攀枝花露天矿排土场边坡稳定性的三维数值模拟研究

矿山排土场边坡的稳定性评价及安全管理对矿山环境的保护和地质灾害的防治具有重要意义，针对攀枝花露天矿的排土场，在建立其边坡地质模型的基础上，利用FLAC-3D软件，建立了排土场边坡的三维模型，对边坡的稳定性进行三维数值模拟研究，获得了排土场边坡变形破坏的基本特点及稳定性的基本状况，模拟的结果和现场调查的结果基本一致，从而为该排土场边坡的进一步治理提供了依据。针对FLAC-3D不能直接建立几何模型的特点，开发了一个数据前处理程序，可以自动生成与FLAC-3D相匹配的模型数据文件。     

远破波作用数值模拟的CLEAR-VOF模型

在非结构化网格基础上,采用三阶精度的三步有限元方法离散N-S方程,CLEAR-VOF方法追踪运动水体自由表面,建立了数值波浪水槽模型.模拟了远破波冲击位于倾斜底坡上直立堤的过程.对直立堤上波压力和堤前流场的数值结果与模型实验结果做了比较.结果表明,远破波波浪力和流场的数值结果同PIV实验结果吻合较好,该数值波浪水槽模型可较好地模拟远破波的破碎冲击过程.     

基于GOCAD平台的复杂地质体系的动力学建模研究

建立地质体系的三维模型并进行动力学数值模拟是进行地质过程研究的最有效途径,但数值模拟软件一般都存在直接建模难的问题.本文在分析建模软件GOCAD与动力学数值模拟软件FLAC3D的数据文件特点的基础上,提出了利用GOCAD软件建立六面体模型,通过数据接口程序,完成FLAC3D中复杂地质模型的构建.用这种方法建立了安徽铜陵...     

深基坑开挖与支护模拟仿真分析

运用FLAC3D软件中的Mohr-Coulomb本构模型对北京市某高层住宅楼基坑工程进行了数值模拟分析,对基坑开挖、失稳破坏、边坡支护进行了评价,并对模拟结果与实测结果进行了对比,分析了基坑变形、失稳破坏和支护过程。研究表明,FLAC3D软件中的Mohr-Coulomb本构模型能够方便、准确地模拟基坑开挖、边坡的大位移失稳破坏、边坡的支护过程,其计算结果安全可靠。分析结果也证实了FLAC3D在基坑工程数值模拟方面具有良好的适应性。     

溪洛渡地下洞室群地震响应的二维及三维数值模型比较分析研究

验证了显示有限差分方法进行地震波衍射分析的可行性,并基于此方法分别建立了二维（2D）及三维（3D）数值模型,对溪洛渡地下洞室群的地震安全性进行了分析与讨论。研究表明,在唐山余震天津医院地震波作用下洞室群处于安全状态。对比2D及3D数值计算结果可以发现,2D数值模型计算效率远远高于3D数值计算模型;对于建造于完整性较好、强度较高的岩体介质中地下洞室群而言,可以采用2D数值模型粗略估算洞身部分的地震响应,而洞室端面的动力响应则必须通过建立3D模型来进行分析。     

坡面流的 Lattice Boltzmann 方法数值模拟

以一维运动波方程为研究对象,给出Lattice Boltzmann方法的D1Q5速度模型在一维坡面流的数值模拟中的具体步骤,并将其计算结果与解析解进行比较,同时分析了步长和弛豫时间的选取对计算精度的影响。结果表明:Lattice Boltzmann方法可以较好地应用于坡面流数值模拟中,空间步长的选取对计算精度的影响较大,弛豫时间的取值应在[1.0,1.2]范围内为宜。     

