多种方法联合洗井增大供水井出水量的实例

因供水井成井后出水量偏小,分析成井工艺中的各个技术环节,查明导致水井出水量偏小的原因,采用活塞、混合器、泵抽等多种洗井方法,遵循"由小到大,逐步提高出水量"的思路,制定正确的洗井步骤,在确保管井安全的前提下增大了水井出水量,达到了管井设计的出水量。     

高效组合式洗井器

为了有效地提高水井出水量,根据野外施工的特点,在原机械洗井方法的基础上,设计了一种组合式洗井器. 工作原理该洗井器主要由高压喷射器3、活塞2和弹子接头1组成,如下图.     

泵群抽水试验效果

一概况液态CO2洗井在大口径水井中,早已被广泛推广应用,为增加水井的出水量起了很大的作用。而其在小口     

盐酸——二氧化碳联合洗井技术及其在第四系地层深井中的应用

本文介绍了盐酸与二氧化碳联合洗井技术的原理及计算方法。经应用表明,该方法对第四系地层深井因过滤器堵塞洗井效果较好,可显著地增加机井出水量,从而为第四系地层机井增水节能提供了有效措施,同时可避免水井的重复建设,对地下水资源合理开发具有重要意义。     

泥浆钻井与出水量的关系

我局水文钻历来要求清水钻井，因此在松散地层中施工，存在事故多、效率低、成井困难等一系列问题。主要的争议是用泥浆洗井会封堵含水层而影响钻井出水量。为探讨这个问题，我局水文队使用SPJ-300型水井钻机和大口径筒状钻具，在流散易塌的第四纪砂卵石层中首次采用膨润土泥浆钻成两眼供水井，既顺利下入φ516毫米表层套管和φ325毫米生产井管以及进行管外填砾工作，且经少量洗井就水清砂净，成井质量与出水量都满足设计要求。     

应用液态二氧化碳井喷洗井方法的试验研究

在水文地质和工程地质勘探及凿井的工艺过程中,洗井工作的好坏对水文地质试验和水井的出水量有很大影响。液态二氧化碳井喷洗井法是在液态二氧化碳压酸洗井法的基础上进一步研究,采用以液态     

傍河水源地取水井堵塞特征及缓解途径概述

傍河取水技术是一种地表水与地下水联合利用的开发模式。该技术既可以保障水资源开采量的可持续性和稳定性,又可以通过入渗过程有效去除水体中的污染物,降低水处理成本。但河水入渗过程导致的取水井堵塞现象一直是困扰国内外傍河取水的难题。如何缓解取水井堵塞是保证傍河水源地可持续运行的核心所在。通过总结国内外傍河水源地的运行实践,分析了堵塞作用的原因及类型,探讨了河流水动力条件、河流的水质状况、傍河水源地取水井的分布及取水量对堵塞作用影响的机制,提出了适时洗井、定期监测河水水质、合理设计取水井井群、控制取水量4条缓解取水井堵塞的途径,为傍河水源地管理提供了技术支撑。     

郑州沿黄水源地不同钻井工艺试验研究

以生产科研相结合的方式,在郑州沿黄地下水源地地区使用正循环钻进工艺施工水井8眼,泵吸反循环钻进施工工艺施工水井11眼,通过这2种水井钻进工艺的效率和经济性分析,得出郑州沿黄地下水源地地区使用泵吸反循环钻进施工工艺的最佳成井深度为140.75 m以浅,正循环钻进施工工艺最佳成井深度为140.75 m以深的结论,以此为今后类似地区水井施工钻进工艺选择提供参照依据。     

二氧化碳洗井虽没井喷也有效果

二氧化碳洗井,因井径大,二氧化碳气量不够,含水层深,而往往见不到井喷,但仍能获得预期的洗井效果。1986年,我队施工的两口水井就是很好的例子。这两口供水井,一口是河北省沙河县铁矿选厂的水井,另一口是河北省井陉县微水电厂的水源井。施工前,我们对这两处的地层作了全面分析,认为石灰岩地层是含水的,岩层裂隙不发育的问题,可以通过二氧化碳洗井加以解决,以增大出口量。第一口井深361米,静水位120米,石灰岩含水层在220米以深,井径325毫米,用户要求出水量在30吨/小时以上。据此,成井后进行了二氧化碳洗井。具体     

