真空堆载预压法控制高速公路软土地基沉降的现场监测试验分析

真空堆载预压法具有真空预压和堆载预压双重加固效果,真空预压产生的侧向收缩变形与堆载产生的侧向挤出变形相抵消,保证了上部路堤的稳定性,加速地基土的固结,提高了施工速度.依托高速公路软基处理实体工程,设置四个现场监测试验段,对完整有效的观测断面的沉降进行了全程监测.分析结果表明,真空堆载预压法加固的路基沉降量主要发生在初期和中期,沉降速率在监测初期较大、中期时达到最大值,后期的沉降量和沉降速率减小,最后阶段最大沉降速率为0.09 cm/d,小于堆载预压规定的允许值1cm/d的要求,表明真空堆载预压法加固效果显著.     

真空-堆载联合预压法应用试验研究

对杭金衢高速公路真空-堆载联合预压工程,进行了现场试验和资料分析研究。研究表明真空预压能使地基产生较大的沉降速率,同时产生向内的水平位移,从而使真空一堆载联合预压比超载预压具有更强的抗失稳能力,侧向位移量和位移速率与荷载大小有明显的相关性。真空预压的加固深度主要是竖向排水体范围内,而真空-堆载联合预压法的加固深度则可根据堆载的附加应力比来确定。     

湖泊相软土真空堆载联合预压法的离心机试验研究

依托高速公路试验段真空堆载联合预压加固软土路基的现场试验,根据实际路基情况建立离心模型,对真空堆载联合预压加固湖泊相软土地基进行离心机试验,分析了在真空预压和堆载预压联合作用下软土路基的沉降规律,并将试验结果与现场监测结果进行对比,研究了两者沉降的关系。通过对比分析可知,采用真空堆载联合预压加固湖泊相软土路基,地基土在工期内的沉降占总沉降87%以上,加固效果明显;用该方法加固后软基的工后沉降发展缓慢,两年内工后沉降最多为2.5 cm,路堤断面沉降差不超过5 mm,不会影响公路正常使用;试验结果与现场实测值沉降趋势基本相同,但由于现场试验条件及离心试验误差影响,导致两者沉降值存在差异。     

高速公路超软土地基的真空预压加固研究

某高速公路采用了真空预压法加固高填方路堤的超软弱土地基。试验表明：与常规堆载预压法相比,采用真空预压法工期节省1/4,路堤实际填高6.2 m的超软弱地基土在预压3个月后,其固结度大于95 %,路基沉降量却减少1/3;地基土强度平均增长1.5倍;路堤填筑期侧向挤出的日均位移量小于0.2 mm/d,路堤地基一直处于稳定状态。预估的路基工后沉降均小于20 cm。由此得到的实践经验,可以在其他类似工程中推广应用。     

超载预压加固软土路基效果数值分析

利用超载预压法处理软土地基,在确定超载预压高度与预压时间时,很少考虑软土蠕变的影响。结合武英高速公路软土路基处理工程实例,考虑软土蠕变特性,采用有限元软件ABAQUS对超载预压软土路基中超载预压高度与沉降关系、超载预压高度与超载预压时间关系进行计算,并与实测结果对比分析。结果表明,软土路基超载预压沉降分析中考虑软土蠕变是必要的,软土路基的沉降随着超载预压高度的增加而增大。在一定范围内,随着超载预压高度的增加,超载预压时间越短,但二者并非线性关系。在路基稳定的前提下,存在一个最佳的超载预压高度,使得超载预压时间最短。     

超载预压处理软土的次固结特征及沉降计算

为了研究超载预压软土的次固结特征,分析超载预压处理软土地基的工后沉降,文章考虑应力历史对软土结构性的影响,模拟现场工况,对重塑洞庭湖软土试样进行超载预压后再压缩的一维固结蠕变试验。研究结果表明:经过超载预压的软土卸荷后再进行加载,压缩变形过程中主固结时间明显缩短,约为未经超载预压处理软土主固结时间的1/3,打设排水竖井对软土主固结时间几乎没影响;预压荷载越大,次固结系数越小,超载预压有利于消除软土的次固结沉降;随着建（构）筑物荷载的增加,次固结系数增大;打设排水竖井,未经预压处理软土的次固结系数略有增加,经过超载预压处理软土的次固结系数略有减小,但影响效果不是很明显。考虑应力历史,引入超载增量比,发现次固结系数与超载增量比呈线性递减关系,建立了相应的计算模型,提出了次固结沉降计算公式。试验及分析结果对预压处理地基的设计和施工具有一定的指导意义。     

真空排水预压下土体变形的应力路径分析

通过室内试验, 对真空排水预压下土体变形特性进行了应力路径分析, 测定软土地基在真空预压加固后应力路径的改变对沉降量的影响, 论证真空排水预压加固软土地基不能消除其剪应力引起的剪切变形, 结合实例, 计算其后期沉降量与固结沉降量的比值, 并推算软土地基在真空预压下其最终沉降量计算公式的修正系数。     

真空排水预压下土体变形的应力路径分析

通过室内试验,对真空排水预压下土体变形特性进行了应力路径分析,测定软土地基在真空预压加固后应力路径的改变对沉降量的影响,论证真空排水预压加固软土地基不能消除其剪应力引起的剪切变形,结合实例,计算其后期沉降量与固结沉降量的比值,并推算软土地基在真空预压下其最终沉降量计算公式的修正系数.     

