循环荷载作用下黏土改进边界面模型

为克服边界面模型应用不便、不能反映卸载过程中土体的弹塑性性质的缺陷,提出了一个循环荷载作用下可考虑弹塑性加、卸载过程的重塑黏土改进边界面模型。模型采用了简单的边界面形式,可大大简化该模型理论的推导与计算;采取了不预先定义边界面大小的方式,有效地降低了改进边界面模型在应用过程中的经验性;加入边界面胀缩规则,使模型可考虑土样卸载过程中的弹塑性性质,进而可反映土样的滞回特性。通过对重塑黏土进行循环三轴数值模拟试验,并与真实试验结果进行对比分析,验证了改进边界面模型的合理性和有效性。数值验证结果表明,改进边界面模型具有物理意义明确、参数易于确定、形式相对简单的特点,且该模型计算精度较高,计算结果与试验结果吻合得较好。     

内陆单斜构造内咸水入侵淡水含水层三维数值模拟--以山西柳林泉区柳林电厂水源地为例

本文建立了内陆单斜构造内咸水入侵淡水含水层的三维可混溶溶质运移模型.同时,为了尽可能提高模拟精度,还建立了区域二维水流模型和水质模型,为三维模型提供边界条件.模型应用于描述柳林电厂水源地咸-淡水界面运移特征,模拟效果良好,还据此预报了咸水入侵的可能性并探讨了淡水流的强弱对咸-淡水界面运移的影响.     

莫霍界面与重力场相关性研究及其在成矿预测中的某些作用

莫霍界面是地壳上地幔深部构造研究中一个极其重要的概念.这个物性界面稳定地存在于地壳剖面中,遍及全球.它通常是一切深部地球物理方法探测和研究的主要对象.半个多世纪以来,世界各国的许多地球物理学家致力于莫霍界面的研究,应用综合地球物理方法,结合地质学和岩石学成果,对莫霍界面的物性参数、界面形态及形成机理作了深入的探讨,取得了丰富的资料,大大促进了深部构造研究的发展.重力是研究深部构造的重要地球物理方法之一.它依据密度参数建立深部构造模型,该模型以能使测得的重力场和其他地质、地球物理以及岩石学方面的资料相吻合为标志.由于     

FRP锚杆在岩土锚固中的研究进展

纤维增强复合材料（FRP）锚杆较传统锚杆具有耐腐蚀性强、轻质高强等特点,近年来在岩土锚固领域颇受青睐,代表了未来岩土锚固材料的发展方向,但其研究成果较为零散。材料力学性能研究表明,FRP具有抗拉强度高、长期性能和疲劳性能优良等优点,但存在抗弯和抗剪性能较差、脆性破坏特征显著的缺陷,在岩土锚固设计中需特别考虑;归纳分析了FRP锚固体系的破坏模式,指出锚固体系的失效通常是由多种破坏模式耦合作用的结果;总结FRP锚杆与基体介质界面黏结性能的影响因素、界面黏结强度模型和界面黏结-滑移关系,并探讨了界面剪应力分布规律;最后列举了国内外FRP锚杆的工程应用实例并指出FRP锚杆进一步的研究方向。     

基于地质剖面构建三维地质模型的方法研究

地质剖面是三维地质建模的重要数据源,运用地质剖面构建三维地质模型的方法应用较为广泛。在模型构建之前,统一确定模数据的坐标系和比例足,建立原始资料数据库。构建三维地质模型的关键是不同地质界面。本文详细介绍了模型边界面、断层面、地层界面、岩体界面等4种主要地质界面的构建流程与方法,尤其对褶皱构造、地层界面的断层效应、复杂岩体界面等的构建进行了重点阐述按模型边界面(模型的底界面和四周边界面)、DEM面、断层面、其他地质界面的顺序依次构建地质界面,构建断层面和其他地质界面时严格按先新后老的顺序。运用已构建好的地质界面按先新后老的顺序逐个、依次建立单个地质体,再将所有地质体的面模型组合成整个模型的面模型。通过对面模型进行网格(实体)填充和对网格赋予相应的属性值,最终构建三维地质模型。     