钻孔内爆破技术的应用

1989年我校掘进教研室受云南省地质矿产局水文一队的委托，应用爆破技术进行钻孔内爆破取得成功。该孔是水文一队几年前为昆明工人疗养院钻地热水的水井。当时期望在地下500m左右处钻到地热水，可是到531.58m处仍无热水，只有冷水，当时成了一眼废井。这几年随着疗养院规模的扩大，疗养院的用水量增加，希望利用该眼水井解决疗养院的用水问题。但该水井在530m深处的昼夜出水量仅有150m~3，满足不了疗养院的用水，而该井所穿过的石炭系和泥盆系岩层含水丰富（深度从127.37m到370.53m）。因此第一水文队计划在深     

Reassessing the management of groundwater use from sandy aquifers: acidification and base cation depletion exacerbated by drought and groundwater withdrawal on the Gnangara Mound, Western Australia

The combined effects of low rainfall, groundwater withdrawal in excess of 300 GL/year and reduced recharge in areas covered by pine plantations has caused the water table in a sandy unconfined aquifer on the Gnangara Mound in Western Australia to drop by up to 5 m and aquifer storage to decline by about 500 GL over the last 20 years. Groundwater has become acidic in areas of high drawdown, with pH values typically being less than 5.0 at the water table, and elevated concentrations of SO₄ ^2?, Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb. Trends of increasing acidity and base cation concentrations in deep water supply wells in the Mirrabooka wellfield indicate that about 0.7 keq/ha/year of base cations are being leached from soil within cones of depression of pumping wells. These results indicate that the assessment of the sustainable yields of aquifers under conditions of low rainfall needs to consider geochemical interactions between groundwater, aquifer sediments, soils and vegetation, and not be just based on aquifer hydraulics and water-balance changes.     

Noble gases reveal the complex groundwater mixing pattern and origin of salinization in the Azraq Oasis,Jordan

Azraq Oasis in the eastern Jordanian desert is an important freshwater resource of the country. Shallow groundwater reserves are heavily exploited since the 1980s and in consequence the groundwater table dropped significantly. Furthermore, some wells of the major well field drilled into the shallow aquifer show an increasing mineralization over the past 20 years. A previous study using conventional tracers did not result in a satisfactory explanation, from where the salt originates and why only a few wells are affected. In this study, the application of dissolved noble gases in combination with other tracer methods reveals a complex mixing pattern leading to the very localized salinization within the well field. It is found that primarily the wells affected by salinization 1) contain distinctly more radiogenic ⁴He than the other wells, indicating higher groundwater age, and 2) exhibit ³He/⁴He ratios that argue for an imprint of deep fluids from the Earth's mantle.However, the saline middle aquifer below is virtually free of mantle helium, which infers an upstream from an even deeper source through a nearby conductive fault. The local restriction of the salinization process is explained by the wide range of permeabilities of the involved geologic units. As the wells abstract water from the whole depth profile, they initially pump water mainly from the well conductive top rock layer. As the groundwater table dropped, this layer fell progressively dry and, depending on the local conductivity profile, some wells began to incorporate more water from the deeper part of the shallow aquifer into the discharge. These are the wells affected by salinization, because according to the presented scheme the deep part of the shallow aquifer is enriched in both salt and mantle fluids.     