基于透明土孔隙介质双渗流模型试验研究

对土体内部渗流可视化研究,透明土材料可以作为的重要研究手段之一,能实现的岩土体内部渗流直接观测研究。利用透明土技术,建立双重孔隙型介质渗流物理模型,利用有限差分软件FLAC3D建立双重孔隙型介质结构三维数值分析模型,进行测量数据和数值模拟计算对比分析。模型试验结果和模拟结果表明,基于透明体的双渗透实验能实现渗流的可视化,以及FLAC3D数值模拟结果与实验所测的流速曲线拟合良好。     

隧道地震预报波场的有限元数值模拟

在勘探地球物理领域中,能快速、有效地数值模拟2D和3D的地震全波场,包括同时模拟P波、S波、面波多分量波场特征的软件并不是很多;但在结构力学领域中,已有多种成熟的多波多分量有限元数值模拟大型商用软件用于求解弹性本构方程,如ANSYS,PLAXIS等。从方程结构来看,弹性本构方程与完全弹性波动方程相比,只多一项对时间的一阶微分项--阻尼项。因此,调整合理的介质参数--Rayleigh系数,令阻尼项近似为0,弹性本构方程就蜕化为完全弹性波动方程。隧道地震波场是在岩体中传播,具有弹性参数较好、无常规地震勘探中覆盖层等低速带干扰等的优点,采用ANSYS软件对隧道地震波场进行数值模拟,研究了频散、阻尼与吸收边界等数值模拟的相关技术。针对介质吸收,比较了数值模拟中有无阻尼的时间记录和波场快照,对隧道地震预报来说,将阻尼系数设定为0是一种合理的假设;比较了实例中不同网格长度与频散的关系,当网格长度小于波长的1/π倍时,才能消除频散;通过由波方程的推导,引入了黏弹性边界条件,通过实例计算证明它可以有效地吸收边界反射;最后对隧道地震预报进行了实例计算,算例表明采用ANSYS软件可以有效地模拟隧道复杂地质条件下全波场的激发传播过程。     

田间非饱和土壤水分运动的数值模拟：Ⅱ数学模型及数值模拟

经过对条件的概化，建立了带有作物根系吸水项的垂向一维土壤水分运动的数学模型，并推导了该数值离散方程，编制了用于该模型数值模拟的计算程序。通过模拟对模型的验证，计算值与实测值拟合较好，这表明，该模型是可靠的，数值方法是可行的，可以用来模拟作物生长条件下田间土壤水分的运动。     

GLIMMER 3D陆冰模式及其在青藏高原的应用

GLI MMER(Genie Land Ice Model with Multipy-Enabled Regions)是英国Edinburgh大学开发的3D热动力陆冰模式,由运动方程、连续方程、热力学方程构成其主要物理框架,能与全球气候模式进行耦合,适用于冰川过程机理研究和冰川数值预报.介绍了3D GLI MMER陆冰模式,包括它的动力框架、边界条件、数值积分方法和外部强迫.此外,以青藏高原现代冰川为例进行数值试验,考察模式对冰川的模拟能力.结果表明:3D GLI MMER模式可以较好地模拟青藏高原冰川,所模拟的冰川分布、冰厚、冰温和冰速与实际观测比较接近.     

连续弯道水流模拟中二次流修正效果评价

为了选择适用于复杂连续弯道的二次流修正方法,选取了线性方法中两种典型的计算模式,通过在正交曲线坐标系二维浅水动量方程中增加扩散应力项开发了考虑二次流影响的平面二维水流模型。基于不同复杂度的4个连续弯道试验的水位和流速分布资料,通过理论分析和数值试验对比定量评估了传统二维模型和两种二次流修正方法在连续弯道水流模拟中的效果。测试结果表明,Delft3D模型的二次流修正方法自由度较高,适用于不同复杂度的连续弯道水流模拟,而Lien模型二次流修正方法适用于微弯或中弯,应用于中弯时需要慎重选用,不适用于急弯连续弯道模拟。两种方法比较,建议连续弯道水流模拟中优选Delft3D模型的二次流修正方法。     