基于正交试验的复合地基沉降影响因素分析

结合苏北滨海平原连云港地区海相沉积的软土粘粒含量大、海侵海退、多夹层等特点及某高速公路沉降观测资料,考虑复合地基段沉降效果良好、固结显著, 对水泥搅拌桩处理海相软土地基实测累计沉降的影响因素进行单因素和多因素分析。在正交设计理论的基础上, 提出似正交设计方法并重点对软土厚度、预压方式、填土高度、桩长和桩间距进行多因素分析, 计算证明了预压方式和填土高度对水泥土桩复合地基加固软土地基的实测累计沉降的显著影响, 建议在该工程软土厚度范围变化不大的地段, 应优先调整预压方式并控制填土高度。     

竖向排水井地基工后沉降预测

预测工后沉降是排水固结预压加固软土地基的关键问题之一。根据等应变竖向排水井地基固结理论,提出了沉降曲线的近似计算方法。通过实测沉降资料与近似理论曲线的拟合,获得竖向排水井地基的最终沉降量和平均固结度,从而预估其工后沉降量。将该方法分别应用于真空预压和堆载预压处理的竖井地基,进行工后沉降预测,结果表明该方法是可行的     

In Situ Pore Water Pressure Dissipation Testing of Marine Clay under Reclamation Fills

In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft clays. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone (CPTU), dilatometer (DMT), self-boring pressuremeter (SBPT) and BAT permeameter (BAT) were utilized in the characterization of the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of Singapore marine clay at Changi in a land reclamation project. Dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity prior to and after ground improvement. Tests were carried out in a vertical drain area as well as in an adjacent untreated control area after 23 months of surcharge loading, for comparison purposes. The purpose of this research is to determine the horizontal consolidation parameters of Singapore marine clay prior to reclamation as well as after 23 months of surcharge loading with and without vertical drains by means of in situ dissipation tests.     

Nonlinear consolidation of vertical drains with coupled radial-vertical flow considering time and depth dependent vacuum pressure

The system of vacuum pressure combined with vertical drains to accelerate soil consolidation is one of the most effective ground improvement methods. The consolidation theories of soft soil improved by vertical drains including void ratio–dependent compressibility and permeability have been widely applied in practice to predict the consolidation behavior. In this paper, analytical solutions of the consolidation of vertical drains are derived incorporating the loss and propagating stage of vacuum pressure. In addition, special solutions are obtained for the cases of instantaneous surcharge loading and staged surcharge loading, based on the general solution. The solution is verified by ignoring the propagating stage of vacuum pressure formation and comparing it with an existing solution. The effects of vacuum pressure loss and propagating stage combined with other parameters are investigated through the ratio between excess pore water pressure and surcharge loading.     

Assessment of Marine Clay Improvement Under Reclamation Fills by in-situ Testing Methods

In ground improvement projects with prefabricated vertical drains, the duration of the preloading period is set in advance based on the predetermined time rate of consolidation of the compressible layer. If prediction is accurately done, the required degree of consolidation is met at the pre-determined preloading time. As such, there is a requirement for in-situ tests to be carried out just prior to the removal of surcharge to assess the degree of consolidation of the improved ground. In-situ tests were carried out after 23 months of surcharge loading at the In-Situ Test Site within the Changi East Reclamation Project in the Republic of Singapore. In-situ testing works in this research study comprises the use of field vane shear, piezocone, flat dilatometer and self-boring pressuremeter. The in-situ tests were carried out to determine the shear strength and degree of consolidation of the Singapore marine clay at Changi after 23 months of surcharge loading. The In-Situ Test Site consisted of a Vertical Drain Area as well as an untreated Control Area. Both areas were located adjacent to each other and were surcharged simultaneously to the same level and surcharge left in place for a period of 23 months. Comparison was made between the in-situ test results of the Vertical Drain Area and the untreated Control Area.     