大型抽水试验的水文地质意义

本文以山东省东阿县下马头水源地为实例,探讨了大型抽水试验的主要水文地质意义,包括:确定地下水的主要补给来源及方向,抽水影响范围及程度,水源地岩溶含水层的富水性及供水保证能力,水源地附近地下水与地表水之间的水力联系,水源地附近主要断裂构造的水力性质,水源地抽水对下游水源地的影响以及水文地质参数与水源地地下水允许开采量计算。     

国家大剧院深基坑地下水控制设计及施工技术

国家大剧院基坑地下水控制是大剧院工程的三大难题之一,也是专家们讨论的焦点。经过水文地质试验和充分论证,确定了地下水控制方案和施工方法,即采用反循环成井工艺施工引渗井,将上层滞水和潜水引渗到第一层承压含水层中消纳,保证第一步基坑开挖至-15 7m;在-15 7m位置采用连续墙阻隔第一层承压水,并使用旋挖钻机在槽内施工降水井,疏干槽内承压含水层并进行越流补给控制,保证基坑开挖至-26m;在歌剧院台仓局部加深部份(-32 5m),采用封闭布设减压井,解决基坑开挖和台仓地下结构施工时基坑突涌的问题;最后采用特殊的封井技术,将井管内高于槽底约10m的承压水头封堵在槽底以下0 5m,安全截断井管,保证了基础施工。     

滹滏平原地下水系统脆弱性最佳地下水水位埋深探讨

笔者以滹滏平原为研究区, 采用统计分析的方法, 分析了地下水防污性与地下水资源脆弱性随地下水位埋深之间的变化关系。结果表明, 当地下水位埋深增大时, 地下水防污性增强的地区, 地下水资源脆弱性也增高;通过二者之间变化关系, 认为受地下水位埋深制约及地下水位埋深对二者的不同影响, 存在使地下水系统脆弱性最佳的地下水位埋深区间;通过地下水位埋深对地下水防污性与地下水资源脆弱性影响及其制约关系, 确定滹滏平原淡水区和咸水区地下水系统脆弱性最佳地下水位埋深分别为27~30 m和15~19 m。     

Hydrogeophysical investigations in a typical khondalitic terrain to delineate the kaolinised layer using resistivity imaging

Investigation for high yielding water wells in the khondalitic terrain (graneti ferrous silliminite gnesiss) is mostly faced with the problem of identification of the extent of the depth of kaolinisation of the aquifer. The traditional Vertical Electrical Sounding survey, Seismic Refraction survey and Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic survey could not identify the kaolinisation of the aquifer in the present investigations. The Two Dimensional (2D) Resistivity and Induced Polarization (IP) Imaging surveys are attempted for the identification of kaolinised layer and depth of kaolinisation. Number of 2D Resistivity and IP Imaging profiles were conducted near Chipurupally in Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh, India along successful and failed wells located within short distances. Resistivity and IP measurements were carried out using an ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter. The resistivity and I.P. images have provided a clear view of the thickness of the highly weathered zone (kaolinised zone) at both successful and failed wells. The highly weathered zone is identified with the resistivity values below 25 ohm.m. The depth of highly weathered material at failed well is extended about 8–10 m more deeper than the successful wells at some places to as much as 20 m more deep at some other places. This extended deeper kaolinisation of the aquifer is responsible for failure of wells. Layers having resistivities between 25–65 Ohm.m are identified as aquifer layers which are composed of moderately weathered and fractured khondalitic suit of rocks (Garnti ferrous sillimanite/biotite gneiss). Layers with resistivities greater than 65 Ohm.m are interpreted to have basement characteristics belonging to the granite gneiss. Interestingly IP imaging has not provided any greater insights in delineating the kaolinistion of the aquifer when compared to resistivity Imaging, in fact resitivity imaging has shown greater depths of kaolinisation than IP Imaging.     