基于电场矢量有限元三维高频大地电磁倾子响应与感应矢量研究

一个或多个异常体的识别与区分及边界的确定是电磁法探测中提高分析精度的难点。本文利用基于电场的矢量有限元开展了复杂模型三维倾子响应及感应矢量研究。实感应矢量对电流聚集方向的指向性与分析频率的趋肤深度及介质的相对电性大小有关,通过这种指向性能有效地判定异常体的上界面和多个不同性质异常体的存在,但难以对下界面进行判定;虚感应矢量反映了感应电流(涡流)的流动方向,不同电阻率的地质体其感应电流的大小和方向不同,利用虚感应矢量的旋转方向、中心轴及分析频率的探测深度可有效地确定异常体的中心和上下界面。虚感应矢量相对于趋肤深度具有反映更大探测深度的能力,能有效地显示深部异常体对感应电流大小和方向的影响。数值模拟结果表明:虚感应矢量对异常体的识别与区分优于传统的电阻率和倾子参数。     

空间域密度界面反演方法及其进展

利用重力数据反演密度界面一直是重力学研究的重要内容,其在区域构造研究和油气勘探等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。按照计算域的不同,密度界面反演方法可分为频率域方法和空间域方法。简要介绍了空间域方法中研究和使用较多的直接迭代法、脊回归法和正则化方法的基本原理及改进措施,3种方法的应用效果对比表明,直接迭代法和脊回归法反演结果均为光滑形态的密度界面,而正则化方法可反演非光滑形态密度界面,并且方便施加先验约束信息。密度界面反演结果受位场分离精度的影响较大,应尽量利用已知信息作为约束进行位场分离或采用逐层分离技术。待反演界面上下的密度差对反演结果影响亦很大,需充分利用研究区密度资料构建符合构造特征的三维密度差变化模型以提高反演的精度。在反演方法原理方面,需要结合先验约束信息(可通过钻井、地震资料等获得)来提高反演的准确性。更重要的是,需明确反演密度界面与地质构造界面的对应关系,以正确评价反演结果。最后提出了密度界面反演方法将来的研究重点和发展方向:随着重力观测技术的快速发展以及研究目标的多样化,今后需研究适用于大区域或全球尺度的密度界面反演方法;随着地质目标勘探难度的增大,亦亟需研究符合构造特征的精细的单密度界面反演方法,并发展多层密度界面反演技术。     

“匹配滤波”方法某些应用的可靠性分析

本文分析了“匹配滤波”方法的应用条件及有效性。为了讨论方法的有效性,以棱柱体模型为基础,组成不同水平尺寸的块体以及磁性单界面和双界面模型,在频率域计算摸型场值,利用模型场的对数平均径向能谱曲线,采用“匹配滤波”方法计算块体顶深及界面平均深度,一系列结果表明,计算值与理论值相差较大。由此得出:在使用该方法时必须注意应用条件;注意水平尺寸因子和有限测区的截断影响以及连续界面分割为离散界面时出现的问题。     

有限面极化体界面的极化特性及其复电阻率异常奇异性

作者通过均匀电场中的实测发现,虽然有限面极化体其界面的极化系数频谱特性可满足柯尔模型,但该模型的参数是界面位置的函数.本文建立了面极化柱(球)体面极化系数的一般表达式.通过理论计算,出现了复电阻率异常曲线的宽度和形态随频率发生奇异的变化,该理论结果得到实验的证实.有限面极化体复电阻率异常的这种奇异性,乃是激电效应为“准”线性系统的基本属性.     

磁性下界面的正则化反演方法

根据磁异常反演磁性介质下界面,属于非线性问题,一般很难直接求解.本文采用将非线性问题线性化措施,建立起线性离散磁模型,然后应用线性规划的正则算法,设计了迭代求解方案.该方法不要求已知界面起伏的平均深度,只要求假定界面是连续的及磁性沿横向变化.算法便于对解施行物理约束,具有收敛快,精度高的特点.     

海岸带咸淡水界面位置确定方法的介绍

Ghyben-Herzberg公式依赖潜水位确定海岸带咸淡水界面位置,被广泛应用但存在误差。Hubbert公式严格描述突变界面问题的水头和界面位置之间的关系,但在实际中难以应用。通过考察咸淡水界面之下咸水带任意点的压力平衡关系和咸水带及淡水带任意点的水头描述得知,当地下水流处于稳定状态且满足Dupuit假设时,可以根据同一垂直线上界面之下咸水带任意点(含界面)的咸水测压水头和界面之上淡水带任意点(自潜水面至界面)的淡水测压水头确定滨海均质各向同性潜水含水层咸淡水界面的位置。Ghyben-Herzberg公式是这一方法的特例,描述界面位置的Hubbert公式也是该方法的一个特例。这一方法需要两个相邻的分别揭露淡水带和咸水带的测压孔。     

