析了循环圈数、加载速率和应变幅值对SMA丝力学性能的影响。基于试验数据,以速度方向和应变值作为神经元输入,建立了SMA的BP神经网络本构模型,并利用T-S模糊逻辑求解压电陶瓷驱动器输出电压,对1个2层的钢框架结构进行了无控、SMA被动控制和混合控制MATLAB仿真分析。结果表明:SMA的BP网络模型预测的应力误差大多集中在20 MPa以内,且误差较大点主要集中在加载的初始段和卸载的结束段等数值较小的点,BP神经网络能够较好地预测SMA丝的本构曲线。相比SMA被动控制,混合阻尼器可以更加有效地降低结构的动力反应。     

包头6.4级地震前后地下水位固体潮加卸载响应比的变化

将加卸载响应比的理论和方法引入到地下水位潮汐资料计算中来,从岩石的应变与应力的非线性响应分析了井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的物理机理,从理论上论证可以应用地下水位观测资料来计算加卸载响应比,并研究出利用地下水位对固体潮响应来计算加卸载响应比的方法。经此方法计算了河北省万全、昌黎和河间３口水井多年的Ｂ井水位的固体潮加卸载响应比,分析了１９９６年包头６．４级地震前后地下水位固体潮加卸载响应比的变化特征。     

加卸载响应比在体应变固体潮中的应用

从岩石的应变与应力的非线性响应分析了体应变固体潮加卸载响应比的物理机理, 给出了体应变固体潮加卸载响应比的计算方法,并以昌平和峰峰台的体应变观测值为例,计算了二台的体应变固体潮加卸载响应比。结果表明,在中强地震前存在增大变化。     

大同两次中强地震前应变,倾斜加卸载响应比异常研究

探讨了一种以应变，倾斜为响应的加卸载响应比的计算方法，并对大同两次中强地震前华北北部地区的应变，倾斜加卸载响应比进行了计算，结果显示，此方法对预报地震有一定的可行性。     

新疆04井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的研究

根据加卸载响应比理论,利用１９９０～１９９７年新疆０４井水位动态观测资料,分析了井水位对地球固体潮汐的响应。通过彼尔采夫滤波、气压和水位相关分析,剔除水位长趋势变化和气压的影响,计算出井水位固体潮体应变的响应率,合理地选取加载和卸载的时段,得出水位固体潮加卸载响应比,其值为１左右。水位固体潮加卸载响应比变化特征为年变平稳、幅度小,在中强地震活动时出现比值短期增高现象,异常大多出现在震前１～３个月内