水源热泵井施工中水文地质参数确定的探讨——以东煤沈阳钻探机械研制中心厂房水源热泵井施工为例

以单井抽水试验资料为基础,计算出该区的新近系砂砾岩含水层的出水量为40m^3/h。为解决水源热泵系统的热源及同层回灌问题,进行了较长时间的带有观测孔的抽水试验及回灌试验。试验表明：该区的渗透系数为32.16m/d,影响半径为166m,回灌渗透系数为14.38m/d,回灌影响半径为61m。据此计算干扰井单井抽水量为38.51m^3/h,干扰井单井回水量为11.14m^3/h,同时确定该区的抽灌井比例为1∶4。根据用水需求,该区设计抽水两口,回灌井8口,备用一口回灌井,形成该区的水源热泵系统。系统运行近两年来,单井出水量、回灌量及水位降深均符合设计要求,达到了预期效果。     

屋顶雨水回灌裂隙岩溶含水层连通示踪试验

雨水回灌后对岩溶水的影响分析和效果需要对回灌井和下游的观测井监测数据说明。由于岩溶含水层中岩溶发育极不均匀,在测定地下水位并判定出地下水流向的基础上,连通示踪试验是选择与回灌井相对应的观测井的有效办法。用氯化钠作为示踪剂,监测不同测井不同埋深地下水电导率随时间变化的方法确定了岩溶水观测井选址、岩溶含水层的结构及水文地质条件。示踪试验结果表明,3#观测井(西院井)可用来监测雨水回灌效果,并计算出该地区的地下水势流速在9 m/h～20 m/h之间。该成果对北方地区岩溶含水层回灌和环境评价具有重要的参考价值。     

Hydrogeologic characteristics of the alluvial tuff aquifer of northern Sahand Mountain slopes, Tabriz, Iran

The Tabriz area is a densely populated area of northwestern Iran (more than 1.5 million in population) with a large proportion of its drinking, domestic, industrial and agricultural water supplied from groundwater resources. The average rate of drinking and industrial water use in the city of Tabriz is about 3.45 m³ s^–1. The Plio-Pleistocene unconfined alluvial tuff aquifer (about 1,275 km²), the most important aquifer in the area, has been known for many years as a reliable resource. The greatest estimated thickness of the alluvial tuff lies in the Saidabad area, with 350 m thickness. There are 994 deep and 284 shallow active pumping wells and 83 qanats operate in the alluvial tuff aquifer. The total water withdrawal from all these artificial discharge points has been measured at 72, 3.8 and 17 million m3/year, respectively. Analytical and numerical methods have been applied to the constant rate pumping test data from the Saidabad wellfield (eight pumping and three observation wells). The values of electrical conductivity in the groundwater of alluvial tuff aquifer range from 203 to 960 μS cm^–1 and bicarbonate type water dominates.     

Multiple-pumped-well aquifer test to determine the anisotropic properties of a karst limestone aquifer in Pasco County, Florida, USA

Groundwater-level data from an aquifer test utilizing four pumped wells conducted in the South Pasco wellfield in Pasco County, Florida, USA, were analyzed to determine the anisotropic transmissivity tensor, storativity, and leakance in the vicinity of the wellfield. A weighted least-squares procedure was used to analyze drawdowns measured at eight observation wells, and it was determined that the major axis of transmissivity extends approximately from north to south and the minor axis extends approximately from west to east with an angle of anisotropy equal to N4.54°W. The transmissivity along the major axis ${\left( {T_{{\xi \xi }} } \right)}$ is 14,019 m² day^–1, and the transmissivity along the minor axis ${\left( {T_{{\eta \eta }} } \right)}$ is 4,303 m² day^–1. The equivalent transmissivity $T_{e} = {\left( {T_{{\xi \xi }} T_{{\eta \eta }} } \right)}^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-0em} 2}} = 7,767{{\text{m}}^{2} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{m}}^{2} } {{\text{day}}^{{ - {\text{1}}}} }}} \right. \kern-0em} {{\text{day}}^{{ - {\text{1}}}} }$ , and the ratio of anisotropy is 3.26. The storativity of the aquifer is 7.52?×?10^?4, and the leakance of the overlying confining unit is 1.37?×?10^?4 day^?1. The anisotropic properties determined for the South Pasco wellfield in this investigation confirm the results of previous aquifer tests conducted in the wellfield and help to quantify the NW–SE to NE–SW trends for regional fracture patterns and inferred solution-enhanced flow zones in west-central Florida.