Modeling the Hydrodynamic and Morphologic Response of an Estuary Restoration

Estuary evolution is investigated using the hydrodynamic and sediment transport model, Delft3D, to study the response of a dammed tidal basin to restored tidal processes. The development of decadal (10-year) morphological simulations of the restored estuary required simplifying several data inputs and implementing a time-scale acceleration technique. An innovative river sediment discharge schematization was developed that connected sediment discharge to morphological change in the estuary. Mud erodibility parameters were determined from laboratory analysis of sediment cores from the modern lakebed and statistical refinement with a Bayes network of the probability of occurrence. The changing estuary morphology appears to have a dominant impact on the physical habitat (substrate, inundation frequency, mean salinity, and salinity range). The numerical model provides a tool to compare the functions of the historical estuary and possible future alternatives for a restored estuary. Sensitivity of the morphological model to sediment types and erodibility parameters was also examined. A conceptual model covering morphology and indicators of physical habitat for three phases of estuary evolution during restoration is presented that could be applied to estuarine systems that are severely out of equilibrium.     

Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Estuarine Shoreline Change in the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System,North Carolina,USA

Many shoreline studies rely on historical change rates determined from aerial imagery decades to over 50 years apart to predict shoreline position and determine setback distances for coastal structures. These studies may not illustrate the coastal impacts of short-duration but potentially high-impact storm events. In this study, shoreline change rates (SCRs) are quantified at five different sites ranging from marsh to sediment bank shorelines around the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system (APES) for a series of historical (decadal to 50-year) and short-term (bimonthly) time periods as well as for individual storm events. Long-term (historical) SCRs of approximately ?0.5 ± 0.07 m year^?1 are observed, consistent with previous work along estuarine shorelines in North Carolina. Short-term SCRs are highly variable, both spatially and temporally, and ranged from 15.8 ± 7.5 to ?19.3 ± 11.5 m year^?1 at one of the study sites. The influence of wave climate on the spatial and temporal variability of short-term erosion rates is investigated using meteorological observations and coupled hydrodynamic (Delft3D) and wave (SWAN) models. The models are applied to simulate hourly variability in the surface waves and water levels. The results indicate that in the fetch-limited APES, wind direction strongly influences the wave climate at the study sites. The wave height also has an influence on short-term SCRs as determined from the wave simulations for individual meteorological events, but no statistical correlation is found for wave height and SCRs over the long term. Despite the significantly higher rates of shoreline erosion over short time periods and from individual events like hurricanes, the cumulative impact over long time periods is low. Therefore, while the short-term response of these shorelines to episodic forcing should be taken into account in management plans, the long-term trends commonly used in ocean shoreline management can also be used to determine erosion setbacks on estuarine shorelines.     

钱塘江河口段盐水入侵的时空变化及预测模型

杭州城市供水85%取自钱塘江河口段,取水水质在枯水大潮期都不同程度地受到盐水入侵的威胁,分析钱塘江河口盐水入侵时空变化及研制二维数值预测模型对保障城市供水安全十分必要。根据钱塘江河口段实测水文氯度资料,分析了强潮作用下盐水入侵的时空变化特征;据此构建考虑斜压作用的二维水流、盐度输移的耦合数学模型,计算格式采用守恒性较好的有限体积法;在模型验证的基础上,数值分析了径流和潮汐对钱塘江河口段盐水入侵的影响,结果表明河口段的盐水入侵明显地受径流和潮汐的影响,据此可通过增大上游新安江水库的下泄流量抑制盐水入侵上溯以减小取水口氯度及超标时间,确保用水安全。     

Mudflat Morphodynamics and the Impact of Sea Level Rise in South San Francisco Bay