Characterization of thick varved-clayey-silt deposits along the Delaware River by field and laboratory tests

The existence of thick compressible varved clayey silt deposits along the Delaware River presents one major obstacle for design and construction of structures or industrial facilities in this region. To understand the characteristics of this thick weak soil layer and then develop reliable soil parameters for future earthwork design and construction, a comprehensive soil testing program was carried out. The program consisted of both in situ tests [e.g., standard penetration test borings, piezocone penetration test (CPT) soundings, Marchetti flat dilatometer test soundings, seismic shear wave test soundings, CPT pore pressure dissipation tests, and field vane shear tests] and laboratory tests (e.g., soil index tests, consolidation tests, triaxial tests, and chemical tests). Additionally, a field surcharge test program with and without installation of wick drains was carried out to investigate the compressibility of the thick clayey silt deposit and the efficiency of wick drains to help accelerate consolidation. The field and laboratory test results showed that the varved clayey silt deposit was normally consolidated to slightly overconsolidated and moderately to highly compressible. Its physical properties were intermediate between those of Savannah muddy clay and Shanghai soft clay, while much closer to that of Shanghai soft clay. Due to its lamination structure in the horizontal direction, the horizontal consolidation coefficient of the varved clayey silts was significantly greater than that in the vertical direction. The measured undrained shear strength of the varved clay silt almost increased linearly with depth. The installation of wick drains in the thick clayey silt deposits accelerated primary consolidation, but showed no effect on the secondary consolidation under constant loading. The findings obtained from this study will be beneficial for future design and construction of earthworks along the Delaware River.     

考虑涂抹区压缩及渗透系数变化的堆载预压固结解

为评估涂抹区土体压缩和渗透系数变化对含竖向排水体地基固结的影响,采用等体积应变假设,考虑涂抹区土体的压缩变形及其水平向渗透系数沿径向分别呈线性和抛物线分布,并考虑井阻作用以及地基附加球应力沿深度任意分布,推导了随时间线性堆载预压条件下固结微分方程的显式解析解答,分析了涂抹区半径、水平向渗透系数的分布模式、以及体积压缩系数对地基整体平均固结度的影响。结果表明,涂抹区土体采用均匀折减的水平向渗透系数明显低估了地基的固结速率,而当涂抹区半径较大时,不考虑涂抹区土体的压缩变形将会高估地基的固结速率。在含竖向排水体地基固结问题的分析中,这些影响不可忽视。     

In-situ testing of Singapore marine clay at Changi

The Changi East Reclamation Project in the Republic of Singapore comprises of the ground improvement of marine clay with the installation of prefabricated vertical drains and subsequent surcharge placement. Prior to the commencement of land reclamation works, a series of in-situ tests were conducted in marine conditions with the use of various in-situ testing equipment. The In-Situ Testing Site was located in the Northern area of the project where the thickest compressible marine clay layers existed. The in-situ tests carried out were with the field vane, piezocone, flat dilatometer, self-boring pressuremeter and BAT permeameter. In-situ tests were conducted to determine the undrained shear strength and overconsolidation ratio of the marine clay. In-situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in-situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft soil and were used to estimate these properties of Singapore marine clay at Changi.     

考虑幂函数渗透压缩变化的双层砂井地基固结性状

采用Barron轴对称固结及大变形固结问题的某些简化与假定,推导建立了砂井地基大变形固结控制方程,利用建立的双层砂井地基大变形固结方程及编制的计算程序,通过引入软土渗透系数、有效应力与孔隙比之间的幂函数关系k =ced与e=a( )b,对瞬时加载下双层砂井地基固结性状进行算例计算。结果表明：（1）双层软土幂函数渗透关系及压缩关系中诸参数对双层砂井地基固结性状有重要影响：随着两层软土幂函数渗透关系中参数c1、c2的增加（渗透性增加）、或幂函数压缩关系中参数a1、a2的增加,各土层水平径向与竖向孔隙比减小更快,沉降发展速率与超静孔压消散速率也相应增加,且沉降发展速率快于孔压消散速率。（2）两层土在分界面处的孔隙比及平均超静孔压均出现明显的突变,将沿深度分布曲线分成形状不同的两段,表现出不同的固结性状。     

离心模型试验模拟塑料排水板处理软土地基的方法和应用

采用大型土工离心机对某工程近海软土地基上堤坝施工期及运行期进行了模拟。试验中采用停机加载法模拟分级施工加载过程, 原型中采用塑料排水板固结法处理软土地基, 模型中则根据固结过程相似的原理, 换算成等效圆截面排水体, 在模型制作中采用等效透水滤芯进行模拟。根据激光位移传感器和孔隙水压力传感器数据可以得出相应原型软土地基的沉降特性和孔隙水压力变化情况。根据试验得到的沉降曲线, 采用"经验双曲线法"推算出了地基最终沉降, 然后得出按沉降推算的分层地基平均固结度随时间的变化。对比试验模拟得到的软土地基固结度和理论计算结果, 二者基本接近, 表明塑料排水板模拟方法用于离心模型试验是可行的。