喀斯特地区瀑布效应产生的自然水软化过程

在喀斯特地区,水流过瀑布后硬度会发生降低,这种现象一般称为瀑布效应,其中包括汽化,射流和低压作用。瀑布效应会引起两种河水物理性质的变化,即气水界面面积和涡流的增加。为了弄清瀑布效应和这些物理性质变化是否会减少水的硬度,本研究设计并进行了一系列的试验。通过改变气水界面面积试验,发现界面面积越大,导电率降低的速率越快,由此造成Ca2+的沉淀。利用自行设计的气泡生成器进行试验,发现有气泡发生的地方,水的硬度降低很快。试验还发现,从射流器喷出的超饱和溶液的硬度快速减小,而pH值增大。鸭河和滴水岩瀑布的实际观测证实,有汽化现象发生的地方,水的硬度降低很快,钙沉淀的平均速率也最高。     

水质数据计算机管理系统分析

水质数据计算机管理系统是用计算机来处理水质数据，完成从原始的计算、分析、统计、斩汇编、水质评价一直到数据存贮入库，绘制污染状况图等一系列工作，既提高了水质数据的可信度，又缩短了水质数据采集，服务的周期。系统通过对大量用记需求信息的归纳，提出了符合水质数据规律的概念模型，采用分层技术进行系统分析，使整个系统功能齐合，用户界面友好，操作方式灵活，输出内容丰富，并可在ＶＡＸ系列计算机入ＩＢＭ系列微机上运     

Water Self-Softening Processes at Waterfall Sites

Many rivers in tropical and subtropical karst regions are supersaturated with respect to CaCO3 and have high water hardness. After flowing through waterfall sites, river water is usually softened, accompanied by tufa formation, which is simply described as a result of water turbulence in fast-flowing water. In this paper, a series of laboratory experiments are designed to simulate the hydrological conditions at waterfall sites. The influences of air-water interface, water flow velocity, aeration and solid-water interface on water softening are compared and evaluated on a quantitative basis. The results show that the enhanced inorganic CO2 outgassing due to sudden hydrological changes occurring at waterfall sites is the principal cause of water softening at waterfall sites. Both air-water interface area and water flow velocity increase as a result of the "aeration effect", "low pressure effect" and "jet-flow effect" at waterfall sites, which greatly accelerates CO2 outgassing and therefore makes natural w     

A general approach to model interfaces using existing soil constitutive models application to hypoplasticity

The modelling of interfaces is important for the holistic simulation of geotechnical structures (e.g. piles, tunnels and geogrids). For this reason, advanced constitutive interface models and numerical techniques are needed. There are few user-friendly models, and these are rarely implemented. In this paper, a new approach for advanced interface models is proposed. This is based on the assumption that the fully rough interface can be modelled considering simple-shear behaviour at the interface. A 3D soil model is used as a constitutive driver for a frictional subroutine. This minimises the effort required, and advanced interface models are available with less effort. Two different hypoplastic models are used with the new approach. The approach was verified for several aspects (e.g. mesh size dependence), and the volumetric behaviour was studied. The user-friendliness and absence of additional parameters led to more realistic simulation results. The proposed method can be extended to other modelling techniques and will improve the modelling of contacts in soil-structure interaction analysis.     

散粒体材料间接触面力学特性的单剪试验研究

在清华大学土与结构接触面循环加载剪切试验机的基础上, 研制了可进行两种散粒体间接触面试验的叠环式单剪试验系统,并对糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝坝料的接触特性进行了系统的试验研究。结果表明,两种散粒体材料间接触面的强度包线为其单相材料强度下的包线。当达到破坏强度后,在接触界面附近会产生集中的“刚塑性”接触面剪切变形,其位置发生在强度最薄弱处。两种散粒体间的接触变形特性可通过刚塑性模型来描述。     

路基荷载下PCC刚性桩复合地基沉降简化计算

将路堤荷载作用下的刚性桩复合地基变形,简化为只有竖向变形,水平变形可以忽略,然后,应用土体的平衡、几何、物理方程,建立沉降计算的控制方程。桩土界面的接触条件按位移协调或产生滑移变形两种情况分别建立,采用有限差分法离散求解,可得桩、桩周土各自的沉降变形、桩土界面的摩擦力分布。与有限元分析和现场实测结果的对比表明,该简化方法具有较高的准确性,可以方便地应用到工程实际。     