Estuarine tidal mudflats form unique habitats and maintain valuable ecosystems. Historic measurements of a mudflat in San Fancsico Bay over the past 150 years suggest the development of a rather stable mudflat profile. This raises questions on its origin and governing processes as well as on the mudflats’ fate under scenarios of sea level rise and decreasing sediment supply. We developed a 1D morphodynamic profile model (Delft3D) that is able to reproduce the 2011 measured mudflat profile. The main, schematised, forcings of the model are a constant tidal cycle and constant wave action. The model shows that wave action suspends sediment that is transported landward during flood. A depositional front moves landward until landward bed levels are high enough to carry an equal amount of sediment back during ebb. This implies that, similar to observations, the critical shear stress for erosion is regularly exceeded during the tidal cycle and that modelled equilibrium conditions include high suspended sediment concentrations at the mudflat. Shear stresses are highest during low water, while shear stresses are lower than critical (and highest at the landward end) along the mudflat during high water. Scenarios of sea level rise and decreasing sediment supply drown the mudflat. In addition, the mudflat becomes more prone to channel incision because landward accumulation is hampered. This research suggests that sea level rise is a serious threat to the presence of many estuarine intertidal mudflats, adjacent salt marshes and their associated ecological values.     

A Modeling Study of the Impacts of Mississippi River Diversion and Sea-Level Rise on Water Quality of a Deltaic Estuary

Freshwater and sediment management in estuaries affects water quality, particularly in deltaic estuaries. Furthermore, climate change-induced sea-level rise (SLR) and land subsidence also affect estuarine water quality by changing salinity, circulation, stratification, sedimentation, erosion, residence time, and other physical and ecological processes. However, little is known about how the magnitudes and spatial and temporal patterns in estuarine water quality variables will change in response to freshwater and sediment management in the context of future SLR. In this study, we applied the Delft3D model that couples hydrodynamics and water quality processes to examine the spatial and temporal variations of salinity, total suspended solids, and chlorophyll-α concentration in response to small (142 m³ s^?1) and large (7080 m³ s^?1) Mississippi River (MR) diversions under low (0.38 m) and high (1.44 m) relative SLR (RSLR = eustatic SLR + subsidence) scenarios in the Breton Sound Estuary, Louisiana, USA. The hydrodynamics and water quality model were calibrated and validated via field observations at multiple stations across the estuary. Model results indicate that the large MR diversion would significantly affect the magnitude and spatial and temporal patterns of the studied water quality variables across the entire estuary, whereas the small diversion tends to influence water quality only in small areas near the diversion. RSLR would also play a significant role on the spatial heterogeneity in estuary water quality by acting as an opposite force to river diversions; however, RSLR plays a greater role than the small-scale diversion on the magnitude and spatial pattern of the water quality parameters in this deltaic estuary.     

Heavy-mineral distribution in modern and ancient bay deposits,Willapa Bay,Washington, U.S.A.

Analysis of heavy-mineral distribution in modern sediments of Willapa Bay, Washington, indicates a dominance of two mineralogic assemblages, one with approximately equivalent amounts of hornblende, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, the other dominated by clinopyroxene. The hornblende-orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene suite is derived from the Columbia River, which discharges into the ocean a short distance south of the bay. The clinopyroxene suite is restricted in modern sediments to sands in rivers flowing into the bay from the east. The heavy-mineral distributions suggest that sand discharged from the Columbia River, borne north by longshore transport, and carried into the bay by tidal currents accounts for most of the sand within the interior of Willapa Bay.Three heavy-mineral assemblages are present in the surrounding Pleistocene deposits; two of these are identical to the modern assemblages described above. These heavy-mineral assemblages reflect the relative influence of tidal and fluvial processes on the Late Pleistocene deposits; their relative influences are consistent with those inferred on the basis of sedimentary structures and stratigraphic relations in about two-thirds of the samples examined. The anomalies can be explained by recycling of sand from older deposits. The persistence of the two heavy-mineral assemblages suggests that the pattern of estuarine sedimentation in Late Pleistocene deposits closely resembled that of the modern bay.The third heavy-mineral suite, dominated by epidote, occurs in a few older Pleistocene units. On the north side of the bay, the association of this suite with southwest-directed foresets in crossbedded gravel indicates derivation from the northeast, perhaps from an area of glacial outwash. The presence of this suite in ancient estuarine sands exposed on the east side of the bay suggests that input from this northerly source may have intermittently dominated bay deposition in the past.     

Nitrogen loads to estuaries: Using loading models to assess the effectiveness of management options to restore estuarine water quality

Nitrogen (N) loading to estuaries has become a major concern for coastal planners. As urban development on coastal watershed continues, estuaries and bays are becoming more eutrophic, and cascading effects are being felt at every trophic level. Managers and stakeholders need to have a suite of effective management tools that can be applied to coastal watersheds to minimize the effects of eutrophication. We applied an N loading model and an estuarine loading model to examine the effectiveness of a suite of potential management options that could be implemented in Waquoit Bay, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. This estuarine system is a case study in which we can explore the relative potential effectiveness of decreasing inputs from wastewater and fertilizer-derived N, diverting nitrogenous runoff from impervious surfaces, altering zoning ordinances, preserving forested tracts of land as well as freshwater and saltwater wetlands, harvesting macroalgae, dredging estuary channels, and exterminating waterfowl. From a combination of simulation results, assessment of the magnitude of loads from different sources, and through different land covers, and the additional consideration of feasibility we identified management options with high, intermediate, and low potential effectiveness. Improvement of septic system performance, use of zoning regulations, preservation of forested tracts and freshwater bodies, and conservation of salt marshes emerged as the most promising avenues to manage N loads in our system. Installation of wastewater treatment plants, controlling fertilizer use, and harvesting macroalgae would potentially have intermediate success. Diversion of runoff from impervious surfaces, dredging, and extermination of waterfowl show little promise at reducing N loads. These conclusions potentially set priorities for decision-makers charged with the management of Waquoit Bay. The same procedures applied to another watershed-estuary system with different land covers and different estuarine features may differ. Evaluation studies like this need to be done for any particular site, since the watershed-estuary coupling and the loads delivered to the receiving estuary could differ. The Waquoit Bay case study provides an example of a protocol that leads to identification of the most promising management options.     

Flood Hazard Assessment for a Hyper-Tidal Estuary as a Function of Tide-Surge-Morphology Interaction

Astronomical high tides and meteorological storm surges present a combined flood hazard to communities and infrastructure. There is a need to incorporate the impact of tide-surge interaction and the spatial and temporal variability of the combined flood hazard in flood risk assessments, especially in hyper-tidal estuaries where the consequences of tide and storm surge concurrence can be catastrophic. Delft3D-FLOW is used to assess up-estuary variability in extreme water levels for a range of historical events of different severity within the Severn Estuary, southwest England as an example. The influence of the following on flood hazard is investigated: (i) event severity, (ii) timing of the peak of a storm surge relative to tidal high water and (iii) the temporal distribution of the storm surge component (here in termed the surge skewness). Results show when modelling a local area event severity is most important control on flood hazard. Tide-surge concurrence increases flood hazard throughout the estuary. Positive surge skewness can result in a greater variability of extreme water levels and residual surge component, the effects of which are magnified up-estuary by estuarine geometry to exacerbate flood hazard. The concepts and methodology shown here can be applied to other estuaries worldwide.     

河口海岸GIS时空过程可视化表达

河口海岸带中一些随时间变化的三维海洋现象(如涡漩、锋面、水团等)的时空建模与可视化表达是海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)发展的一大难题。基于流体建模与可视化AVIZO Green技术,针对海洋连续场中的三维海洋现象,提出了基于特征的时空三域动态识别技术,设计并实现了面向主题应用的时空四维GIS可视化框架,能够有效表达三维海洋现象。以长江口海岸带涡漩、冲淡水、羽状锋和盐跃层为例进行三维动态可视模拟,直观再现了object-like型和field-like型海洋现象的时空演绎过程,为海洋现象仿真研究,尤其是多维、动态、边界模糊的复杂海洋现象的有效表达提供了一种新思路和方法。