基于逆向工程的三维复杂地质体精细建模及ADINA前处理在FLAC3D 建模中的应用

逆向工程技术作为一门新兴学科在复杂模型建模方面具有独特优势,并在许多领域得到了广泛的应用,在此基础上本文首次提出了基于逆向工程的三维复杂地质体精细建模技术,使得建立模型达到既可视又可算的目的。利用现行大型通用有限元仿真平台(ABAQUS,AD INA,ANSYS等)良好的网格划分功能且具有与CAD /CAM软件有着良好的接口这一优点,对模型进行网格划分,然后转换为FLAC3D能够接受的格式,从而克服了FLAC3D在前处理建模方面的不足。以AD INA为例对相应的接口程序开发过程进行了阐述,将上述技术方法应用于工程实例,取得了很好的效果。     

Water structure at hematite-water interfaces

The atomic-level structure of water at mineral surfaces is an important controlling factor in interfacial reactions such as foreign ion incorporation, crystal growth and dissolution, and redox reactions. Molecular dynamics simulations with four different models based on interatomic potentials have been carried out to determine the atomic-level structure of three hematite-water interfaces. In addition, for each of the three surfaces, different terminations or protonation schemes were considered. The availability of surface X-ray scattering data for the surfaces considered here allowed for an extensive comparison with experimental data. Qualitatively, with the exception of one termination with one model, all models predict the correct arrangement of water molecules at the interface. Quantitatively, the agreement with experimental positions, distances, and layer occupancies is good to excellent, especially given the range of values reported in published experimental studies. Therefore, this study provides further evidence that interatomic potential models can be used to reliably predict the structure of mineral-water interfaces. In addition, molecular simulations are a valuable source of information to complement surface X-ray scattering experiments owing to their ability to directly determine the position of hydrogen atoms and to yield three-dimensional predicted structures at no added cost, as demonstrated in this work. Indeed, the molecular dynamics trajectories were analyzed to determine the surface structural controls on the interfacial water structure. Each of the three surface functional groups present at the surfaces considered in this work, namely, triply-coordinated oxo, doubly-coordinated hydroxo, and singly-coordinated aquo groups, was found to form similar hydrogen bond configurations with adsorbed water molecules at all surfaces. Oxo groups accept long-lasting and linear hydrogen bonds from adsorbed water molecules; hydroxo groups can form hydrogen bonds with other surface functional groups as well as with adsorbed water molecules; and aquo groups normally only donate hydrogen bonds to other surface groups or adsorbed water molecules. Additionally, the majority of adsorbed water molecules were found to adopt multiple configurations and orientations. This information was used to evaluate three-dimensional structural models of the interfaces, which were previously derived experimentally from one-dimensional electron density profiles and steric considerations.     

Review of Density Interface Inversion Method in Spatial Domain

Inversion of density interfaces using gravity data has traditionally been an important part of gravity research, and plays an increasingly important role in areas such as regional tectonic research and oil and gas exploration.The density interface inversion methods can be divided into the frequency domain and spatial domain methods according to different computing domains. The frequency domain inversion methods have been considered in previous literature. This paper briefly introduced the rationale and the advance of the direct iterative method, the ridge regression method and the regularization method,which are most studied and used among the spatial domain methods. The performance of the three methods showed that the inversion results of the direct iteration method and the ridge regression method are both the smooth shape density interfaces, while the regularization method can estimate the density interfaces of non-smooth morphology, and is convenient to add prior constraint information. The inversion results of density interface are greatly determined by the precision of potential field separation. The prior information should be used as constraints for gravity field separation as far as possible or the layer-by-layer separation technique could be adopted. The density contrast of the density interface also has noticeable impact on the inversion result. It is necessary to make full use of the rock density data to build a three-dimensional density contrast variation model that conforms to the tectonic features to improve the inversion accuracy.In terms of the theory of inversion method, it is also necessary to combine prior constraint information (which can be obtained through drilling and seismic data, etc.) to improve the accuracy of inversion.More importantly, it is necessary to define the corresponding relationship between the inverted density interface and the geological structure interface in order to evaluate the inversion results correctly.Finally, this paper discussed the developing trend and study emphasis for density interface inversion.The inversion methods that are suitable for large regional or global scale need to be studied with the rapid development of gravity observation technology and the diversification of research objectives. With the increasing difficulty of geological target exploration, it is also urgent to study the optimal single-density interface inversion method conforming to the tectonic features and develop the multi-layer density interface inversion method.